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PubMedDate not supplied

Mineral springs and spring fever. Lithium: fact and fantasy in psychopharmacology.

Lithium salts have been employed as medical treatment for more than two thousand years. The history of lithium in medicine reveals a strictly empiricist approach to its use which has resulted in its varying popularity as a therapeutic treatment over the past century. Much of the enthusiasm about the therapeutic use of lithium has been generated by faulty scientific process. This paper reviews the scientific errors which have surrounded the medical use of lithium in history, discusses the metaphorical use of medical terminology and the problem which is posed by the literal interpretation of such terms, and challenges the currently accepted point of view that lithium is a specific treatment for mania. The scientific errors which have resulted in the introduction of lithium as a treatment for mania are reviewed, and it is proposed that lithium treatment be viewed as the paradigm of modern psychopharmacology. The author suggests that the empiricist approach in biological psychiatry requires critical scrutiny in order to avoid tragic consequences, regarding the hazards both to patients arbittrarily exposed to lithium therapy, as well as to the scientific concept of disease as it is modified by those who wish to re-define disease, empirically, in terms of response to treatment.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1992

Sex-related susceptibility of bulls to gastrointestinal parasites.

The effects of sex and anabolic implants on fecal egg counts and pasture contamination were examined in 77 naturally infected yearling bulls, steers, and heifers of mixed beef breeds grazing the same contaminated pasture in southern Ohio in the spring of 1990. Fecal egg counts were compared in seven groups of 10-14 animals each, twice before anabolic implants and twice after implants. Comparisons were made between untreated bulls, steers, and heifers, between steers with and without implants, and between heifers with and without implants. Bulls had significantly (P < 0.01) higher fecal egg counts than steers, and counts from steers were not significantly different to those from heifers. There were no significant differences between counts from implanted and control steers or heifers. The results have important practical implications both for parasite control and for bovine parasite research. There is a need to pay special attention to young bulls when designing parasite control programs, and to distribute the sexes equally between groups when doing research trials with cattle of mixed sexes. Some previous studies on worm population dynamics and anthelmintic evaluation may need to be re-examined in the light of sex differences.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Oral vaccination against rabies and the behavioural ecology of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes).

As a result of oral vaccination of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) against rabies, this virus disease has almost been completely eradicated from West- and Central Europe. In most countries, vaccine baits were distributed twice a year: during spring (March to May) and autumn (September to October). This strategy has shown to be able to control and eventually eradicate rabies. However, it remains to be clarified if this is the most cost-effective strategy. Astonishingly, the behavioural ecology of the target species, the red fox, did receive only limited attention selecting the periods when baits should be distributed. Considering the behavioural ecology and rabies epidemiology of foxes, territory owners seem to play a key role in the spread and maintenance of rabies. Thus, oral vaccination campaigns should be targeted primarily at these animals. It is suggested that the optimal timing for bait distribution in Europe is late autumn (November) or early winter (December), depending on the prevailing climatic conditions. Additional campaigns, when financially feasible, can be implemented in order to maintain a high vaccination coverage during the remaining year. Furthermore, different baiting strategies can be selected in case of re-infection or persistent residual foci.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Error correction strategies for motor behavior after unilateral brain damage: short-term motor learning processes.

In order to identify the mechanisms underlying motor impairments and motor learning following stroke-related brain damage, we analyzed correction strategies used by hemiparetic individuals to produce precise elbow flexion movements of the paretic arm and compared them to those of healthy individuals. Participants made rapid elbow flexion movements to a 6 degrees wide target and were instructed to correct movement errors as quickly as possible when a spring-like load was unexpectedly introduced. Angular positions and torques before correction were used to identify error patterns. Results showed that participants with mild hemiparesis minimized movement errors within three trials, as did healthy participants. In contrast, severely affected individuals needed more trials to diminish errors and their movements were inconsistent. Participants with a moderate motor disability used both typical and atypical correction strategies. The differences in correction behaviors likely reflect deficits in arm motor function (r=0.79) and executive function (r=0.58) rather than levels of intellectual function (IQ ratings). Results indicate that the deficits that individuals with stroke experience when adapting their movements to changed load conditions may be due to difficulty in rapidly integrating visual and proprioceptive information. Deficits in executive function could also contribute to problems in producing accurate and consistent movements from trial to trial. Taken together, these results imply that all hemiparetic individuals would not benefit equally from the same motor re-training approaches.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Venous insufficiency and varicose disease. Sequelae of lower limb thrombosis. The role of crenotherapy].

