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PubMed2005

[Prophylactic effect of ambroxol on acute hydrochloric acid aspiration - induced lung injury].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of ambroxol, a muco-active drug, on acute hydrochloric acid-induced lung injury in rats. METHODS: Thirty pathogen-free SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: group A (n=10) and group B (n=10) were injected normal saline (NS) intraperitoneally (6.7 ml/kg), and group C with ambroxol (50 mg/kg), once a day for 3 consecutive days. Then animals received in tracheal instillation of NS (group A, pH 5.3, 1.2 ml/kg) or hydrochloric acid/NS (group B and C, pH 1.25, 1.2 ml/kg). Five hours after instillation of the injury vehicle, the arterial gas was determined, and the extent of lung injury was assessed by measuring the ratio of wet to dry weight (W/D) and evaluation of pathological change in lung tissue. RESULTS: (1)Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO(2)) was significantly lower in group B than in groups A and C, although pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO(2)) in three groups showed little difference (all P<0.01). (2)The W/D was the highest in group B and the lowest in group A. (3)Severe acute lung injuries were detected in group B by pathological examination, the extent of injury was less in group C than in group B, but more severe than in group A (group A vs. B and B vs. C in mean pathologic score, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hydrochloric-acid aspiration may induce an acute and diffuse lung injury, with manifestations of hyperpnea, lower PaO(2) and severe pathological changes in lung tissues. Ambroxol may have a protective effect against lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid.

Acute Lung Injury↗
PubMed1989

Effects of hydrochloric acid on duodenal and jejunal mucosal permeability in the rat.

The effects of various concentrations of hydrochloric acid (1, 5, 10, and 100 mM) on mucosal permeability and acid disappearance (H+-dis) in duodenum and jejunum were studied in anesthetized rats. Mucosal permeability was assessed by measuring blood-to-lumen clearance of 51Cr-labeled EDTA (ED-Cl). Luminal alkalinization (LA) and H+-dis were determined by backtitration. ED-Cl was stable during saline perfusion and was not affected by changes in intestinal blood flow. Basal ED-Cl was four times higher in duodenum than in jejunum. Mucosal permeability of both duodenum and jejunum was not altered by 1 mM HCl. However, 5 mM HCl induced a 3.3-fold increase (P less than 0.001) in ED-Cl in jejunum but was without effect in duodenum. A 15-fold increase in ED-Cl was obtained in jejunum and a doubling (P less than 0.001) in ED-Cl was observed in duodenum when HCl concentration was increased to 10 mM HCl. One hundred millimolar HCl induced large increases of ED-Cl in both segments. The twofold increase of ED-Cl in response to 10 mM HCl in duodenum was completely reversible, whereas ED-Cl in jejunum was three to four times higher (P less than 0.05) than preacid levels 60 min after cessation of acid perfusion. The net increase in jejunal ED-Cl obtained after acid exposure was closely correlated (r = 0.99) with the net increase in LA, indicating leakage of interstitial fluid into the luminal solution. LA (saline perfusion) and H+-dis (HCl perfusion) were significantly higher in duodenum than in jejunum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine↗
PubMed1996

Effects of a hydrochloric acid spill on neurobehavioral and pulmonary function.

A container truck leaked 800 L (200 gallons) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) near a mobile home park in Louisiana in August 1993. The investigating officer and residents became acutely ill with burning and tearing eyes, burning throats, headache, chest pain, shortness of breath, and flu-like complaints. Twenty months later, 45 exposed adult subjects and 56 age-matched referents underwent neurobehavioral testing, including balance, reaction time, blink-reflex latency, and spirometry. They also completed health questionnaires and a profile of mood states. The exposed subjects differed significantly from referents by t test and by covariance analysis for balance, simple and two-choice visual reaction time, digit symbol, and for placing pegs in a pegboard. Proximity to the HCl spill increased sway speeds and impaired pulmonary midflow rates. Chronic neurobehavioral dysfunction and airways obstruction were found after environmental HCl exposure.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Initiation of esophageal secondary peristalsis by slow fluid infusion in the opossum: effect of hydrochloric acid.

We investigated the mechanisms of slow fluid infusion-induced secondary peristalsis and the effects of hydrochloric acid on this response. In 13 chronically esophagostomized opossum, acidic and neutral barium sulfate were infused into the distal esophagus at a rate of 1.1 ml/min, while recording the esophageal dimension by videofluoroscopy and esophageal intraluminal pressure concurrently. The effects of atropine, tetrodotoxin, capsaicin, and bilateral cervical vagotomy on the response to slow fluid infusion were examined. Acidic barium initiated secondary peristalsis more frequently and at shorter latency with less increase of preperistaltic intraesophageal pressure than neutral barium (P < 0.05). Atropine abolished secondary peristalsis initiated by neutral barium. For acidic barium, atropine decreased the incidence of secondary peristalsis, increased the latency for initiation of secondary peristalsis, and initiated secondary peristalsis more distally (P < 0.05). Tetrodotoxin or vagotomy and capsaicin abolished activation of secondary peristalsis. We concluded that secondary peristalsis can be stimulated in response to slow distension by minute amounts of fluid. This peristalsis is atropine and capsaicin sensitive and vagally mediated. The presence of acid significantly lowers the threshold for stimulation of secondary peristalsis induced by slow fluid distension. This effect seems to be atropine resistant.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Intrinsic factor deficiency in adults with normal hydrochloric acid production.

