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PubMed1986

Feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion. Suppression of cholecystokinin release by trypsin.

Feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion occurs in rats. Whether such a system exists in man remains unsettled and the responsible mechanism is unknown. To investigate this question gastrointestinal intubation and perfusion were performed in 12 healthy subjects. Intraduodenal perfusion of trypsin-inhibited phenylalanine-, oleic acid-, and meal-stimulated chymotrypsin and lipase outputs in a dose-related manner. The minimal concentration of bovine trypsin needed to inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion was 0.5 g/liter. 1 g/liter caused a maximal suppression of 35 +/- 4% of the phenylalanine-stimulated chymotrypsin release. This inhibitory effect was protease-specific. Intraduodenal perfusion of phenylalanine and oleic acid increased plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) from a basal level of 0.9 +/- 0.06 to 5.3 +/- 0.9 pM and 7.2 +/- 1.3 pM, respectively. Addition of bovine trypsin to the perfusates significantly reduced the plasma CCK level to basal values. This inhibitory effect of trypsin on CCK release was dose dependent and specific to proteases. Therefore, the present studies indicate that feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion is operative in man and it is mediated by release of CCK.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Nasotracheal airway-oropharyngeal alimentary canal: a microvascular technique for reconstruction of the upper airway after total laryngectomy.

Every patient who has to be laryngectomized because of a carcinoma is concerned with the loss of his or her voice and the presence of a permanent tracheostoma in his or her neck. While various methods for producing a substitute voice are available (esophageal voice, voice devices, voice-shunt operations with or without voice prosthesis), it is usually impossible after laryngectomy to reconstruct a complete upper airway so that the tracheostoma can be closed. One potential method for reconstruction of the airway is its division into a nasotracheal airway and an oropharyngeal alimentary canal. Ten Alsatian dogs were laryngectomized, and a microvascularly anastomosed jejunal autograft was inserted as a junction between the tracheal stump and the circularly exposed nasopharynx, while the pharynx was reconstructed separately. One week postoperatively, oral feeding could be started again; at the same time breathing was possible via the reconstructed nasotracheal airway, which was kept open by insertion of a silicone tube. By means of this microvascular technique, a complete nasal airway could be reconstructed surgically after laryngectomy.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pneumothorax following attempted nasogastric intubation for nutritional support.

Nasogastric intubation is a routine procedure, performed daily by both medical and nursing staff. It is a simple procedure, but not without complications which can be life threatening. We present an unusual, life threatening complication which occurred when nasogastric intubation using a no. 8 polyurethane tube with its metal stilet resulted in a pneumothorax after intubation of the endotracheal tree in the presence of a cuffed endotracheal tube. We emphasize that the presence of a cuffed endotracheal tube should not be considered a safeguard against pulmonary intubation during nasogastric placement of a feeding catheter.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional support of the dysphagic patient: methods, risks, and complications of therapy.

The indications, methods, and complications of nutritional support of 90 patients admitted with a primary complaint of dysphagia were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on etiology of dysphagia (central neurologic vs local mechanical dysfunction). All patients on admission exhibited marked malnutrition with an average weight loss of 12 +/- 9.8% body weight, serum transferrin 165 +/- 60.1 mg/dl, and albumin 3.2 +/- 0.85 mg/dl. All patients were placed on either enteral (63%) or parenteral (37%) nutrition. Twenty-seven percent of all patients suffered a complication of nutritional therapy. Patients with nasoenteric tubes had a 10% complication incidence (aspiration or endotracheal placement of tube) resulting in a 30% mortality rate; significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than seen with other modalities. Any form of upper enteric feeding (nasoenteric or gastrostomy) was associated with significantly increased (p less than 0.01) risk of aspiration pneumonia. It is concluded that patients admitted to hospital with dysphagia as the major complaint suffer from severe malnutrition, and that upper gastrointestinal intubation should not be employed for feeding until the dysphagia has resolved.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Pneumothorax from intrapleural placement of a nasogastric tube.

Nasogastric tube insertion is a commonly performed procedure that can be associated with significant morbidity and even mortality. There is no universally accepted technique to confirm correct placement. Most confirmatory methods are performed after placement, therefore misplacement and potential complications may have already occurred. We report a case where a commonly used bedside confirmatory test gave false reassurance that the nasogastric tube was properly positioned, but a plain chest X-ray revealed a massive pneumothorax due to inadvertent intrapleural placement of the tube. Due to the deficiencies of traditional confirmatory bedside techniques, and the limitations of modern and more sophisticated confirmatory methods, the plain chest X-ray remains the gold standard test to confirm correct nasogastric tube placement. We appraise the methods commonly employed to confirm nasogastric tube placement, and discuss factors that may increase the risk of misplacement.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A simple technique for diagnosing oesophageal intubation.

