Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Income Generation Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

"Positive and living" in Zambia.

In issue 20, we were encouraged to read about people living with HIV or AIDS taking control over their own lives. We belong to a support group in Lusaka called the PALS (Positive and Living Squad). At first we met to discuss our hopes and fears and strengthen each other emotionally. But we realized that this was not enough. Members wanted to do something about their human rights and about AIDS. We set up an education program--training HIV-positive members to run AIDS workshops, particularly in workplaces. PALS also liaises closely with AIDS support organizations, helping with their organizations, helping with their outreach programs, and meeting their clients. Some members are also involved in income-generating activities--usually the ones who decide not to be trained as educators. But we find that many members find it difficult to set up their own businesses, even with loans and training. They are used to being paid employees and find it hard to work without a boss] The biggest difficulty for a self-help group like The PALS is this. Of the 7 people who were very active in 1992, 3 have died and 2 are very ill. As a result, it is hard to keep on working--morale drops and anxiety levels increase. Despite these issues, The PALS is demonstrating every day what the power of positive living can achieve. You cannot talk about AIDS prevention and care, and empowering people with HIV/AIDS, without promoting self-help groups. Yes, we have problems, but these are not all because of our HIV status. Most of them are just due to human nature. So, to everyone trying to set up or support the work of self-help groups, we wish you luck and strength--and 'more grease to your elbow']

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1978

Physician participation in health insurance plans: evidence on Blue Shield.

Various health insurance programs, including Blue Shield, have developed arrangements whereby the physician agrees to accept the insurer's reimbursement as payment in full. Incentives facing the physician to accept an arrangement of this type are reviewed in this study. The empirical work uses data on individual physicians from a 1973 survey. The results indicate that physician willingness to accept insurer reimbursement as payment in full is sensitive to the amount the insurer pays for specific procedures and to other insurance program characteristics. Physicians located in high patient income areas and/or with relatively prestigious credentials are less likely to accept insurer payments as payment in full. The empirical findings are used to generate policy implications pertaining to the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to medical care quality-access tradeoffs, and to national health insurance.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗
PubMed1982

Budgetary considerations in planning pharmacy continuing education programs.

This article presents three years of financial data on pharmacy continuing education programs offered by a college of pharmacy. Forty-one programs were offered resulting in the generation of 35,702 instructional units of activity and 3028.8 CEUs. Total costs were $295,797.00 of which $125,822.00 was for direct costs. Income totaled $127,754.00. Costs and income per registrant, instructional unit, and program are presented, as are comparative data by program type for the three-year period. The total cost of one hour of programming for one participant was $8.29. Some thoughts on who should pay for the costs of CE for professionals are presented. Figures are discussed in light of situational factors influencing program delivery. Staff productivity was determined to be 11.7 programs per FTE or 13.7 programs per year. This last figure translated to serving 2,654 participants per year. Total income accounted for only 43.2 percent of total expenses. Increase in registration fees was suggested as one way to offset all expenses.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fiscal planning in developing psychiatric emergency services.

Two actual budgets are highlighted here to emphasize their worth as models for other programs to copy. Their deficiencies are also discussed so that more attention to headings and content might be paid by administrators facing similar budgetting processes. The need for programs to expand considerable more effort initially to plan fiscally for their emergency psychiatry service is emphasized. With a proper needs assessment and statistical forecasting, resource planning and allocation can be estimated more accurately. Even with the wild fluctuations of case load which all emergency psychiatric services experience, trends do become obvious with scrutiny. Ongoing statistical data can further define future budgets more accurately. More attention to the standard expense categories will clarify where the money is expected to go. More care in identifying income generation through better billing procedures, bill itemization, community fund identification, governmental supplement requests can be clearly documented by an income budget. Without it a program looks like an errant stepchild--spending everyone else's hard earned money and not contributing to the fiscal stability of the parent organization.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term care legislation: an issue of concern for nurse practitioners.

