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PubMed2003

A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women.

BACKGROUND: Although sun exposure is an established cause of cutaneous malignant melanoma, possible interactions with host factors remain incompletely understood. Here we report the first results from a large prospective cohort study of pigmentation factors and sun exposure in relation to melanoma risk. METHODS: The Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study included 106 379 women from Norway and Sweden who were aged 30-50 years in 1991 or 1992 when they completed an extensive questionnaire on personal characteristics and exposures. Linkages to national registries ensured complete follow-up through December 31, 1999. Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 8.1 years, 187 cases of melanoma were diagnosed. Risk of melanoma was statistically significantly associated with increasing body surface area (RR for > or =1.79 m2 versus < or =1.61 m2 = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03 to 2.48; P(trend) =.02), number of large asymmetric nevi on the legs (RR for > or =7 nevi versus 0 nevi = 5.29, 95% CI = 2.33 to 12.01; P(trend)<.001), hair color (RR for red versus dark brown or black = 4.05, 95% CI = 2.11 to 7.76; P(trend)<.001), sunburns per year at ages 10-19, 20-29, and 30-39 years (P(trend)<.001, P(trend) =.03, and P(trend) =.05, respectively), and use of a device that emits artificial light (solarium) one or more times per month (P =.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm previous findings that hair color, number of nevi on the legs, and history of sunburn are risk factors for melanoma and suggest that use of a solarium is also associated with melanoma risk. Adolescence and early adulthood appear to be among the most sensitive age periods for the effects of sunburn and solarium use on melanoma risk. However, it may be too early to see the full effect of adult exposures in this cohort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Hypopigmentation in Angelman syndrome.

Chromosome region 15q is thought to contain one or more genes that are important for melanin pigment synthesis in the hair, skin, and eyes. Hypopigmentation has been identified in the Prader-Willi (PWS) and Angelman (AS) syndromes. We have examined 6 individuals with AS to further characterize the pigment pattern in this condition. The age of the 5 girls and one boy ranged from 2.4 to 7.0 years. None had obvious albinism. Hair color ranged from light blond to brown. Skin was type I in 3 and type II in 3. Eye changes included nystagmus in 2, strabismus in 4, and reduced retinal pigment in 5. The mean hairbulb tyrosinase activity was 0.37 +/- 0.44 pmol/hb/120 min for the individuals with AS, with a range of 0.00 to 1.13 (normal brown control 1.49 +/- 0.79, normal blond control 1.50 +/- 0.85). Electron microscopic examination of hairbulb melanocytes showed normal melanosome and melanocyte architecture and number, but reduced melanin formation, with many stage II and III premelanosomes but few stage IV fully melanized melanosomes. Hypopigmentation characterized by light skin, reduced retinal pigment, low hairbulb tyrosinase activity, and incomplete melanization of melanosomes is part of the phenotype of AS, and is similar to that found in PWS.

Angelman Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Pharmacological criteria that can affect the detection of doping agents in hair.

When positive drug results are reported, a common interpretive question posed is whether or not it is possible to put a quantitative finding into context. A standard answer to this inquiry is that a positive hair testing result can be interpreted as meaning that the donor has chronically or repetitively used the drug identified in the hair, but that chronic or repetitive are not defined in the same way for all individuals. The Society of Hair Testing published on June 16, 1999, a consensus opinion on the use of hair in doping situations. However, although accepted in most courts of justice, hair analysis is not yet recognised by the International Olympic Committee. To be considered as a valid specimen for doping control, some issues still need to be addressed. The scientific community has demonstrated significant concern over the proper role that hair drug testing should serve in toxicological applications. Among the unanswered questions, five are of critical importance: (1) What is the minimal amount of drug detectable in hair after administration? (2) What is the relationship between the amount of the drug used and the concentration of the drug or its metabolites in hair? (3) What is the influence of hair color? (4) Is there any racial bias in hair testing? (5) What is the influence of cosmetic treatments? The present report documents scientific findings on these questions, with particular attention to the applications of hair in doping control.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1999

Hair ignition by dye laser for port-wine stain: risk factors evaluated.

Flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser is the preferred treatment for port-wine stain. Vascular hemoglobin and epidermal melanin are competing sites for dye laser absorption and damage. The case presented illustrates the potential hazard of ignition induced by dye laser treatment on the face of a patient receiving inhalation anesthesia. A 6-year-old girl with almost black hair was treated for a port-wine stain covering most of the right half of her face. She was treated with dye laser under general anesthesia administered by mask. A laser pulse close to the upper part of the eyebrow induced a blaze and the eyebrow was instantly destroyed by the fire. Regrowth of the eyebrow was complete after a few months. Hair specimens of various colors were exposed experimentally to dye laser irradiation in room and oxygen-saturated atmospheres. Risk factors of ignition are high laser dosage, a high oxygen level, repeated pulses and dark colored hair.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Seborrheic skin and acne vulgaris as protective factors against the development of basal cell epithelioma.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate a possible protective role of seborrheic complexion and a history of acne on the development of basal cell epithelioma (BCE). For this purpose, 77 patients with this tumor were examined and asked to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic data and questions about skin type, eye and hair colors, sun exposure habits and a past history of acne. The nature, number and location of tumors, the texture of skin and acne scars were noted by a physician. A group of 93 age-, sex- and skin-color-matched patients served as controls. The results show a clear relationship between seborrheic features and a lower risk of developing BCE, after controlling for solar exposure using the Mantel-Haenszel summary measure. The same trend was found in patients with a history of acne. Whether ultraviolet light absorption by sebum, an anticancer activity of Propionibacterium acnes or other factors play a protective role against the development of BCE is as yet unclear.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1991

Cadmium in hair of school children living in Tarragona Province, Spain. Relationship to age, sex, and environmental factors.

Cadmium concentrations were determined in the hair of 226 school children in an industrial and in a rural area of Tarragona Province (NE Spain). The influence of sex, age, hair color, smoking habits of the household members, and parents' occupation on the children's hair cadmium levels was also evaluated. Children living in the industrial area had much more cadmium in their hair than those living in the rural area (median: 0.327 vs 0.002; arithmetic mean: 0.401 vs 0.119 micrograms/g). Girls had more cadmium in their hair than boys, and cadmium levels decreased with the age independently of the sex. Smoking habits and parents' occupation also influenced the hair cadmium content in the children examined. In contrast, hair color has no influence on hair cadmium values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Comparative analysis of melanins and melanosomes produced by various coat color mutants.

Pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes of animals is influenced by a number of genes that modulate the activity of melanocytes, the intervention of enzymatic controls at different stages of the melanogenic process, and the physico-chemical properties of the final pigment. The results of combined phenotypic, ultrastructural, biochemical, and chemical analyses of hairs of a variety of defined genotypes on a common genetic background performed in this study are consistent with the view that pigmentation of dark to black hairs results from the incorporation of eumelanin pigments whereas that of yellow hairs results from the incorporation of eu- and pheomelanins. It is also clear that relatively minor differences in melanin content can have dramatic effects on visible hair color. A good correlation was found for expression of (and enzyme activities associated with) TRP1 and TRP2 with eumelanin synthesis and eumelanosome production.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Study of distribution and metabolism of methamphetamine in hair of guinea pig].

OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution and metabolism of methamphetamine in the hair of guinea pig. METHODS: Determination of methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine in hair was performed by GC/MS and GC/NPD. Concentration-time course of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair of guinea were recorded. Relationship between hair color, administrated dose and drug concentration in hair were also discussed. RESULTS: The concentration of amphetamine is higher than the concentration of methamphetamine in the hair of guinea administrated a single dose or seven doses of methamphetamine. The concentration of methamphetamine and amphetamine were significantly related with administration dose and the incorporation rate into white and brown hair is much poorer than that of black hair. CONCLUSION: Administration methods, dose and the color of hair affect the concentration of methamphetamine and amphetamine.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1996

Chemical characterization of melanins in sheep wool and human hair.

