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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Development of intestinal flora of human-flora-associated (HFA) mice in the intestine of their offspring.

Development of intestinal flora in newborn human-flora-associated (HFA) mice was compared with that in newborn conventional (CV) mice. Facultative anaerobes were detected from the first day after birth in both CV and HFA mice but anaerobes were not detected in the first week. Anaerobes rapidly increased from the 2nd week after birth and became predominant in newborn intestine. Most of the intestinal bacteria in adult CV and HFA mice were colonized in the intestine of CV and HFA mice, respectively, within 3 weeks after birth. The human intestinal flora established in the intestine of HFA mice finally reproduced without any remarkable change in composition in the intestine of newborn HFA mice. The development of intestinal flora in HFA mice was similar to that in CV mice but not that in human infants. These results indicated that human flora associated in HFA mice could be transferred from mothers to their offspring although HFA mice could not simulate the development of intestinal flora of the human infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Ex-germfree mice harboring intestinal microbiota derived from other animal species as an experimental model for ecology and metabolism of intestinal bacteria.

Ex-germfree (GF) animals harboring intestinal microbiota derived from other animal species, e.g. human-flora-associated (HFA) and pig-flora-associated (PFA) mice, have been considered as a tool for studying the ecology and metabolism of intestinal bacteria of man and animals. Human fecal microbiota was transferred into the intestines of the mice with minor modification by inoculating GF mice with human fecal suspensions. Interestingly, bifidobacteria were eliminated from some of the HFA mouse groups, whereas other dominant bacterial groups remained constant. Elimination of bifidobacteria appeared to be dependent on the composition of microbiota in the inoculated sample. Human fecal microbiota established in the intestines of the HFA mice reproduced in the intestine of offspring of these HFA mice and of cage-mated ex-GF mice without any remarkable change in composition. Although the HFA mice could be used for studying the effects of diet on human intestinal microbiota, the metabolism of microbiota of HFA mice reflected that of human feces with respect to some metabolic activities but not others. PFA mice were also a good model for studying the ecosystem of pig fecal microbiota and the control of short chain fatty acids in pig intestines, but not for studying putrefactive products generated in pig intestines. In conclusion, HFA and PFA mice provide a stable and valuable tool for studying the ecosystem and metabolism of the human and animal intestinal microbiota, but they have some limitations as a model.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal motility in bacterial translocation in experimental cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (IBO) is related to small bowel motility and has been involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial translocation (BT) in experimental models, and both overgrowing gut flora and translocating bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes are common features in cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to analyze cecal aerobic bacteria and intestinal transit in cirrhotic rats, and their relationship with BT, evaluating the role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and small bowel dismotility in the development of BT in experimental cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included twenty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis without ascites and ten controls. Cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), peripheral and portal blood, liver, spleen and cecal samples were carried out. Small intestinal transit was determined in ten cirrhotic rats and in ten control rats. RESULTS: The prevalence of bacterial translocation was 56%. Total cecal aerobic bacteria count was significantly higher in cirrhotic rats than in control rats (p < 0.001). Cirrhotic rats with translocated bacteria had higher total aerobic intestinal counts than culture-negative MLN bacteria (p < 0.05). The prevalence of total intestinal bacterial overgrowth in cirrhotic animals was 67%, and 0% in control animals (p < 0.001). According to BT, total IBO was more frequent in cirrhotic rats with BT versus those without BT (93 vs. 33%) (p < 0.001). Of the translocating bacteria, 95.6% were found to be overgrown in the cecum. The small-intestinal transit was slower in cirrhotic rats (60.5 +/- 12.7 cm vs. 81.2 +/- 5.7 cm) than in control animals (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the increase of intestinal aerobic bacteria in experimental cirrhosis is associated with translocation. In addition, IBO is frequent in cirrhotic rats, and is supposed to play an important role in the development of BT. Impaired motility of the small intestine is a common feature in cirrhosis and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of IBO.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Reconsideration of the concepts of the large intestine and the small intestine in Chinese traditional medicine].