Comprehensive long-term care policy has many hurdles to overcome before it becomes a reality. The biggest hurdle is the price tag! Estimates range from $6 billion (Pepper's home-care bill) to $46 billion (Stark's long-term care coverage bill). Congressional insiders predict that federal long-term care coverage must contain "pay-as-you-go" financing to win congressional passage. The medicare catastrophic health care act is cited by many in the Congress as establishing the precedent for self-financing of new federal benefits. In a pay-as-you-go era in public spending, any new program can only come from trimming existing programs and shifting those funds to new programs or from generating new revenues. The latter could result from increased beneficiary cost-sharing, an increase in the medicare payroll tax, or by eliminating the $45,000 cap on income exposed to the current 1.45% medicare payroll tax. Federal proposals to date build on existing medicare and medicaid programs. In them, quality assurance measures have been strengthened, consumer input encouraged, and a new layer of bureaucracy established to screen potential clients and provide case-management services. The scope of services is broad in most of the current proposals, and reimbursement is provided for respite care to allow family care givers relief and assistance. Access to nurse practitioners' services is an important feature of Kennedy's Lifecare proposal and is the focus of lobbying efforts for all public and private proposals. It is time for nurse practitioners to become involved in long-term care legislation. This may be initiated by reviewing current proposals and long-term care packages offered by major insurance companies. Any future long-term care benefit should bear the imprint of the nurse practitioner's professional perspective and the profession's commitment to humane, caring health policy.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Impact of a homestead gardening program on household food security and empowerment of women in Bangladesh.

This paper assesses the additional benefits of a homestead gardening program designed to control vitamin A deficiency in Bangladesh. In February and March 2002, data were collected on the food security and social status of women from 2,160 households of active and former participants in the gardening program and from control groups in order to assess the impact and sustainability of the program. The proportions of active and former-participant households that gardened year-round were fivefold and threefold, respectively, higher than that of the control group (78% and 50% vs. 15%). In a three-month period, the households of active participants produced a median of 135 kg and consumed a median of 85 kg of vegetables, while the control households produced a median of 46 kg and consumed a median of 38 kg (p <.001). About 64% of the active-participant households generated a median garden income of 347 taka (US$1 = 51 taka), which was spent mainly on food, and 25% of the control households generated 200 taka in the same period (p < .001). The garden production and income levels of formerly participating households three years after withdrawal of program support were much higher than those of the control households, illustrating the sustainability of the program and its ability to increase household food security. Significantly more women in active- and former-participant households than in control households perceived that they had increased their economic contribution to their households since the time the program was launched in their subdistricts (> 85% vs. 52%). Similar results were found for the level of influence gained by women on household decision-making. These results highlight the multiple benefits that homestead gardening programs can bring and demonstrate that these benefits should be considered when selecting nutritional and development approaches targeting poor households.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

"Generational equity" and the new victim blaming: an emerging public policy issue.

Recent attempts to frame complex policy issues in terms of "justice between generations" and "intergenerational equity" are based on a series of questionable assumptions and economic calculations concerning the relative financial well-being of the elderly vis-à-vis other groups in U.S. society. On closer inspection, however, these assumptions--e.g., of a homogeneous and financially secure elderly population and of younger cohorts likely to become increasingly resentful of elderly entitlement programs--appear ill-founded. Census data revealing wide disparities in income among the elderly, and national opinion poll data suggestive of a large cross-generational and cross-ethnic group "stake" in Social Security and Medicare, are used to suggest that the intergenerational equity framework may well be an inappropriate one in the public policy arena. Such a framework, moreover, is seen as deflecting attention from more basic inequities in U.S. society and from the need for major policy shifts in response to these more fundamental problems.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Patterns of dental practice in the United States: solo vs group practice.

