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PubMed2004

Intestinal parasitic infections among primary school children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among primary school children, were studied by selection of seven male and seven female schools to cover different parts of Jeddah city. A total of 1000 questionnaire were distributed to primary school children, filled by the child's guardian and stool samples were collected from those who agreed to participate in the study. Two hundred and thirty one stool samples were collected. These were analyzed by the formaline-ether technique. Of the 231 stool samples, only 22 (9.5%) samples had parasites. Giardia lamblia was the most reported parasite. Double infection was seen in only 3 samples. The low prevalence of intestinal parasites among the study group reflects the outstanding health and hygienic care in primary schools visited.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Study on the transition of intestinal parasites in Korea from 1913 to 1989].

This study was performed to review the transition of infection rate and major factor in decreasing pattern of intestinal parasites infection in Korea. The results of this review study are as follows: 1) The first study on the intestinal parasites of Korean was performed by Muta (1913): he reported egg positive rate of A.lumbricoides 80%; that of T.trichiura 93%; that of Hook worm 65%. 2) After then the egg positive rates of A.lumbricoides among Korean people has been higher than 80% until and after Korean war. Owing to the biannual mass chemotherapy for 20 years by K.A.P.E. (Korea Association for Parasite Eradication), a decreasing pattern was recognized after 1960's. 3) The nationwide egg positive rate A.lumbricoides was estimated by M.H.S.A. (Ministry of Health and Social Affairs) and K.A.P.E. (1971, 1976, 1981, 1986) to be 54.89%, 41.0%, 13.0%, 2.1%. 4) The causal ageants in decreasing pattern of intestinal parasites in Korea are multifactorial such as mass chemotherapy, environmental sanitation, public education, improvement in socio-economic status, development in antihelminths, increase in use of chemical fertilizer, acceleration in national industrialization and so forth. 5) The infection rate of Korea is still higher than that of Japan and Taiwan but lower than any other countries in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless it is apparent that the present situation is not satisfactory and in this sense more effective and efficient control program is desirable.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2004

Intestinal parasites among presumably healthy individuals in Lebanon.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence period of intestinal parasites among presumably healthy subjects in Lebanon. METHODS: One stool specimen from 2634 presumably healthy Lebanese subjects, mean age 32.1 years with a range of 14-71 years, resident of different areas in Lebanon was examined for the presence of parasites. The analysis took place in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon, over 25-months between 1995-1997. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 12.4%. The most common parasites identified were Entamoeba coli (38%), Giardia lamblia (3.1%) and Entamoeba histolytica (2.3%) [corrected]. CONCLUSION: The data presented shows the need to improve hygienic conditions to contain the problem of intestinal infections with parasites in Lebanon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Intestinal parasite infections among inhabitants in two islands of Tongyeong-gun, Kyeongsangnam-do].

This study was performed to evaluate the status of intestinal parasitic infections among the inhabitants in two islands (Chu-do and Doomi-do) of Tongyeong-gun, Kyeongsangnam-do (Province), from August to September, 1989. A total of 189 stool specimens was collected from the inhabitants of 3 villages and examined by Kato's cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. Stoll's dilution egg counting technique was done for the quantitative examination of helminth eggs. The overall positive rate of intestinal parasites was 30.2%. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was 2.1%, that of Trichuris trichiura 24.3%, hookworm 2.1%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.5%, Clonorchis sinensis 1.1%, heterophyid 1.6%, and Taenia species 2.6%. The cyst positive rate of Giardia lamblia was 1.6% and that of Entamoeba coli 0.5%. In T. trichiura infection, the egg positive rate of females (29.9%) was much higher than that of males (17.2%). Among the age groups, 10-19 year group showed the highest infection rate, 32.4%. It was revealed that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the inhibitants of remote islands should be still high in comparison with ever-reported ones in urban or rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Significantly increased recovery of intestinal parasites on routine stool specimen evaluation.

Three hundred thirty-six stool samples from October 2001 through October 2002 were analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites. Fifty-six of these (16.7%) were positive for a total of 66 parasites; 65/66 (98.5%) were detected by iodine and dimethyl sulfoxide-modified acid-fast (DMSO-mAFB) stained smears of fresh and formalin-ethylacetate sedimentation concentrated samples. Saline, iodine, and DMSO-mAFB stained smears of fresh stool samples alone detected significantly fewer parasites, finding only 50/66 (75.8%) (p < 0.05). Stool samples analyzed by trichrome stained specimens preserved in Zinc sulfate polyvinyl alcohol (Zinc PVA) detected only 41/ 66 (62.2%) of the parasites. In our study population, it was necessary to perform the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS) recommended to accurately detect intestinal parasites. The concentration technique is simple and significantly increased the detection of intestinal parasites.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2005

[The distribution of intestinal parasites in students of the Mustafa Kemal University School of Health.].