The color of hair and wool in mammals and feathers in birds is mostly determined by the quantity and quality of melanins that are synthesized in follicular melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes. These are two chemically distinct types of melanin pigments: the black to brown eumelanins and the yellow to reddish pheomelanins. Melanins in sheep wool and human hair of various colors were characterized by HPLC methods to estimate 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)-derived units in eumelanins and benzothiazine units in pheomelanins. Melanins were also characterized by spectrophotometric methods after differential solubilization in alkalies. It was demonstrated that 1) black wool in Asiatic sheep contains eumelanin with the DHICA content similar to black mouse melanin, while black to brown melanins from human hair contain much lower ratios of DHICA-derived units, comparable to the slaty mutation in mice, 2) dark brown to brown hair in human contains eumelanin whose chemical properties are indistinguishable from those of black hair; 3) dark red wool and red human hair contain pheomelanic pigments whose chemical properties are rather different from those of yellow pheomelanins in mice, and 4) light brown, blonde, and red hairs in human can be differentiated from each other with this methodology.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Phenotypic characters related to skin type and minimal erythemal dose.

Minimal erythemal dose (MED) was determined in 155 healthy Caucasoid subjects. Hair color, eye color, number of freckles, and history of sun reactivity and tanning ability, according to the system proposed by Fitzpatrick, were also recorded. In the subjects with skin type I, the values of MED were relatively homogeneous, whereas in subjects with skin types II, III and IV there was a wide variation of MED values. In spite of this variation, a good correlation was found between MED and skin types. MED was found to correlate with hair color, eye color and number of freckles only for some variants of these characters. Low values of MED correlated significantly with red hair, blue eyes and highly freckled skin. Between other variants of the same characters, MED values did not differ significantly. This means that phenotypic characters suggest low MED values only in individuals with red hair, blue eyes and many freckles. In these subjects the phenotypic characters studied may be considered indicative of cancer risk. For all other Caucasoid people the phenotypic characters studied are not predictive of MED nor, probably, of cancer risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amphetamine binding to synthetic melanin and scatchard analysis of binding data.

Previous research into drug-hair binding shows that hair color affects drug-hair binding. There are no structural disparities in hair of different colors other than the type and content of melanin present. For this reason, this investigation focuses on synthetic eumelanin as a site for drug interaction using amphetamine as the candidate drug. The binding study was carried out at room temperature. The interaction between synthetic eumelanin and amphetamine was monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 257.2 nm. As the molecular weight of melanin is unknown, the number of binding sites could not be calculated directly. Hence the ratio of the number of mumoles of drug bound and the dry weight of melanin in mug was considered. Equilibrium was reached when approximately 32% of the drug was bound to melanin. Hence this study proves that amphetamine binds to synthetic eumelanin in vitro. Data interpretation using Scatchard analysis yielded a curvilinear plot with upward concavity indicating multiple binding sites on melanin and negative cooperativity.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2003

Plants used in cosmetics.

This review describes the use of some natural products in cosmetic preparations, due to their low mammalian toxicity, with a brief description of the major use, plant parts used, the actives responsible for effect and the benefits of such products. Their use in skin care; such as dryness, eczema, acne, free-radical scavenging, antiinflammatory, antiaging and skin protection effects are explained, and also the use in hair care as hair growth stimulants, hair colorants, and for hair and scalp complaints such as dandruff. Essential oils when incorporated into finished products impart many benefits such as a pleasant aroma in perfumery, shine or conditioning effects in hair care products, emolliency and improving the elasticity of the skin.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1993

Melanin pigments and melanosomal proteins as differentiation markers unique to normal and neoplastic melanocytes.