This overview of selected characteristics of group and solo practices provides baseline information on the dimensions and structures of two general practice types in the United States. It appears that although a dentist spends no more hours or sees no more patients on the average in a group practice, the structure in terms of use of auxiliaries, appointment flexibility, and structured programs provides the dentist in a group practice more opportunity to participate in other professional activities and generate a higher income. Further analysis on the interrelation of these variables will provide a more conclusive comparison of group and solo practices. Also, more conclusive research on variations among different types of group arrangements is needed to appreciate differences in partnerships, groups, and incorporations.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Managing water supply and sanitation services to developing communities: key success factors.

A number of key success factors in the management of organisations responsible for the provision of water supply and sanitation services to developing communities have been identified as critical to the sustained success of such organisations. These factors have to receive specific and sustained attention from management. They should form the focus of management attention in addition to the many other important factors requiring management input. The key success factors which are critical to ensure a sustained water supply and the provision of sanitation services to developing communities centre around two main areas, i.e. the credibility of the organisation with the community it serves and the creation of an organisation culture of focusing on service to the community, on income generation and on minimising of losses.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1990

An ethnographic view: positive consequences of the War on Poverty.

Life history data from Coast Salish tribes of Washington state reveal that federal War on Poverty programs produced important results that routine analysis has failed to uncover. The Comprehensive Training and Employment Act and the Indian Community Action Project provided income that enabled family networks to serve as centers of moral and financial support for members engaged in therapeutic work and provided training opportunities for a generation of leaders who are now instrumental in attracting funding for mental health programs.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2005

Postgraduate radiology training in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of current educational resources.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Postgraduate training programs in radiology exist in several African nations. The ability of these programs to train radiologists is necessarily affected by local availability of educational resources, including clinical case volume, radiology equipment and maintenance, number of teaching faculty, and library and computer facilities. We sought to determine the current resources of a sample of African radiology education programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Site visits were conducted at three separate radiology training programs, one in Ghana and two in South Africa. At each site, the investigator conducted a technology census, assessed library resources, observed daily trainee activities, and interviewed trainees, faculty, and statisticians. RESULTS: African radiology trainees receive considerable training in fluoroscopy, ultrasound, and plain film radiography, but receive considerably less training in nuclear medicine, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, and interventional radiology. A large amount of equipment in African teaching hospitals is inoperative because of lack of maintenance programs. Faculty to resident ratios in African teaching hospitals are much lower than in American hospitals. Needs of training programs vary greatly from hospital to hospital, and from country to country. CONCLUSION: Radiologists, radiology organizations, and radiology vendors from high-income nations are in a unique position to help Africa's postgraduate radiology training programs fulfill their mission of training Africa's next generation of radiologists. It is desirable that long-term commitments be made to teaching hospitals so that scarce donated resources may be put to the best possible use.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1984

Financial model to determine the effect of clinical education programs on physical therapy departments.

The purpose of this study was to develop a financial model to help administrators determine the financial effect of physical therapy clinical education programs on facilities. I developed the model from an analysis of actual field data collected on the financial and time variables involved in the clinical education process. Therapists with and without students were matched in six (three large, three small) physical therapy departments. Each completed a modified time-motion study for a sample of typical days during 2 six-week student affiliation periods and for a one-week period without students. I identified and field tested five factors that can be integrated into a simple financial model. The field results also supported the concept that a clinical education program was profitable, producing an $89 per day per student net benefit, even though therapists working with students spent less time in income-generating activities.

California↗
PubMed1986

Services for sick kids.

Pediatric in-patient census has been on a downslide across the country, with few hospitals immune to this particular trend. But some hospitals have found a way to use existing staff and beds in community-minded programs that provide day care for sick kids who would otherwise have to attend school or go to a babysitter. Each of the two hospital programs we feature here has its own personality and benefits, but both have generated goodwill and awareness within the community, as well as additional income from imaginative and efficient use of existing hospital resources.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Funding child rearing: child allowance and parental leave.