It is the common view in Chinese traditional medicine that the small intestine is in the abdomen above the umbilicus and that the large intestine is in the abdomen below the umbilicus. However, our precise investigation clarified the following points. The first one is that the above view is found only in such anatomical descriptions as in the paragraphs of "Chang Wei" in the Ling Shu. The second one is that the opposite view is mentioned in the Su Wen, the Ling Shu, the Nan Ching, and the Chin Kuei Yao Lueh. According to this literature, the large intestine is in the abdomen above the umbilicus and the small intestine is in the abdomen below the umbilicus. We inferred the following points: 1) The former view results from the fact that biologically the organs connect in the order of the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. 2) The latter is based on the fact that the large intestine acutually occupies a great part of the upper part of the abdomen, and the small intestine occupies the lower part of the abdomen. In interpreting the literature of Chinese traditional medicine, it is necessary to consider these two different views of the intestines.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

[The usefulness of colonoscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and pattern of concomitant extra-intestinal tuberculosis].

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intestinal tuberculosis can be difficult to diagnose because it may mimic many other intestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of colonoscopic biopsy and frequency of concomittent extra-intestinal tuberculosis in intestinal tuberculosis. METHODS: The medical records of 225 consecutive patients with intestinal tuberculosis (81 men, 144 women; mean age 40.6 yrs) were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Histological examination of colonoscopic biopsy specimens revealed granulomas in 163 (72.4%) of the 225 patients. However, caseous necrosis was found in only 25 (11.1%) patients, and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were noted in 39 (17.3%) of the 225 patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the culture of biopsy specimens in 52 (29.3%) of 177 patients. Eighty-four patients (37.3%) had concomitant extra-intestinal tuberculosis and 67 (29.8%) showed active pulmonary tuberculosis. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens enabled the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis by the presence of either caseating granulomas or AFB in 52 (23.1%) patients. Combination of histological examination and Mycobacterium culture established the diagnosis in 87 (38.7%) patients. Before getting the result of Mycobacterium culture, the diagnosis could be made, by either histological examination or the presence of extra-intestinal tuberculosis in 107 (47.6%) patients. Combination of caseating granulomas, AFB staining, Mycobacterium culture, and the presence of extra-intestinal tuberculosis resulted in the diagnosis in 126 (56.0%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the diagnostic yield, AFB staining and Mycobacterium culture should be routinely performed on biopsy specimens in addition to routine histological examination for caseating granulomas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Fetal intestinal transplants in syngeneic rats: a developmental model of intestinal immunity.

We conducted a longitudinal study of the development of lymphoid tissue in fetal small intestine transplanted to a subcutaneous site in adult syngeneic Fischer strain rats. Fetal jejunoileal segments obtained between 18 and 21 days of gestation were transplanted to a dorsal subcutaneous site on syngeneic adult rats. Three weeks later, intestinal segments greater than 2.5 cm in length were found in 70% of recipients. Each week for 6 wk post-transplantation, a full-thickness biopsy was obtained for histologic and immunohistologic examination. At the time of transplantation, fetal rat intestine did not display Peyer's patches, intraepithelial lymphocytes, lymphoid follicles, or IgA-containing plasma cells. These lymphoid structures reached adult levels by 4 wk after transplantation, and the sequence of development of the lymphoid structures in the transplants appeared to match the postnatal development of normal small intestine. After immunizing the in situ intestine or the transplanted fetal intestine with cholera toxin, the number of cells producing specific antibodies to the immunogen increased significantly in intestinal transplants and in situ intestine. In contrast, few if any cells synthesizing antibodies to cholera toxin developed in the transplants after i.p. immunization. This study suggests that fetal intestinal transplants behave as part of the mucosal immune system. This model may provide useful approaches to studying the development of mucosal immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of morphine sulfate on intestinal transit and myoelectric activity of the small intestine of the rat.