Undiagnosed oesophageal intubation during anaesthesia is a major cause of anaesthetic-related morbidity and mortality. A test was devised and evaluated to distinguish between placing an endotracheal tube in the trachea and in the oesophagus. The test involves threading a lubricated nasogastric tube through the endotracheal tube, applying continuous suction to the nasogastric tube and then attempting to withdraw the nasogastric tube. Four aspects distinguish an endotracheal tube in the trachea from one in the oesophagus: 1. the length of nasogastric tube inserted and the feel of the final obstruction to further insertion. 2. the ability to maintain unobstructed suction through the nasogastric tube, 3. the ease of withdrawal of the nasogastric tube during continuous suction, 4. the nature of any aspirate (i.e. mucus or gastric contents). An evaluation was performed on twenty patients in whom both the trachea and oesophagus were intubated simultaneously. In all twenty cases, each of the two endotracheal tubes was correctly identified as being either tracheal or oesophageal. The ability to maintain suction and the ease of withdrawal most clearly distinguished between the two positions.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Toxicokinetics and bioavailability of paraquat in rats following different routes of administration.

The toxicokinetics and bioavailability of [14C]paraquat were examined in rats which had received a single dose (11.6 micrograms/kg) of the herbicide by the iv, intragastric, dermal or pulmonary route. In the pulmonary route studies, rats were exposed to an aqueous solution or liquid aerosols of [14C]paraquat through a tracheal cannula or [14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only inhalation chamber. After intratracheal, intragastric, and dermal administration of [14C]paraquat to the rat, the average bioavailabilities were 0.45 +/- 0.22, 0.12 +/- 0.03, and 0.038 +/- 0.027, which corresponded to 20.3 nmol, 5.4 nmol and 1.7 nmol of [14C]paraquat, respectively. Since the dose administered to the rat in the [14C]paraquat aerosol studies was unknown, the bioavailability for this exposure route could not be determined. However, about 27.5 nmol of [14C]paraquat was observed into the systemic circulation of the rat after inhaling [14C]paraquat aerosols through a tracheal cannula. [14C]paraquat administered to the rat iv was eliminated from the blood with a half-life of about 68 min. Urine and feces were the major excretion routes. The radioactivity absorbed into the systemic circulation of the rat was approximately equal to that excreted in the urine; about 23.8 nmol, 8.5 nmol and 1.5 nmol of [14C]paraquat were recovered from the urine of the rat after inhalation of [14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only exposure chamber, intragastric injection and dermal absorption of [14C]paraquat, respectively. Tissue distribution studies showed that the bulk of the [14C]paraquat administered to the rat by the inhalation and dermal routes remained at the sites of administration.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2004

Accidental catheter removal in critically ill patients: a prospective and observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The importance of accidental catheter removal (ACR) lies in the complications caused by the removal itself and by catheter reinsertion. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have analyzed accidental removal of various types of catheters in the intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of the present study was to analyze the incidence of ACR for all types of catheters in the ICU. METHODS: This was a prospective and observational study, conducted in a 24-bed medical/surgical ICU in a university hospital. We included all consecutive patients admitted to the ICU over 18 months (1 May 2000 to 31 October 2001). The incidences of ACR for all types of catheters (both per 100 catheters and per 100 catheter-days) were determined. RESULTS: A total of 988 patients were included. There were no significant differences in ACR incidence between the four central venous access sites (peripheral, jugular, subclavian and femoral) or between the four arterial access sites (radial, femoral, pedal and humeral). However, the incidence of ACR was higher for arterial than for central venous catheters (1.12/100 catheter-days versus 2.02/100 catheter-days; P < 0.001). The incidences of ACR/100 nonvascular catheter-days were as follows: endotracheal tube 0.79; nasogastric tube 4.48; urinary catheter 0.32; thoracic drain 0.56; abdominal drain 0.67; and intraventricular brain drain 0.66. CONCLUSION: We found ACR incidences for central venous catheter, arterial catheter, endotracheal tube, nasogastric tube and urinary catheter that are similar to those reported in previous studies. We could not find studies that analyzed the ACR for thoracic, abdominal, intraventricular brain and cardiac surgical drains, but we believe that our rates are acceptable. To minimize ACR, it is necessary to monitor its incidence carefully and to implement preventive measures. In our view, according to establish quality standards, findings should be reported as ACR incidence per 100 catheters and per 100 catheter-days, for all types of catheters.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of a new method to distinguish esophageal from tracheal intubation by measuring the endotracheal cuff pressure in a porcine model.