The writers reminded that a consensus on Classification of veinous diseases, necessary to build up homogeneous samples, was being set up. Now, they are introducing a thermal nosology that is as useful. Next, the history of spas, the characteristics of Thermal Springs and thermal practices as well as their results are described. The writers present a standardization of the observation and control parameters of the therapeutic effects. The rigorous and scientific process was defined by an interdisciplinary scientific process was defined by an interdisciplinary scientific Council and it is based on the creation of a Computerized Laboratory of Research and a Thermal University. It has become an example in the field of thermalism. According to the results and the modern indications, the water cure has to be prescribed at an early stage. The practitioner must think about it and insert the water cure in the arsenal of veinous diseases. According to the hydrogeologists' estimates, BARBOTAN les thermes, the first European spa with about 22,000 patients is thought to possess enough water to allow from 40,000 to 60,000 people to be treated yearly. A thermal environment is the ideal place for an efficient vascular rehabilitation and functional re-education. In phlebology, more than one million people should benefit from a water cure yearly ... Only 70,000 follow this treatment. Everyone has to wonder about this situation, which, to those who do not benefit from a thermal cure in phlebology, is as astonishing as prejudicial.

Balneology↗
PubMed2003

Isolation of a rhabdovirus during outbreaks of disease in cyprinid fish species at fishery sites in England.

A virus was isolated during disease outbreaks in bream Abramis brama, tench Tinca tinca, roach Rutilis rutilis and crucian carp Carassius carassius populations at 6 fishery sites in England in 1999. Mortalities at the sites were primarily among recently introduced fish and the predominant fish species affected was bream. The bream stocked at 5 of the 6 English fishery sites were found to have originated from the River Bann, Northern Ireland. Most fish presented few consistent external signs of disease but some exhibited clinical signs similar to those of spring viraemia of carp (SVC), with extensive skin haemorrhages, ulceration on the flanks and internal signs including ascites and petechial haemorrhages. The most prominent histopathological changes were hepatocellular necrosis, interstitial nephritis and splenitis. The virus induced a cytopathic effect in tissue cultures (Epithelioma papulosum cyprini [EPC] cells) at 20 degrees C and produced moderate signals in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of SVC virus. The virus showed a close serological relationship to pike fry rhabdovirus in both EIA and serum neutralisation assays and to a rhabdovirus isolated during a disease outbreak in a bream population in the River Bann in 1998. A high degree of sequence similarity (> or = 99.5% nucleotide identity) was observed between the English isolates and those from the River Bann. Experimental infection of juvenile bream, tench and carp with EPC cell-grown rhabdovirus by bath and intraperitoneal injection resulted in a 40% mortality of bream in the injection group only. The virus was re-isolated from pooled kidney, liver and spleen tissue samples from moribund bream. The field observations together with the experimental results indicate that this rhabdovirus is of low virulence but may have the potential to cause significant mortality in fishes under stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Termination of neuroendocrine refractoriness to melatonin in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Siberian hamsters maintained from birth in a short day length (DL), unlike their long-day counterparts, fail to undergo reproductive development by 5 weeks of age. Instead, reproductive maturation of short-day males is delayed for approximately 20 weeks, at which point neuroendocrine refractoriness to the inhibitory effects of short DLs develops, resulting in growth of the gonads. To terminate refractoriness and re-establish responsiveness to short photoperiods, 10-15 weeks of long-day exposure is required. We assessed whether continuous exposure to long days is necessary to terminate refractoriness or whether the first few weeks of long days initiate a process that culminates several months later in the breaking of refractoriness. Male hamsters refractory to short DLs were transferred to a long-day photoperiod, pinealectomized (PINx) after 0, 3, 6 or 15 weeks, and subsequently infused for 6 weeks with a short-day melatonin signal. This melatonin treatment induces gonadal regression in photosensitive but not in photorefractory hamsters. Six percent of males PINx at week 0 and 88% of those PINx at week 15 underwent gonadal atrophy by the end of the melatonin infusion treatment initiated on week 15. Among hamsters PINx on week 6, 17% versus 76% underwent testicular involution in response to melatonin infusions initiated on week 6 and week 15, respectively. This finding indicates that a fraction of the long days that hamsters experience during spring and summer are sufficient to trigger the processes that restore responsiveness to short DLs. Additional groups of pineal-intact photorefractory animals were given 3, 6 or 15 weeks of long-day exposure and then returned to a short DL for several months; only those treated for 15 weeks terminated refractoriness. The breaking of refractoriness, once triggered by long-day melatonin signals, proceeds to completion only in the absence of short-day melatonin signals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sex change towards female in dying Acer rufinerve trees.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sex changes within the genus Acer (Aceraceae) may occur because of associations of sex expression and plant health. In this study, a natural population of Acer rufinerve was monitored to clarify the sex change patterns, the relationship between sex expression and plant health, and the causal environmental conditions that precede sex changes. METHODS: Sex expression, growth rate and mortality of A. rufinerve trees in a natural population were monitored from 1992 to 1997. KEY RESULTS: Three types of sex expression were observed among A. rufinerve: male, female and bisexual. Among the three types of sex expression, sex changes occurred in all directions. In the growing season of 1994, precipitation was reduced. Stem growth rate decreased and mortality was high in 1994. In the spring of 1995, a drastic sex change from male to female or to bisexual occurred. As a result, the sex ratio became female-biased in 1995, although it had been male-biased from 1992 to 1994. In 1996 and 1997, the proportion of males in the population increased, partly as a result of female mortality and partly as a result of female-to-male sex changes. Sex expression of A. rufinerve was associated with their growth rate and mortality. The growth rate decreased for trees whose sex changed from male to female or to bisexual, and increased for trees whose sex changed from female to male or to bisexual. Dead trees reproduced as females before they died, except for those that died as males in 1994. CONCLUSIONS: One explanation for the sex change towards increasing femaleness for this A. rufinerve population in 1995 was the deterioration of plant health in the previous growing season, because of reduced precipitation. Sex changes of unhealthy and dying A. rufinerve towards femaleness may facilitate re-occupancy by offspring in gaps created by the death of A. rufinerve trees.