Intestinal parasites are an important national health problem in our country as in the rest of the world. In our study, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in female students (aged from 16-18 years) in the Mustafa Kemal University School of Health was investigated. Fecal samples and cellophane tape preparations were used for diagnosis. For this reason 142 fecal samples and 136 cellophane tape preparations were examined. One or more parasites were found in 65 (45.77%). fecal samples. The prevalence of parasites that found in fecal samples is as follows: Blastocystis hominis in 63 samples (96.92%) and Giardia intestinalis in 2 samples (3.08 %). Enterobius vermicularis was found in 9 (6.61%) out of 136 cellophane tape preparations.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1997

Intestinal parasites among food-handlers in Qualyobia Governorate, with reference to the pathogenic parasite blastocystis hominis.

A total of 1700 male food handlers, above 20 years of age who came for health clearance certificate were the subjects of the present study. Health assessment questionnaire was filled out on each person including dietary habits, water supply, history of diarrhoeal disease. Clinical examination and stool samples collection in 3 alternative days were performed. The food handlers were divided into symptomatic (700) and saymptomatic (1000). Different concentration methods as well as test tube culture for Strongyloides larvae were done. Samples were preserved in PVA, trichrome stained slides were examined for protozoal parasites. Nineteen percent had intestinal parasites, G. lamblia, E. histolytica, A.. lumbricoides, S. mansoni, A. duodenale, T. trichura, H. nana, St. stercoralis, E. vermicularis and mixed infection & non-pathogenic; E. coli, I. Butschlii, C. mesnilli, E. nana, T. hominis and mixed infection. Blastocystis hominis was recovered from stools of 8.5% of symptomatic and 4% of asymptomatic. 2.4% symptomatic and 2% asymptomatic had B. hominis significant infection. B hominis was considered significant if > 5 organisms per HPF was counted. Significant infection was higher among symptomatic than asymptomatic persons with detectable faecal leucocytes especially eosinophils. The authors recommended that physicians as well as diagnostic parasitologists should be aware of the potential clinical significance of B. hominis especially, when present alone in significant number, otherwise positive cases must be considered as carriers and followed up for any ill effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Intestinal parasites among North Carolina migrant farmworkers.

OBJECTIVES: The public health significance of intestinal parasitism among migrant farmworkers has been poorly defined. We report a three-part study in which we attempted to provide population-based estimates and identify risk factors for infection. METHODS: Parasite prevalence and incidence were estimated from two cross-sectional studies and a longitudinal study. We used questionnaires and clinical measurements such as hematocrits to examine risk factors and health effects. RESULTS: In the 1987 convenience sample (n = 265), parasite prevalence ranged from 28% among the US born to 86% among the Central American born, with no significant difference between the prevalence of pathogens among US-born (14%) and Mexican-born (24%) subjects (P = .12, chi 2 test). High prevalences were also found in the 1988 random sample. An annual incidence of 9.5% (n = 74) was demonstrated in 1988. Symptoms such as abdominal pain were associated with infection, and lower hematocrits were associated with hookworm infection (P = .02, t test). CONCLUSIONS: Infection with intestinal parasites appears to be an occupational hazard of farmwork, necessitating improved working and living conditions and greater clinical awareness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Status of intestinal parasitic infections in a remote island, Yondo, Jeonranam-do: province.

This study was performed to observe the present status of intestinal parasitic infections in a remote island, Yondo, located in southern part of Jeonranam-do(province), Korea. In February and May 1988, total 1,011 individual stool samples were collected and examined for intestinal helminths and protozoa using formalin-ether centrifugal sedimentation technique. The results are summarized as follows: Of 1,011 ingabitants examined, 398(39.4%) were positive for intestinal parasites. Helminth positives were 372(36.8%), and protozoan cyst positives were 56(5.5%). Ten species of parasites were found. Trichuris trichiura revealed the highest infection rate of 27.5%, Ascaris lumbricoides 17.4%, Taenia sp. 5.8%, Entamoeba coli 3.3%, Giardia lamblia 1.5%, Endolimax nana 0.8%, Hymenolepis nana 0.4%, hookworm 0.2%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.2%, and Entamoeba histolytica 0.2%, respectively. The female group showed higher positive rate (44.0%) than males (34.7%). Also, higher positive rates were observed among adults as compared with the group younger than 10 years old. Average value of E.P.G. was 1,876(range 200-17,800) in A. lumbricoides positives, and 327(range 200-1,600) in T. trichiura positive cases. In helminth egg positive cases, single infection was 63.4%, double infection 34.7%, and triple infection 1.9%, respectively. Among protozoan cyst positives, single infection was 94.6%, and double infection was 5.4%. The present study revealed that the prevalence of intestinal parasites among inhabitants in Yondo island is still so high that special control measures should be performed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

[Intestinal parasitic diseases and tinea of the scalp in Dakar school population: influence of environmental factors on the infestation level].