This article proposes two financing plans to address what the author identifies as the two primary concerns in the child care field: (1) a child allowance for poor and near-poor households to address the child care problems of low-income families, and (2) a program of voluntary parental leave, available to all parents at child birth or adoption, to ensure the adequacy of infant care. The child allowance plan would cover the first three children in families up to 175% of the poverty level (more than 22 million children) at an annual cost of $45 billion. The author suggests that the allowance could be financed by redirecting funds from existing income support (for example, Aid to Families with Dependent Children), tax credit, and tax deduction programs. Financing the parental leave program would require new revenues, generated by an employee-paid increase in payroll tax totaling 3.5%. Each employee's contributions would create a parental leave account (PLA). Families could use the funds in these accounts to cover the cost of a one-year leave from work after the birth or adoption of a child. If families did not have enough dollars in their accounts to cover the cost of the leave, the federal government would extend a low-interest loan to them, which they would have to pay back. The amount individuals receive through Social Security would be adjusted upward or downward according to the balances in their parental leave accounts at retirement. The author suggests that both proposals would help parents balance work and family obligations and protect parental freedom of choice over the care and upbringing of their children.

Child Rearing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Economic benefits of an effective infection control program: case study and proposal.

An economic model of the 981 nosocomial infections that occurred in 1985 at the University of Virginia Medical Center was developed. It was determined that $2,401,709 in excess charges and $2,111,753 in excess variable costs were saved in 1985 as a result of having an effective infection control program in place. If a nominal per diem patient fee ($5) were billed to each patient or third-party carrier for preventive services rendered by the infection control team and channeled to infection control for the 196,141 patient-days in 1985, income of $980,705 would have been generated, leaving net income of $812,979 after the deduction of infection control operating costs. In addition, patients, third-party payers, and the hospital would have still saved $1,421,004 in excess charges, or $1,131,048 in excess variable costs, in prevented infections. Infection control programs are extremely cost effective, and if preventive care is to be encouraged, financial incentives for value received for infection control services are needed.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1992

The economics of clinical genetics services. IV. Financial impact of outpatient genetic services on an academic institution.

Those clinical genetic services that do not involve laboratory tests or procedures--i.e., the "cognitive" services such as diagnosis, management, and counseling--are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and not self-supporting. However, as a result of an evaluation at a genetics clinics, a patient will often receive other services at the same medical center. The full economic impact of the genetics clinic may be underappreciated. Therefore, at one medical center we examined (a) three settings that delivered genetics services and (b) two specialty clinics providing services to children with genetics conditions; and we calculated charges and payments for an unselected, consecutive group of outpatients. The results showed that cognitive genetics services accounted for a variable, but generally low, percentage of both the professional (generally physicians') and total charges accumulated by patients as a consequence of their visit to the genetics clinic. With laboratory and procedural charges included, patients seen in general genetics clinics (or their insurance plans) paid up to three times as much to the medical center and to its health professionals as to the genetics professional. These data confirm that clinical genetics services, while not generating enough income to cover their own costs, bring considerable revenue to the medical center. This fact alone should prove useful to the director of clinical genetics programs when they are negotiating finances with institutional administrators.

Fees and Charges↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coordinating Canada's research response to global health challenges: the Global Health Research Initiative.

The Global Health Research Initiative (GHRI) involving the Canadian International Development Agency, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Health Canada and the International Development Research Centre seeks to coordinate Canada's research response to global health challenges. In light of numerous calls to action both nationally and internationally, an orientation to applied health policy and systems research, and to public health research and its application is required to redress global inequalities in wealth and health and to tackle well-documented constraints to achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Over the last four years, the GHRI has funded close to 70 research program development and pilot projects. However, longer-term investment is needed. The proposed dollars 100 million Teasdale-Corti Global Health Research Partnership Program is such a response, and is intended to support teams of researchers and research users to develop, test and implement innovative approaches to strengthening institutional capacity, especially in low- and middle-income countries; to generating knowledge and its effective application to improve the health of populations, especially those most vulnerable; and to strengthen health systems in those countries. While Canada stands poised to act, concerted leadership and resources are still required to support "research that matters" for health and development in low- and middle-income countries.

Canada↗