Acer↗
PubMed2004

Effect of salinity on tissue architecture in expanding wheat leaves.

Salinity greatly reduces the leaf cross-sectional area of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during its development, which may lead to variation in the architectural properties of growing leaves that would result in a change in leaf physiological functions. Our objective was to characterize the effect of salinity on the spatial distribution of the cross-sectional area and the anatomy of large and small veins of a growing wheat leaf. Spring wheat was grown in a growth chamber in soils with or without 120 mM NaCl. Leaf 4 in both treatments was harvested 2-3 days after its emergence and then cut into five transverse segments. Examination of the transverse sections revealed that salinity significantly reduced the cross-sectional area, width, and radii of both epidermal and mesophyll cells along the leaf axis. Reduction in the cross-sectional area and width occurred mainly at the leaf base, indicating that these reductions occur during the period of leaf initiation. The reduction in cross-sectional area was attributed to a decrease in the size of the vein segments and a reduced number of medium and small veins. The thickness of the leaf was also reduced under the 120 mM NaCl treatment. A greater intercellular air space in the large vein segments under saline conditions was also found. The approximately 35% reduction observed in the number of veins under saline conditions (mainly in the number of small veins) may suggest that salinity reduces the capacity for re-translocation of mineral nutrients and assimilates. The reduced area of protoxylem and metaxylem in midrib and large vein segments in growing tissues may be responsible for lower water deposition into the growth zone under saline conditions.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2004

Representations of SARS in the British newspapers.

In the Spring of 2003, there was a huge interest in the global news media following the emergence of a new infectious disease: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This study examines how this novel disease threat was depicted in the UK newspapers, using social representations theory and in particular existing work on social representations of HIV/AIDS and Ebola to analyse the meanings of the epidemic. It investigates the way that SARS was presented as a dangerous threat to the UK public, whilst almost immediately the threat was said to be 'contained' using the mechanism of 'othering': SARS was said to be unlikely to personally affect the UK reader because the Chinese were so different to 'us'; so 'other'. In this sense, the SARS scare, despite the remarkable speed with which it was played out in the modern global news media, resonates with the meanings attributed to other epidemics of infectious diseases throughout history. Yet this study also highlights a number of differences in the social representations of SARS compared with earlier epidemics. In particular, this study examines the phenomena of 'emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases' over the past 30 or so years and suggests that these have impacted on the faith once widely held that Western biomedicine could 'conquer' infectious disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

In vitro hydrodynamic properties of the Miethke ProGAV hydrocephalus shunt.