We carried out a study during February 1993 in a french and three coranic schools in order to evaluate the incidence of the economical level on the prevalence of intestinal parasites and tinea's scalp. Infection rate by intestinal parasites were 67.4% and 84% respectively in french and coranic schools with significant differences: X2 = 10.8. Infection rate by dermatophytes were 10.6% and 48.8% respectively in francophone and coranic schools with significant differences: X2 = 29.3. Ascaris was predominant through all ages in coranic schools, while amaeba were the main parasites in the upper ages in the french school. Bad environmental features observed in coranic schools as well as in popular areas are risk factors to the infection and contribute to increase the prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases and tinea's scalp.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Social structure of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum) as a determinant of gastro-intestinal parasitism.

A one-year study of gastro-intestinal parasitism in a free-ranging population of maras at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, UK, revealed a strong relationship between membership of social units and both intensity and prevalence of infection. The mara, a hystricomorph rodent from southern Argentina, has a social organization including both monogamy and communal denning of the young, an apparently unique combination among mammals. From October 1992 to September 1993, strongyloid parasite loads were estimated from faecal egg counts. A minimum adequate model was fitted to the data using the Genstat statistical package. This showed that family membership had a highly significant effect on the intensity of egg shedding in faeces, and a significant effect on the prevalence of infection. After controlling for both extrinsic environmental and intrinsic demographic factors, homogeneity of infection was greater within than between families and adult pairs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Human intestinal parasites in primary school children in Kampala, Uganda.

A cross sectional survey on intestinal parasite infections was carried out in 5,313 pupils between the ages of ten and fifteen years in 98 primary schools in Kampala. The aim was to identify the types and distribution of intestinal parasites and to estimate the prevalence in school children. Trichuris trichiura (28%), Ascaris lumbricoides (17%) and hookworms (12.9%) were common infections among the children. Other less commonly found parasites were S.mansoni, Strongyloides stercolaris, Taenia sp, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica. Refuse dumps are probably a significant source of transmission of intestinal helminthic infections in Kampala.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in adult patients with enteropathic AIDS in north-eastern Tanzania.

A six month study was conducted in north-eastern Tanzania to determine the prevalence of pathogenic intestinal parasites among adult patients with enteropathic AIDS. A total of 352 patients were recruited of whom 158 (45%) had chronic diarrhoea. Of the 352 patients, 123 (35%) had intestinal parasites. Of the 123, 77 (62.6%) patients had chronic diarrhoea. The types of parasites detected were Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni, Trichuris, trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Entamoeba histolytica. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was significantly higher in patients with chronic diarrhoea than in those without (P < 0.05). Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli were only detected in patients with chronic diarrhoea and were thus the most likely cause of the diarrhoea. This study has established that coccidian parasites are the most important gut opportunistic infections in Tanzanian patients with enteropathic AIDS. The fact that a high proportion of patients with chronic diarrhoea (51.3%) had no identifiable parasitic agents, suggests that other infectious agents or alternative mechanisms other than infections are responsible for the diarrhoea.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Screening of the municipal water system of La Plata, Argentina, for human intestinal parasites.

The La Plata River, though severely contaminated by intestinal parasites through the discharge of tons of crude fecal material from a main sewage channel, nevertheless provides drinking water to two-thirds of La Plata, Argentina, after conventional purification at a processing plant. With intestinal parasitosis being endemic here, we investigated the importance of this water in transmitting such pathogens to the city's populace by means of standard methodology for sample acquisition and processing involving filter-concentration of waterborne particulates. Of 14 tap-water samples collected from the distribution network, 12 pertained to four zones (A-D) within the city center; while the remaining 2 were obtained near the processing plant, 15 kilometers outside the city. Although parasites were found within the samples derived from the four urban zones, none were detected in the specimens obtained near the plant. The four downtown areas differed from each other as to the quantity and nature of the parasites present in their water: whereas zones A and B registered similar lower levels of contaminants, C and D exhibited higher values significantly different from the former two and from each other. Given an average parasite count/l citywide of 0.38 and a probability of encountering a parasite within 11 of water of 0.32, the municipal network is seen to contribute to the transmission of intestinal parasites. A routine system of water-quality control is therefore needed throughout the city along with the establishment of infrastructures for locating and eliminating peripheral sources of contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and intensity of blood and intestinal parasites in a field population of a Mediterranean lizard, Lacerta lepida.