A study was designed to determine the effects of morphine sulfate on small intestinal propulsion and small intestinal myoelectric activity in conscious rats. Adult male rats were divided into two groups. Each member of one group was implanted with an indwelling catheter in the proximal duodenum. Each member of the other group was implanted with electrodes on the serosal surface of the proximal small bowel. Intestinal transit was determined by administering a bolus of radioactive chromium (Na2 51CrO4, 0.5 muCi) in 0.2 ml of saline via the catheter and following its progression through the small intestine. In fasted rats, morphine sulfate administered s.c. inhibited intestinal transit of 51Cr in a dose-dependent manner between 1 and 25 mg/kg. Intestinal motility was determined by monitoring intestinal myoelectric activity both before and after administration of morphine sulfate. In fasted rats, s.c. administration of morphine caused an inhibition of spike potential activity. The inhibition was dose-dependent between dosages of 1 and 25 kg/kg. We conclude that morphine sulfate causes a dose-dependent inhibition of intestinal transit in fasted rats and that this inhibition is correlated with a dose-dependent inhibition of spike potentials of the intestinal smooth muscle cells.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Role of the epithelium in the control of intestinal motility: implications for intestinal damage after anoxia and reoxygenation.

A vibration technique was used to dislocate the epithelium from the rat small intestine, in order to study the possible regulatory role of the epithelium on intestinal motility. Complete removal of the epithelium led to a slightly potentiated contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle by the muscarinic agonist methacholine (pD2. 6.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.2). The maximal beta-adrenergic response expressed relative to the relaxation by 0.5 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased from 55.9 +/- 9.0% to 72.6 +/- 9.1% by this treatment. Efforts were made to relate these observations to the endothelium-dependent relaxation in blood vessels, but no indication was found for a similar mechanism in the small intestine. Not only mechanical dislocation can be employed to affect the mucosal layer, but also intestinal ischemia has been reported to lead to mucosal damage. In this study we mimicked ischemia by applying in vitro anoxia and subsequent reoxygenation to isolated intestinal segments. When intestinal segments are isolated and kept in physiological buffer, xanthine dehydrogenase is converted slowly to xanthine oxidase, irrespective of whether the buffer is oxygenated or not. No evidence was found for oxygen radical damage after anoxia and reoxygenation. However, the intestinal mucosa was damaged both after normoxia, and after anoxia and reoxygenation. Anoxia and subsequent reoxygenation did not affect muscarinic contraction, but slightly increased the beta-adrenergic relaxation, which partly correlates with the effects of mechanical dislocation of the epithelium. The increased sensitivity of the smooth muscle after epithelial damage might be involved in motility changes during intestinal inflammatory diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Intestinal SGLT1-mediated absorption and metabolism of benzyl beta-glucoside contained in Prunus mume: carrier-mediated transport increases intestinal availability.