BACKGROUND: Adjustable shunts are very popular in the management of hydrocephalus and are believed to help in minimizing the number of surgical revisions. The drawback with almost all constructions is that they may be accidentally readjusted in relatively weak magnetic fields (around 30-40 mTesla) MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ProGav Miethke shunt is composed of an adjustable balloon-spring valve unit and an integrated over-drainage compensating gravitational device (known as the shunt assistant). A mechanical 'brake' is intended to prevent changes to the valve's performance level in a strong magnetic field. We evaluated the performance and hydrodynamic properties of a sample of three valves in the UK Shunt Evaluation Laboratory. RESULTS: All the shunts showed good mechanical durability over the three-month period of testing, and good stability of hydrodynamic performance over a one-month period. The pressure-flow performance curves, operating, opening and closing pressures fell within the limits specified by the manufacturer, and changed according to the programmed performance levels. The operating pressure increased when the shunt assistant was in the vertical position, as specified. The valve has a low hydrodynamic resistance (0.53 mm mmHg ml(-1) min(-1)). External programming proved to be easy and reliable. Strong magnetic fields from a 3 Tesla MR scanner were not able to change the programming of the valve. CONCLUSION: The ProGAV shunt is an adjustable, low resistance valve that is able to limit posture-related over-drainage. Unlike other adjustable valves, the ProGAV cannot be accidentally re-adjusted by external magnetic field such as a 3T MR scanner.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Korean analytical quality assurance (KAQUA) program for biological monitoring.

The Korean analytical quality assurance (KAQUA) program on biological monitoring was performed by the Industrial Health Research Institute in Korea in spring, 1995. The object of the KAQUA program is to improve the analysis capability for the biological monitoring of hazardous chemicals and to confirm the reliability of data from each laboratory. The items chosen for the first round were analyses of lead in blood (PbB) and of hippuric acid in urine (HAU). Eighty-eight laboratories in Korea participated in this program. Two levels of samples, randomly chosen among six levels for each item, were sent to the participants. The consensus value from participants and reference laboratories was determined by statistical analysis and used as a reference value. The tolerance range was +/-15% (+/-6 micrograms/dl for PbB below 40 micrograms/dl) of the reference value. The mean proficiency rate of analytical data increased dramatically in the first round compared with a pre-round that was provided as part of a training course for participants before performing the first round. The mean proficiency rate of PbB was 69% at pre-round and increased at 91% at the first round; for HAU the increase was from 58% to 88%. Not only the analytical results but also raw data were reviewed to find problems which might have arisen during the analytical process. Re-education courses provided after final evaluation of each participant by means of telephone discussion, correspondence course, and experimental practice, were helpful in achieving the purpose of the analytical quality assurance program.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conditions for young infants' perception of object trajectories.

When an object moves behind an occluder and re-emerges, 4-month-old infants perceive trajectory continuity only when the occluder is narrow, raising the question of whether time or distance out of sight is the important constraining variable. One hundred and forty 4-month-olds were tested in five experiments aimed to disambiguate time and distance out of sight. Manipulating the object's visible speed had no effect on infants' responses, but reducing occlusion time by increasing object speed while occluded induced perception of trajectory continuity. In contrast, slowing the ball while it was behind a narrow or intermediate screen did not modify performance. It is concluded that 4-month-olds perceive trajectory continuity when time or distance out of sight is short.

Child Development↗
PubMed2001

Interception, retention and translocation under greenhouse conditions of radiocaesium and radiostrontium from a simulated accidental source.

