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PubMed1999

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome in a 4-year-old child.

The Ramsay-Hunt syndrome mostly affects adults, but a small number of children with herpes zoster oticus have been reported. We describe a case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome in a healthy 4-year-old boy. He developed varicella at 7 months of age. At the age of 4 years, he complained of pain in his right ear, and herpes zoster vesicles were noted on his right pinna. Three days later, he developed right facial paralysis. He was treated with intravenous acyclovir and methylprednisolone. One month later, his facial paralysis had fully resolved.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed2006

Feasibility of mental health screening and intervention in the HUNT population study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to investigate feasibility, response, and consequences of mental health screening and intervention in a population study setting. METHODS: In the Intervention study against Depression and Anxiety in Nord-Trøndelag (IDANT), all GPs and psychiatric nurses were invited to a psychiatric educational programme prior to the Health Study of Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway (HUNT 2, 1995-1997). Included in the HUNT 2 was the Hospital Anxiety and Depression rating Scale (HADS). All participants scoring 25 points or above (99th percentile, n = 654) were defined as the Psychiatric High Risk Group, (PHRG) and received a written notification regarding their high scores with a request to see their GP and to participate in the IDANT. RESULTS: In total 422 (64%) baseline forms could be retrieved in the IDANT. However, only 177 (27%) were returned by the GPs. Three out of four participants in the PHRG were already recognised by their GPs as patients with mental disorders prior to the IDANT. Negative reactions to the notification letter or to the invitation to the IDANT were uncommon, still only half of the subjects in the PHRG participated in the study. However, as a consequence of the IDANT in 64% of the cases the GPs started new treatment, revised ongoing treatment, or referred the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Though attitude towards psychiatry among GPs and participants was generally positive, response to the IDANT study was inadequate. Relatively few new cases were detected, yet the results indicate that the GPs altered their psychiatric care and practice markedly within the PHRG. Whether the educational programme had an impact on psychiatric services in the county in general cannot be answered in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Characterisation of paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation conditions yielding intracortical inhibition or I-wave facilitation using a threshold-hunting paradigm.

Short-interval, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is usually used to demonstrate intracortical inhibition. It was shown recently that with short-interval, paired-pulse TMS a facilitation - called intracortical I-wave facilitation - can also be demonstrated. It was the aim of this study to investigate which stimulus conditions lead to intracortical inhibition and what conditions yield an intracortical I-wave facilitation in a hand muscle of normal subjects. Paired-pulse TMS responses with an interstimulus interval of 1.2 ms were obtained from the abductor digiti minimi muscle of four normal subjects. A threshold-hunting paradigm with hunting through first or second stimulus variation was used to obtain a curve of threshold-pair strengths. All subjects showed two branches of stimulus interaction on this diagram. If the first stimulus of a threshold pair was below approximately 65% of resting motor threshold it modified the response primarily due to the second stimulus through intracortical inhibition. However, if the first stimulus of a threshold pair exceeded approximately 65% of resting motor threshold it became responsible for the spinal action-potential initiation. The subsequent second stimulus served as a "booster" for the ongoing intracortical I-wave activity, making it impossible to observe the intracortical inhibition evoked by the first stimulus.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

The role of echolocation in the hunting of terrestrial prey--new evidence for an underestimated strategy in the gleaning bat, Megaderma lyra.

The observation that gleaning bats detect prey by its noises, together with difficulties in recording their faint sonar calls, have led some authors to conclude that gleaning bats may not use echolocation in certain hunting situations. In particular, it is conjectured that echolocation plays no role in the classification and tracking of prey. In the present study, we show that the gleaning bat, Megaderma lyra, is able to find silent and motionless prey on the ground. The significance of sonar for catching a variety of terrestrial prey is established in a standardized situation. Sonar calls were found to be emitted during all stages, i.e. approach, hovering above the prey, and return to the roost, of every hunting flight. The harmonic pattern of the calls differed significantly between these stages, calls with three or more prominent components prevailing during hovering. Bats identified prey and rejected dummies while hovering above them. During this stage, increased call rates and reduced call durations were found. Echolocation activity during, and the duration of, the hovering phase depended on prey type, in particular on prey movement. The prey-dependent shifts in sonar activity, the broadband call structure with an emphasis on higher harmonics, and a systematic shift of the calls' peak frequencies during hovering, are discussed as adaptations to identifying prey by sonar.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ramsay Hunt syndrome in dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy.