The intestinal absorption of benzyl beta-glucoside (BNZ beta glc) contained in the fruit of Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC. (Rosaceae), which is traditionally used as a medicinal food in Japan, was studied in rat intestines. BNZ beta glc was absorbed from the mucosal to serosal sides. Its metabolite, benzyl alcohol (BAL), was also detected on both the mucosal and serosal sides. In the presence of phloridzin (Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) inhibitor) or in the absence of Na+ (driving force), BNZ beta glc absorption was significantly decreased. Transport clearance of BNZ beta glc across the brush border membrane decreased as its concentration increased. These results indicate that BNZ beta glc is transported by SGLT1. Metabolic clearance of BNZ beta glc also decreased as its concentration increased. The amount ratio of BNZ beta glc to BAL on the serosal side increased with the increase of BNZ beta glc concentration. The intestinal availability of BNZ beta glc was lower in the absence of Na+ than in the presence of Na+, indicating that the SGLT1-mediated transport of BNZ beta glc increases intestinal availability by decreasing the intestinal extraction ratio. This neutraceutical study concluded that intestinal carrier-mediated transport across the brush border membrane improves the intestinal availability of nutritionally, pharmacologically or physiologically active compounds that undergo intestinal metabolism (first-pass effect).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates its receptor expression and functions of human keratinocytes via type I vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide has been suggested to play some roles in inflammatory dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The aim of this study is to clarify the precise mechanisms of how vasoactive intestinal peptide is implicated in the pathogenesis of these disorders. We investigated the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its receptors in normal human fibroblasts and keratinocytes, as well as in a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line DJM-1, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and northern blotting. Type I VIP receptor mRNA was expressed in normal human keratinocytes and DJM-1 cells, and the latter also expressed type II receptor in lesser amounts. Neither type I nor type II VIP receptor mRNA was detected in fibroblasts, and vasoactive intestinal peptide transcript was not found in any cells examined. Type I VIP receptor mRNA was upregulated by Th1 cytokines (interferon-gamma), Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4), and tumor necrosis factor alpha, as well as vasoactive intestinal peptide itself, suggesting the presence of an autoregulatory loop. Vasoactive intestinal peptide increased cAMP production and cell proliferation of DJM-1 cells, and also induced the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and RANTES. The production of cAMP and cytokines was abrogated by a type I VIP receptor selective antagonist, indicating that type I receptor mediates these effects. Overall, these results suggest that upregulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors by cytokines from inflammatory cells in the dermis enhances the proliferation and cytokine production of keratinocytes in response to vasoactive intestinal peptide from nerve endings. This cytokine network around keratinocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the protein and amino acid metabolism of laying hens using 15N labeled casein. 15N concentration in the intestinal content and intestinal tissue in relation to the time of the last 15N administration].

Four laying hens with anus praeternaturalis were fed 15N casein for a period of 6 experimental days. Each experimental bird thus received a 15N excess (15N') of 154.44 mg. 11.54 mg of 15N' were found in lysine 3.99 mg in histidine and 9.58 mg in arginine. 2 hens were slaughtered 48 hours after the last 15N dose; another 2 were sacrificed after 144 hrs. In this investigation the N content of the intestinal contents and in the proteins of the small and large intestine were determined. The average N content of the small intestine per hen 2.65% that of the large intestine, 2.60% and, correspondingly, the TCE soluble proportion of N was 21.8% and 20.4%. The percentage of amino acids in the contents of the small intestine was found to change relative to that of the dietary proteins, approximating the protein composition of the intestine. In the first two hens the atom % 15N' was found in the different sections of the intestine and in the intestinal contents varied between 0.14 and 0.28. The data obtained from the two hens slaughtered 144 hours after the last 15N' dose were nearly the same ranging from 0.08 to 0.10 atom % 15n'.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Intestinal resection in the neonatal rat: stimulus for precocious intestinal maturation.

To investigate whether intestinal resection accelerates mucosal maturation in suckling rats, macromolecular absorption, sucrase and lactase activity, RNA/DNA ratios, and intestinal morphology were determined 5 days after partial small intestinal resection or intestinal transection in 15-day-old rats. Villous height and crypt depth, lactase and sucrase activity, and RNA/DNA ratios were significantly increased in remaining intestine in animals that underwent surgery. These animals, together with normal control animals, were also gavaged with 100 mg bovine serum albumin, and serum levels were determined after 2.5 h. Mean serum levels of bovine serum albumin were 0.135 +/- 0.034 micrograms/ml/cm of residual intestine after transsection, 0.257 +/- 0.078 micrograms/ml/cm after resection, and 0.404 +/- 0.030 micrograms/ml/cm in controls. These studies demonstrate that intestinal resection during the suckling period of the infant rat results in several morphologic and physiologic changes that resemble precocious maturation of the small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 5-hydroxytryptamine and reflex hyperaemia in the small intestine of the cat.