The behaviour of radioactive aerosols released from a severely damaged nuclear reactor and deposited on cereals was simulated under controlled conditions. 137Cs- and 90Sr-labelled aerosols were generated by volatilisation at high temperature of an artificially spiked pellet of depleted UO2. After cooling and maturation the aerosols were allowed to deposit on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Arbon) cultures grown on lysimeters under greenhouse conditions. At the time of contamination the wheat plants were at different stages of development, from early vegetative growth (two leaves) until nearly mature (end of flowering). The estimated interception coefficient (micro) amounted to 13.1 m2 kg(-1); such a high value may be explained by the experimental conditions that created an over-saturated atmosphere during the contamination process and wet leaf surfaces. The first simulated rain, applied 6 days after the contamination, removed four times more 137Cs (54%+/-12 of the intercepted radionuclides) than 90Sr (15%+/-20) from the aerial parts. At harvest approximately 2% of the Sr and less than 1% of the Cs initially intercepted by the aerial parts is recovered for plants contaminated during the early development stages. A significantly higher proportion of the intercepted activity is still present for plants contaminated in the late development stages. The translocation to grains (TLF) increases when deposit occurs closer to the mature stage of the plant. The initial decrease of TLF values that we observed for strontium contamination in the earliest development stages is most probably due to the contribution of root uptake. Ploughing and re-sowing after the first rain, applied as a countermeasure reduced the 137Cs content in leaves and stems at harvest approximately 3 times but had no effect on the 90Sr content in vegetative organs. It reduced the 137Cs-contamination level in edible parts (grain) by a factor of 2 compared to the unploughed control, but doubled the 90Sr content.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2003

Primary insertion of a silastic spring-loaded silo for gastroschisis.

Gastroschisis is traditionally managed by emergency primary closure, with a temporary silo reserved for large defects unable to be closed primarily. We recently have begun primary Silastic (Dow Coming, Midland, MI) spring-loaded silo (SLS) closure followed by elective closure and report our preliminary experience. A total of 15 infants (weight range, 2.1-13.5 kg) at 2 different institutions were treated by SC by 3 different surgeons between 1998 and 2002. A 3-, 4-, or 5-cm (ring diameter) silo was used depending on size of abdominal wall defect. Elective closure was performed in the operating room or at the bedside. Surgical parameters assessed included success of SLS, peak inspiratory pressures (PIPs) pre- and post-SLS closure, total time of staged closure with SLS, time to full feedings, and intra- and postoperative complications. Fifteen of 15 infants were successfully treated by SLS closure followed by elective closure. Two of 15 (13.3%) experienced temporary dislodgement of the silo prior to permanent closure. In both cases, the silo was safely reinserted at the bedside. Comparison of PIP values measured at various stages of SLS closure revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Mean times to final fascial closure (3.7 days) and full enteral feedings (22 days) were similar to historical controls obtained from the surgical literature. In 1 case where there was associated intestinal atresia, SLS closure was effective in permitting concomitant elective closure and re-establishment of bowel continuity. All children are alive and well at the time of this report. SLS closure permits safe, gentle, and gradual reduction of the exposed viscera leading to successful permanent abdominal wall closure. Respiratory embarrassment and hemodynamic instability associated with emergent (primary) closure of large abdominal wall defects can thus be avoided.

Digestive System Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2006

Targeted gene deletion demonstrates that the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-4 is critical for erythroblastic island formation.

Erythroid progenitors differentiate in erythroblastic islands, bone marrow niches composed of erythroblasts surrounding a central macrophage. Evidence suggests that within islands adhesive interactions regulate erythropoiesis and apoptosis. We are exploring whether erythroid intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (ICAM-4), an immunoglobulin superfamily member, participates in island formation. Earlier, we identified alpha(V) integrins as ICAM-4 counterreceptors. Because macrophages express alpha(V), ICAM-4 potentially mediates island attachments. To test this, we generated ICAM-4 knock-out mice and developed quantitative, live cell techniques for harvesting intact islands and for re-forming islands in vitro. We observed a 47% decrease in islands reconstituted from ICAM-4 null marrow compared to wild-type marrow. We also found a striking decrease in islands formed in vivo in knock-out mice. Further, peptides that block ICAM-4/alpha(V) adhesion produced a 53% to 57% decrease in reconstituted islands, strongly suggesting that ICAM-4 binding to macrophage alpha(V) functions in island integrity. Importantly, we documented that alpha(V) integrin is expressed in macrophages isolated from erythroblastic islands. Collectively, these data provide convincing evidence that ICAM-4 is critical in erythroblastic island formation via ICAM-4/alpha(V) adhesion and also demonstrate that the novel experimental strategies we developed will be valuable in exploring molecular mechanisms of erythroblastic island formation and their functional role in regulating erythropoiesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Child neurology: past, present, and future.