We report a case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome which was clinically characterized by myoclonus epilepsy, cerebellar ataxia, convulsions, and dementia. Major necropsy findings were dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy may be associated with a variety of clinical symptoms, amongst which Ramsay Hunt syndrome can be included.

Atrophy↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of prognostic factors in Bell's palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the prognostic factors in Bell's palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome (HZO). METHODS: A retrospective, institutional review board-approved study at a university-based hospital. A total of 81 patients consisting of 55 Bell's palsy patients and 26 HZO patients were enrolled in this study. The treatment consisted uniformly in all cases, and acyclovir was administered in the case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome. All patients were followed up until they recovered or for least up 6 months. RESULTS: The recovery rates to House-Brackmann grade II or better were 96.3% in those with Bell's palsy and 84.6% in those with HZO. In the HZO cases, older patients had a poorer initial and final status, and less chance of making a complete recovery than the younger patients. The HZO patients without diabetes mellitus had a higher chance of recovery, a higher chance of complete recovery, and a better final status. In addition, HZO patients without essential hypertension had a higher degree of recovery. HZO patients not suffering from vertigo had a higher chance of recovery. CONCLUSION: There was no prognostic factor found in the Bell's palsy patients in this study. The prognostic factors of HZO were age, diabetus mellitus, essential hypertension and vertigo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Trichinella infection in a hunting population of Papua New Guinea suggests an ancient relationship between Trichinella and human beings.

A new Trichinella species, Trichinella papuae, was discovered in 11.5% of wild pigs in a remote region of Papua New Guinea. A survey was conducted to determine whether the inhabitants of this region are infected with Trichinella, as wild-pig meat represents their main source of protein. The prevalence of anti-Trichinella antibodies and its determinants were assessed among the inhabitants in 51 of the villages in the Morehead District of Papua New Guinea. We tested and interviewed 1536 people (28.8% of the adult population). Anti-Trichinella IgG were detected in 10.0% (95% Cl 8.5-11.6%) of them. The prevalence of seropositivity was higher in males (12.7%) than in females (7.5%) (P<0.01), and the seroprevalence significantly increased with age. In one area, seroprevalence was highest in villages nearest the hunting area in which wild pigs are infected with Trichinella papuae (P<0.01). Seropositivity was also correlated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Persons reporting pain in the muscle joints and limbs were more likely to be seropositive; no severe clinical manifestations were observed. That infection was never severe suggests that the seropositive people are reinfected relatively often, but with very few larvae. If the epidemiological pattern of Trichinella infection observed among the hunting population of this area is any indication of the pattern of infection in prehistoric hunters, we can speculate that Trichinella infection due to the consumption of meat from wild animals was possibly a common disease among prehistoric populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species.

This review addresses the diagnosis of insensibility and death in various species so as to evaluate the validity of the current criteria used to judge death in hunted whales by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). The only other species in which official criteria of death have been formulated is humans and these are controversial with the kernel of the debate being the definition of brain death. In slaughter animals, the moment of insensibility is regarded as the most important criterion and the issue has received scientific interest related to the pre-slaughter stunning. During hunting of terrestrial wildlife, the moment of death is usually regarded as the moment the animal falls and does not move. Based on the data presented in the present paper, it is concluded that when death in whales is solely determined on the basis of the IWC criteria, which in practice are based on immobility, a significant proportion of animals will be recorded as being sensible and alive when they are actually unconscious and the time to death (TTD) will be overestimated. If the criteria are used in conjunction with a postmortem examination, the recorded TTD will be closer to the real TTD and can be used for comparison of methods and performance.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1994