1. The release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) into venous blood from the small intestine of the cat was studied when mechanically stimulating the intestinal mucosa and during close intra-arterial infusions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or isopropylnoradrenaline. The studies were performed on anaesthetized cats given atropine.2. Mechanical stimulation of the intestinal mucosa induced a vasodilatation and a release of VIP into the intestinal venous blood. Intra-arterial administration of tetrodotoxin was given in doses that blocked the vasoconstrictor effect of the regional sympathetic nerve fibres. This also abolished the vascular response and the release of VIP into blood upon mechanical stimulation.3. Close intra-arterial administration of 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide reduced the VIP release and the intestinal vasodilatation upon mucosal stimulation to largely the same extent.4. Close intra-arterial infusions of 5-HT produced a marked release of VIP from the intestine and a moderate vasodilatation. Close intra-arterial infusions of isopropylnoradrenaline, which caused a pronounced intestinal vasodilatation, evoked only a small release of VIP.5. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the vasodilatation in the gut, induced by mechanical mucosal stimulation, is mediated via an intramural nervous reflex containing a neurone capable of releasing VIP. It is proposed that the nervous reflex is activated by the release of 5-HT from the enterochromaffin cells evoked by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Intestinal tumorigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice induced by the food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine: perinatal susceptibility, regional variation, and correlation with DNA adducts.

In our previous experiments, multiple injections with the food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) were used to induce intestinal tumors in C57BL/6J-multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min)/+ mice. To define the period of highest susceptibility to PhIP perinatally, we first determined the effect of a single s.c. injection. Ten or 50 mg/kg PhIP increased the number and diameter of small intestinal tumors dose-dependently in 3-day-old Min/+ mice. In the colon, only 50 mg/kg PhIP increased the incidence and number of tumors. The number of dysplastic aberrant crypt foci decreased from weeks 7 to 11. In the same period, an increase in the number of tumors was seen, indicating that over time the dysplastic aberrant crypt foci develop into tumors. Min/+ mice were then exposed in utero through their dams being given one s.c. injection of 50 mg/kg PhIP 3 days before giving birth or were exposed directly to the same dose on day 3, 12, or 36 after birth. Remarkably, the most susceptible period for tumorigenesis in the small intestine was between days 3-12 after birth, whereas in the colon it was from day 3 before to day 3 after birth. Furthermore, we examined whether the formation of DNA adducts determined after 24 h could explain the observed time-dependent and regional susceptibility to PhIP. A higher level of PhIP-DNA adducts was found after exposure on day 12 after birth, compared with day 36 after birth, in all parts of the small intestine but not in the colon, which was in close accordance with the numbers of tumors present. The levels of PhIP-DNA adducts along the intestines were highest in the middle and distal parts of the small intestine, where tumor numbers were also the highest. In conclusion, Min/+ mice are most susceptible to intestinal tumor induction by PhIP from day 3 before to day 12 after birth, and this susceptibility could at least partly be explained by the formation of PhIP-DNA adducts.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

[Changes in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels in intestinal obstruction and the influence of da cheng qi decoction].

The role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in small intestine obstructed rabbits and the therapeutic mechanism of Da Cheng Qi Decoction (DCQD) were studied. VIP concentrations of both blood and intestinal tissue were measured by specific radio-immunoassay in a rabbits' mechanical small intestinal obstruction model using fix of ileum to the right low abdominal wall, the influences of duodenal perfusion of DCQD on VIP levels were also investigated. 24 hours after ligating ileum, VIP of arterial plasma was elevated 7 fold, reaching 138.65 +/- 25.58 pmol/L, that of portal vein plasma was 4 times of the arterial value. VIP immunoactivity was detected in peritoneal fluid. VIP content of duodenal tissue in 16 intestine obstructed rabbits was 2 times high as that in 15 controls, whereas that of colonal tissue was inversed. DCQD caused a 50% decrease of elevated plasma VIP in experimental animals and a 65% increase in controls. The present work demonstrates that VIP might be released into the portal and peripheral circulation and mediate local and systemic pathophysiologic alterations accompanying small intestinal obstruction, such as hyperemia and edema of intestinal wall, accumulation of fluid in the lumen. VIP changes might account for the redistribution of blood flow in the obstructed segment of small intestine and the distal site of obstruction. DCQD has a therapeutic effect. The mechanism of dual modulate action of DCQD on VIP concentration is beyond our knowledge.

Animals↗