We describe the blood and intestinal parasites in the Ocellated lizard, Lacerta lepida, examining the factors that determine the prevalence and intensity of infection of haemogregarines, and the prevalence of coccidia and nematodes. In relation to haemogregarines, no juveniles were detected as being infected, whereas 71.7 % of adults were infected. The prevalence of infection was positively related to the size of the adults. There were no differences between seasons or sexes in the prevalence or intensity of infection in adults. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of infection by nematodes between ages or sexes, nor in relation to the size of adult lizards, but adult lizards excreting coccidian oocysts tend to be smaller. During the mating period, reproductive activities lead to a decrease in the body condition. However, neither the intensity of haemogregarine's infection nor the prevalence of intestinal parasites was related to the lizards' body condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Resistance to intestinal parasites during murine AIDS: role of alcohol and nutrition in immune dysfunction.

A murine AIDS model with many similarities to human AIDS, LP-BM5 Murine Leukaemia, suppresses T and B cell numbers and functions in the intestine. This permits chronic colonization by Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Cocaine and the nutrient alcohol, which are immunosuppressive, further reduce resistance to intestinal parasites and intestinal lymphocyte numbers. Protein undernutrition, vitamin E supplementation, and alcohol use further modify immune dysfunction induced by the murine retrovirus infection. This suggests that both undernutrition and nutrient supplementation could affect parasite resistance during AIDS. Thus this murine model of human AIDS has great potential to accelerate studies of the role of nutrients in immune dysfunction and resistance to intestinal parasites.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal parasitic infections in patients with chronic diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: To consider the relationship of the parasitic infections including cryptosporidium with chronic diarrhea. Also the effect of chronic disease as pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and nosocomial infection on the occurrence rate of parasites in cases of chronic diarrhea. METHODS: Stool samples were collected from 205 patients in teaching, general, child and maternity hospitals in Basrah, Iraq, suffering from chronic diarrhea during 2000. Out of these patients, there were 40 patients with pulmonary TB and 50 inpatients with nosocomial infection. Also 175 apparently healthy individuals who have no episodes of diarrhea for at least 2-months were served as a control group. Direct smear method and then formalin ether sedimentation method were carried out for stool samples to detect intestinal parasites. Fecal smears were prepared from the sediment and stained by the modified Ziehl Neelsen stain for the recovery of red pink oocysts of cryptosporidium. RESULTS: Out of the 205 examined patients, cryptosporidium oocysts were found to be excreted in 20 (9.7%) patients in comparing to 1.1% of the control group. The difference is statistically significant. There were 109 (53.2%) patients found to be positive for intestinal parasitic infections compared to 26 (14.8%) of the control group. The difference is also statistically significant. Out of the 40 TB patients, 2 (5%) were found to excrete cryptosporidium oocysts and also 27 (67.3%) were positive for intestinal parasites. In addition, there were 4 (8%) excreting cryptosporidium oocysts and 23 (46%) infecting by intestinal parasites among the in patients with nosocomial infection. CONCLUSION: Both acid and non-acid fast parasites should be considered in the differential diagnosis of undiagnosed chronic diarrhea especially among patients with pulmonary TB or nosocomial infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Intestinal parasitic infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected children hospitalized with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand.

A prospective observational study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the clinical impact of intestinal parasitic infections in diarrheal illness among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. Stool samples were examined for intestinal parasites using a simple smear method, a formalin-ether concentration method, a modified acid-fast stain and a modified trichrome stain. Intestinal parasites (IP) were identified in the stool specimens of 27 of 82 (33%) HIV-infected and 12 of 80 (15%) HIV-uninfected children (p=0.01). Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium were the most common IP found. Eighty-two percent of HIV-infected and 97% of HIV-uninfected groups presented with acute diarrhea and 76% of each group had watery diarrhea. Pneumonia was the most common concurrent illness, found in 22%. Clinical findings were unable to differentiate children infected with IP. Sixty-three percent of HIV-infected and 83% of HIV-uninfected children who had IP made a satisfactory recovery without specific anti-parasitic therapy. However, 9 children (7 HIV-infected and 2 HIV-uninfected) with persistent diarrhea who also had cryptosporidiosis and/or microsporidiosis did not respond to azithromycin and/or albendazole respectively. HIV-infected children with cryptosporidiosis were older and had more advanced HIV infection than those with microsporidiosis. Routine stool examination for IP should be considered due to the absence of clinical markers. The lack of effective therapy for the major IP found underscores the importance of preventive measures.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