Motility in the Hunt-Lawrence pouch after total gastrectomy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate motility patterns of the Hunt-Lawrence pouch and the jejunal limb of patients reconstructed with a pouch after total gastrectomy, and to compare the findings in symptomatic patients to those without symptoms after the operation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients who had undergone post-gastrectomy pouch reconstruction were studied using a water-perfused motility system. In 21, the pouch was connected by a Roux-en-Y, and, in 12, by a jejunal interposition. Twenty-eight patients were asymptomatic, including 17 connected by a Roux-en-Y and 11 by a jejunal interposition. Five patients were by a jejunal interposition. Five patients were symptomatic, including 4 connected by Roux-en-Y Y and 1 by jejunal interposition. A control group consisted of 5 healthy volunteers who had not undergone operation. RESULTS: The motility phases in the pouch and jejunal limb of asymptomatic patients were of shorter duration than those of controls, and they followed a random sequence instead of a normal progression from phase I to II to III. Motility features were similar in the pouch and the jejunal limb. Orthograde propagation of phase III-like activity was reduced and may contribute to the pouch storage function. Four of the 5 symptomatic patients showed highly abnormal motility with hypomotile or obstructive patterns. The technique of connecting the pouch--jejunal interposition of Roux-en-Y--did not affect the motility findings. CONCLUSIONS: The altered motility occurs after a Hunt-Lawrence pouch reconstruction in asymptomatic patients. Symptoms after gastrectomy are associated with further disturbed motility that can be differentiated from the motility changes in asymptomatic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Acetazolamide therapy improves action myoclonus in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome.

Acetazolamide treatment significantly improves action myoclonus in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome. A family with two brothers and a sister, and a sporadic case with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and uncontrollable action myoclonus, are described where addition of oral acetazolamide lead to marked improvement in their action myoclonus.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1998

Recurrent cranial neuropathy as a clinical presentation of idiopathic inflammation of the dura mater: a possible relationship to Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and cranial pachymeningitis.

We report 14 patients with idiopathic recurrent cranial neuropathy, in whom multiple cranial nerves were involved recurrently, either at the same or different times, and appeared bilaterally. Oculomotor nerve involvement was most frequent, while the abducens and facial nerves were the next most frequent. Clinical courses were benign and not progressive, and the symptoms responded well to corticosteroids. Ten patients developed Tolosa-Hunt syndrome during the course of their illness. Laboratory findings and CSF were normal. MRI and CT studies were unremarkable, except for an asymmetric appearance of the cavernous sinus in some patients. One patient showed focal hypertrophic pachymeningitis in the posterior fossa in MRI. We discuss the relationship of the idiopathic recurrent cranial neuropathy with disorders characterized by inflammation of the dura mater, such as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and cranial pachymeningitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Acyclovir in the treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome is an herpetic disease with ominous prognosis regarding the facial nerve. Treatment with acyclovir, a well-known virostatic agent, has been given in a small number of patients in recent years with excellent results. We report on the administration of acyclovir intravenously for 7 days in 31 patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome, with overall recovery rate of 82.6%. There were no side effects regarding this treatment.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed2000

Turtle hunting and tombstone opening. public generosity as costly signaling.