OBJECTIVES: With the knowledge of differences in anatomic structures between the trachea and the esophagus, the authors conducted an animal study to evaluate the usefulness of endotracheal cuff pressure in distinguishing endotracheal and esophageal intubations. METHODS: Six swine were anesthetized and endotracheally intubated with 7.5-mm cuffed endotracheal tubes. The intubations were confirmed by fiber-optic bronchoscopy. Each pilot balloon was connected to a 10-mL syringe and a manometer via a three-way stopcock. The cuff pressures were measured for each 1-mL incremental filling of air (1-10 mL). After removal of the endotracheal tubes, each swine was then intubated with the same endotracheal tubes into its esophagus. The cuff pressures of the esophageal intubation were measured with the same procedure. The cuff pressures and the pressure-volume relationships in both intubations were compared. RESULTS: The cuff pressure increased significantly in the esophageal intubation in comparison with the endotracheal intubation in all the comparisons from 1 mL to 10 mL (p = 0.028 for all Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). The slope of the pressure-volume curve of the cuff pressure was also significantly higher in the esophageal intubation during the inflation of the cuff on average (0.047 vs. 0.032 cm H2O/mL; p = 0.001), particularly in the first 5 mL of air inflation. CONCLUSIONS: The cuff pressure in the esophageal intubation was significantly higher than that in the endotracheal intubation under the same inflated volume from 1 to 10 mL. This may provide the basis for an adjunctive, simple, rapid, and reliable method to verify endotracheal intubation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement after intubation using the ultrasound sliding lung sign.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of the ultrasound (US) sliding lung sign as a predictor of endotracheal tube (ETT) placement. Many other tools and examination findings have been used to confirm ETT placement; erroneous placement of the ETT has even been confirmed by US. METHODS: This was a laboratory study using fresh, recently dead cadavers. Cadavers were obtained at a medical school anatomy laboratory on the basis of availability during a four-month period. Subjects who died from significant trauma or after thoracic surgery were excluded. A numerical randomization tool was used to direct where the tube would be placed on intubation. Laryngoscopy was performed, and the ETT was placed in the esophagus, in the trachea, or in the right main stem (RMS) bronchus. Placement was confirmed by direct laryngoscopic visualization of ETT passage through vocal cords or with fiber optic visualization, as needed. US images of the sliding lung sign, sliding of visceral and parietal pleura past each other, were taken on both sides of the chest at the mid axillary line during ventilation with an ambu bag. Two board-certified emergency physicians with hospital credentialing in emergency US used a 4-2 MHz micro-convex transducer on a Sonosite 180 Plus for imaging. The sonologists were blinded to the location of the endotracheal tube and imaged and recorded their results individually. A positive sliding lung sign was taken to signify lung expansion with ventilation in a hemithorax. Endotracheal versus esophageal ETT placement, as well as tracheal versus RMS, was determined on the basis of sliding lung findings on both sides of the chest. Interpreter agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratios (LHR) were calculated for tracheal (including RMS) versus esophageal, as well as main trachea versus RMS intubation. RESULTS: Nine cadavers yielded 68 intubations. For esophageal versus tracheal (including RMS) intubation, sonologist 1 (S1) had a sensitivity of 95.4% (95% CI = 84.2% to 99.4%), a specificity of 100% (95% CI = 86.3% to 100%), an NPV of 92.6% (95% CI = 75.7% to 99.1%), and a PPV of 100% (95% CI = 91.4% to 100%) with an LHR of 0.05 (95% CI = 0.01 to 0.2) for a negative test. Sonologist 2 (S2) had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI = 91.8% to 100%), a specificity of 100% (95% CI = 86.3% to 100%), an NPV of 100% (95% CI = 86.3% to 100%), and a PPV of 100% (95% CI = 91.8% to 100%); agreement was 97% (kappa = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.7 to 1.2). In RMS versus tracheal, S1 had a sensitivity of 69.2% (95% CI = 48.2% to 85.7%), a specificity of 93.3% (95% CI = 68.1% to 99.8%), a PPV of 94.7% (95% CI = 73.9% to 99.9%), and an NPV of 63.6% (95% CI = 40.7% to 82.8%) with an LHR for a positive test of 10.4 (95% CI = 2.2 to 59.1) and of 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2 to 0.6) for negative test. S2 had a sensitivity of 78.6% (95% CI = 59.1% to 91.7%), a specificity of 100% (95% CI = 78.2% to 100%), a PPV of 100% (95% CI = 84.6% to 100%), NPV of 71.4% (95% CI = 47.8% to 88.7%), with an LHR for a negative test of 0.2 (95% CI = 0.1 to 0.4); agreement was 85.9% (kappa = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4 to 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that US imaging of the sliding lung sign in a cadaver model is an accurate method for confirmation of ETT placement. Further, the technique may have some utility in differentiating RMS bronchus from main tracheal intubations.

Emergency Medicine↗
PubMed2004

A new supraglottic airway, the Elisha Airway Device: a preliminary study.

We describe the Elisha Airway Device (EAD), a new reusable supraglottic ventilatory device. Its uniqueness consists of its ability to combine three functions in a single device: ventilation, blind and/or fiberoptic-aided intubation without interruption of ventilation, and gastric tube insertion. This study was performed in 70 ASA status I-II, Mallampati class I-II patients undergoing elective knee arthroscopy and receiving general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl and propofol and was maintained with isoflurane in N20/oxygen. Neuromuscular blockade was achieved with vecuronium. Blind insertion of the device was successful in 96% of patients, with a mean insertion time of 20 +/- 4 s. In these patients it was possible to maintain oxygenation and ventilation throughout the surgical procedure. Gastric tube insertion was successful in all cases. Endotracheal intubation via the EAD was attempted in 20 patients. Blind intubation was possible during the first and second attempts in 15 and 2 patients, respectively. Fiberoptic intubation was then successful in two of the remaining three patients. The EAD is a new alternative in the evolution of supraglottic ventilatory devices; however, further clinical studies are necessary to evaluate its efficacy.

Adult↗