This report introduces some aspects of our current basic research focus on the unique metabolic pathways within the melanocyte. Using this approach, we hope to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of malignant melanoma and develop early laboratory diagnostic tests for this disease. Specifically, we will discuss that: 1) the synthesis of pheomelanin is markedly increased in malignant melanoma and dysplastic melanocytic nevi; 2) high levels of metabolites of pheomelanin and eumelanin can be detected in the urine and blood of patients with metastatic melanoma; 3) this release of melanin metabolites appears to correlate with tumor thickness and tumor load, including the extent of metastasis; 4) the synthesis of melanosomal proteins also becomes aberrant in malignant melanoma; and 5) this abnormal melanosome synthesis can be utilized in the identification of antigenic epitopes that are uniquely expressed in malignant melanoma. We believe that this synthesis and secretion of abnormal melanin pigment and melanosomal proteins (human melanosome-specific antigen) would be useful for the development of early laboratory diagnostic and monitoring tools for malignant melanoma. In addition, we also report the detection of pheomelanin component in "normal" unexposed skin; however, the relative amount of pheomelanin in the skin does not reflect hair color (e.g., red hair). The nature of this pheomelanin component in the skin needs to be further clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effect of sun exposure in determining nevus density in UK adolescent twins.

We report a study of 221 teenage twin pairs to examine the genetic and environmental determinants of nevi representing the most potent phenotypic risk factor for melanoma. Our published heritability analysis estimated that nevi are mainly genetically determined. In this paper we examine the role of sun exposure. We report a correlation between nevus density and sun exposure, particularly that acquired in hotter countries than in the UK (mean nevus density 41 per m2 in those in the highest quartile of exposure vs 24 per m2 in those with no exposure, p<0.0001). We were not able to demonstrate a protective effect for either sun protection cream or shirt wearing. By including phenotypic variables and reported sun exposure into the heritability analysis, we conclude that 66% of the total variance of nevus count is attributable to genetic effects: 7% associated to eye color, 6% to hair color, and 1% to reported skin type, which leaves 52% as to yet unidentified genetic factors. Of the 25% of variation attributable to environmental influences, one-third is estimated to be because of sun exposure on hot holidays.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma.

Completed questionnaires regarding suspected risk factors for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were completed by 538 basal cell carcinoma patients and 738 age-, sex-, and location-matched controls in Saskatchewan. Significant risk factors were identified using chi2 analyses. Relative risks were subsequently computed. The following relative risks were identified: occupation of farming, 1.29; prominent freckles in childhood, 1.23; family history of skin cancer, 1.22; sunburn, 1.19; Irish, Scottish, Welsh mother, 1.19; light skin color, 1.18; red/blond hair color, 1.16; and working outdoors more than 3 hours/day in winter, 1.13: The average age of cases of BCC with a family history of skin cancer was significantly lower than cases of BCC with no family history of skin cancer (63.86 vs. 67.02 years, p = 0.018). No association was noted between BCC and psoriasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cosmetics for the elderly.

Cosmetics and toiletries are a very important part of the life of the elderly patient. As physicians, we must know how to recommend them; as people approaching old age ourselves, we should know how to use them. Aging skin is fragile, pale, dry, and sensitive. Sunscreens, emollients, and fragrance-free cosmetics should become part of our recommendations and use. Color and camouflage cosmetics and hair color can make a person look good, and softness is the key to natural beauty.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Establishment of segregating inbred strain of Yuyi hairless mice and its monitoring of genetic characteristics].

Using brother-sister inbreeding with forced heterozygosity to breed a new segregating inbred strain which carry mutant hairless gene. Then, genetic monitoring was conducted by the skin grafting test, coat color test and biochemical marker analysis, and its basic biological characteristics were studied with corresponding methods. The Results are that the Yuyi Hairless Mice (YYHL) with unique biological characteristics have been bred successfully and have progressed to 30th generation since 1991. Thirteen biochemical markers loci on nine chromosomes coding biochemical markers measured with electrophoresis were all homogenous. The skin grafting test showed that no dropping graft was found during 100 days after transplanting, implying the YYHL was of isohistogeneicity. Analysis of coat color genes indicated that the hair color of first generation hybrid crossed between YYHL and DBA/2 was all agouti suggesting that the coat color genes of the YYHL were homogenous. The gene type is AABBccDD. All these showed that the YYHL have been an inbred strain reaching the international standards.

Animals↗