Costly signaling theory (CST) offers an explanation of generosity and collective action that contrasts sharply with explanations based on conditional reciprocity. This makes it particularly relevant to situations involving widespread unconditional provisioning of collective goods. We provide a preliminary application of CST to ethnographic data on turtle hunting and public feasting among the Meriam of Torres Strait, Australia. Turtle hunting appears to meet the key conditions specified in CST: it is (1) an honest signal of underlying abilities such as strength, risk-taking, skill, and leadership; (2) costly in ways not subject to reciprocation; (3) an effective means of broadcasting signals, since the collective good (a feast) attracts a large audience; and (4) seems to provide benefits to signalers (turtle hunters) as well as recipients (audience). We conclude with some suggestions as to the broader implications of this research, and the costly signaling paradigm in general, for understanding collective action and generosity in human social groups.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

The use of acyclovir in Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Acyclovir is a specific anti-viral agent which has been used in the treatment of the Ramsay Hunt Syndrome with encouraging results. To our knowledge, no previous study has been published utilizing this treatment. A discussion is also undertaken of the underlying pathology and prognosis of the Ramsay Hunt Syndrome, with a summary of those cases in which Acyclovir was prescribed.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1990

Audiological manifestations of Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome is known to cause audiological signs and symptoms, including sudden, unexpected hearing loss. We carried out a retrospective review of the audiological manifestations of 186 patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome, measuring their hearing loss patterns, hyperacusis, tinnitus, herpetic rash, facial paralysis, pain and vertigo. Statistical correlations of these parameters were equated with prognosis. Prognosis for eventual hearing recovery is, in general, excellent. Prognostic indicators of poor hearing recovery include advanced age, retrocochlear hearing loss, male gender, vertigo, and speech frequency hearing loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany.

Little is known about the organic component of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic technologies, particular with respect to wooden tools. Here I describe some wooden throwing spears about 400,000 years old that were discovered in 1995 at the Pleistocene site at Schöningen, Germany. They are thought to be the oldest complete hunting weapons so far discovered to have been used by humans. Found in association with stone tools and the butchered remains of more than ten horses, the spears strongly suggest that systematic hunting, involving foresight, planning and the use of appropriate technology, was part of the behavioural repertoire of pre-modern hominids. The use of sophisticated spears as early as the Middle Pleistocene may mean that many current theories on early human behaviour and culture must be revised.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Pathoanatomic studies in a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.

In an earlier study patients with symptoms of orbital venous vasculitis--that is, cases of characteristic orbital pain and pathologic orbital phlebograms--were found to have increased signs of cerebral atrophy compared with age-matched controls. One such patient with nine incidents of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and advanced cerebral atrophy is reported, and his medical history and pathoanatomic studies are reported in detail. The cause of the atrophy was multiple small infarctions, which are suggested to be due to vasculitis. Other findings in this case support the hypothesis that the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome may be only one manifestation of a generalized vasculitis.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

The validity of 'recognition-based' headache diagnoses in adolescents. Data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995-97, Head-HUNT-Youth.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the headache diagnoses (migraine and tension-type headache) obtained from short interviews by nurses, where the subjects were asked to identify their headache(s) based on recognition of typical headache descriptions. All students in junior high schools and high schools aged 12-19 years in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway, were invited to participate in the youth part of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study ('Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag'-HUNT), 1995-1997. In this cross-sectional study a total of 8984 students (88%) completed a comprehensive questionnaire with different health-related items. Of these, 6149 were also interviewed by nurses about their headache complaints by giving them two alternative headache descriptions in accordance with either migraine or tension-type headache (Head-HUNT-Youth). The headache diagnoses obtained from nurse interviews were validated in a stratified random sample enriched with headache subjects from the interviewed population. Out of 159 invited individuals, 112 (70%) participated in extensive semistructured interviews by neurologists. The overall chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 0.76 (confidence interval (CI) 0.66-0.86), which is considered good. For migraine, the positive and negative predictive values were 89% and 90%, respectively, and the chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 0.72 (CI 0.58-0.87). For tension-type headache, positive and negative predictive values were 83% and 91%, respectively, and chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 0.74 (CI 0.62-0.87). There was good agreement between the headache diagnoses obtained from the short interviews by nurses and the extensive interviews by neurologists. Short interviews based on recognition of typical headache descriptions seem to be an alternative and efficient way to identify migraine and tension-type headache sufferers among adolescents. The method can be useful in epidemiological research, e.g. in estimation of headache prevalence.

Adolescent↗