The emergence of child neurology as an independent discipline was enhanced by pediatricians developing an organ system approach to the study of illnesses of children and indirectly by their interest in normal psychomotor development, a function of maturation of the nervous system. Technological innovations, advances in neuroimaging, and the development of therapeutic agents directly benefited patients with neurologic disorders and enhanced the role of the neurologist. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology was founded in 1934. It formally recognized child neurology as a special area of expertise in 1959 when Sidney Carter was appointed as a director and the clinical examination was changed to include an hour devoted specifically to child neurology. In 1969, special certificates in child neurology were issued. Thirty candidates, or more, have successfully passed the examination each year since then. As of Spring 1995, there had been 1007 certificates issued to child neurologists. In 1991 and 1992, alternative pathways to training in child neurology were developed. These substituted a year of internal medicine or a year of basic neuroscience research for 1 year of pediatrics. Relatively few child neurologists have chosen these alternative pathways. The performance of child neurologists, on Board examinations has generally been comparable to that of adult neurologists with the latter holding a slight edge. In 1990, a study of first-time takers of the certification examination was begun. In child neurology, 54% of the cohort passed both parts I and II on their first attempts, and as of July 1995, 81% of the original cohort was certified. In adult neurology, the comparable rates are 56% and 84%. Accreditation of child neurology training programs began in 1987. As of November 1995, there were 75 accredited child neurology training programs, which offered slightly over 200 total positions. Changes in health care delivery are currently taking place and have placed greater emphasis on primary care physicians. Proposals have been put forth that, if enacted, will reduce the current number of medical students and also reduce the total number of residents being trained. Reductions as great as 40% of current resident number have been proposed. Child neurology will need to reassess our current work force and training needs and re-evaluate our role in the training of primary care physicians. There appears to be a paradox. Explosions of information in both the basic and clinical neurosciences have directly benefited our patients, but yet our continued growth as a subspecialty is being challenged.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1989

Immunochemical analyses of C57BL/6J monoclonal anti-alpha (1----3) dextran antibodies.

Twelve C57BL/6J anti-B-1355S monoclonal antibodies (five IgM lambda and seven IgM kappa) were characterized immunochemically by binding and inhibition ELISA. All 12 were negative for the expression of the cross-reactive idiotype (IdX) of BALB/c mice, as expected from previous work; no kappa IdX+ antibodies have been reported and IdX- lambda class antibodies were observed in B-1355-Con A induced immune sera [Geckeler W., Blomberg B., dePreval D. and Cohn M. (1977) Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 41, 743-748]. The antibodies studied bind to B-1355 coated plates and this binding is inhibited by B-1355 but not by dextrans B-512 (F) or B-742S; the latter two have no linear alpha (1----3; 1) linkages. The nomenclature of Jeanes is used [Jeanes A. (1986) Molec. Immun. 23, 999-1028]; alpha (1----3; 1) refers to glucosyl diose residues linked alpha (1----3) linearly. In the case of B-1355 these linear stretches alternate with alpha (1, 6) linkages and are non-contiguous; alpha (1----3; b) refers to the linkage at a branching residue, e.g., a 1,3,6 linked moiety. The IgM kappa class antibodies are not inhibited by nigerose or nigerantetraose, suggesting that they have binding site sizes which are unusually large for B-1355 specific antibodies. The five IgM lambda antibodies are inhibited identically by equimolar amounts of nigerose and nigerantetraose, suggesting that their binding sites accommodate a disaccharide epitope. These antibodies are also inhibited by the alpha (1----6), alpha (1----4) triose, panose. The kappa class antibodies do not bind to alpha (1----3)-diglucosyl-(nigerosyl; N)-BSA. Four of the five lambda class antibodies show weak binding to N-BSA, while the fifth binds N-BSA better but less well than MOPC 104E (the BALB/c myeloma protein). All 12 antibodies are unique when compared to BALB/c antibodies derived from B-1355 immunization. The primary response of 15 C57BL/6J mice to B-1355 was re-assessed for kappa and lambda class antibody contribution. A patchy lambda class response was observed suggesting that previous lambda class responses may have been overlooked.

Animals↗