Two cases of intrinsic factor deficiency with normal hydrochloric acid production are presented. Both patients had markedly reduced intrinsic factor secretion and substantial titers of type I (blocking) intrinsic factor antibodies. No parietal cell antibodies were recognized by immunofluorescence in either case. Three hypotheses are offered to explain these findings: (a) These patients have congenital intrinsic factor deficiency that remained in the preanemic phase until adulthood; (b) they have pernicious anemia detected at a stage before gastric mucosal atrophy and achlorhydria have occurred; or (c) they represent cases of a new syndrome characterized by isolated intrinsic factor deficiency.

Anemia, Macrocytic↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of continuous positive pressure ventilation and superimposed high frequency oscillation on pulmonary edema following endotracheal injection of hydrochloric acid in dogs].

Pulmonary gas exchange was investigated in dogs with pulmonary edema following endotracheal injection of hydrochloric acid during superimposed high frequency oscillation (HFO) and continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) using six inert gas elimination method. When ventilatory condition was changed from IPPV to HFO during pulmonary edema, PaO2 decreased from 61 +/- 4 mmHg to 49 +/- 9 mmHg and Qs/Qt increased from 73 +/- 8% to 77 +/- 9%. However, no change appeared in the perfusion distribution. When ventilatory condition was changed from IPPV to CPPV during pulmonary edema, PaO2 increased from 61 +/- 9 mmHg to 113 +/- 45 mmHg. Qs/Qt showed a tendency to decrease from 62 +/- 7% to 51 +/- 9%, and perfusion shifted toward the low VA/Q region. During HFO, a PEEP-like effect was not generated and mean airway pressure did not increase. Therefore, Qs/Qt was not decreased and PaO2 was not improved. During CPPV, an increase in PaO2 was the result of a decrease in true shunt rather than an improvement in the ventilation-perfusion maldistribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Altered preferences for sucrose, sodium chloride, urea and hydrochloric acid solutions in an animal model of cholestatic liver disease.

Preferences for sucrose, sodium chloride (NaCl), urea and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions (representing sweet, salty, bitter and sour stimuli) were examined in rats with bile duct ligation using 24-hr two-bottle choice tests. Preferences in bile duct ligated rats for sucrose and NaCl solutions were decreased relative to control animals in the initial stages following ligation (Days 1-5) and then increased in the later stages (Days 11-20). Preferences for both HCl and urea solutions were decreased briefly compared to control animals but showed no consistent pattern. The results provide the first demonstration for altered ingestive behavior in an animal model of liver disease and suggest that the bile duct ligated rat may be useful in studying mechanisms of chemosensory disturbances in human liver disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Determination of lead in bonemeal by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a hydrochloric acid solubilization.

A safe, rapid method is described for the determination of lead in bonemeal. This method uses a hydrochloric acid solubilization performed under pressure followed by determination by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. This provides an alternative to a nitric-perchloric acid wet ash. Data obtained using both methods are compared. The mean recovery of a standard Pb spike was 99.2 +/- 7%. The concentration of Pb in bonemeal ranged from 1.0 to 15.6 micrograms/g.

Biological Products↗
PubMed2002

Use of hydrochloric acid for determinining solid-phase arsenic partitioning in sulfidic sediments.

We examined the use of room-temperature hydrochloric acid (1-6 M) and salt solutions of magnesium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfide for the removal of arsenic from synthetic iron monosulfides and contaminated sediments containing acid-volatile sulfides (AVS). Results indicate that acid-soluble arsenic reacts with H2S released from AVS phases and precipitates at low pH as disordered orpiment or alacranite. Arsenic sulfide precipitation is consistent with geochemical modeling in that conditions during acid extraction are predicted to be oversaturated with respect to orpiment, realgar, or both. Binding of arsenic with sulfide at low pH is sufficiently strong that 6 M HCl will not keep spiked arsenic in the dissolved fraction. Over a wide range of AVS concentrations and molar [As]/[AVS] ratios, acid extraction of arsenic from sulfide-bearing sediments will give biased results that overestimate the stability or underestimate the bioavailability of sediment-bound arsenic. Alkaline solutions of sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate are efficient in removing arsenic from arsenic sulfides and mixed iron-arsenic sulfides because of the high solubility of arsenic at alkaline pH, the formation of stable arsenic complexes with sulfide or carbonate, or both.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1981

Buffered hydrochloric acid: a modern method of treating metabolic alkalosis.

Twenty-one patients with metabolic alkalosis were treated successfully with intravenous hydrochloric acid (HCl) buffered in an amino acid solution (TPN). No complications of HCl were seen. TPN was used to meet energy needs and provide a buffering effect through the interaction of HCl and amino acids. Buffered HCl therapy should be considered as the initial treatment in patients with metabolic alkalosis associated with congestive heart failure, renal failure, hepatic failure, cerebral edema, or refractory metabolic alkalosis.

Alkalosis↗
PubMed1975

Histochemical localization of hydrochloric acid in the stomach of two teleost fishes.

The localization of hydrochloric acid in the gastric glands of Ophycephalus punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis has been examined histochemically. The fishes were force-fed with the Prussian blue reagents in a test meal and the distribution of the precipitate was examined at regular intervals. Maximum amount of precipitate was observed in the lumen and at the mouth of the openings of the gastric glands 12 h after feeding in Ophiocephalus and at 18 h in Heteropneustes. Pepsinogen granules were distributed in all the cells lining the gastric glands. No histochemical difference was observed in the cells lining the gastric glands, and all the cells were capable of producing both HC1 and pepsinogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus secretion in the stomach of healthy probands following a single insulin administration with simultaneous pentagastrin infusion].

A single dose 0.2 U/kg b.w. of insulin was administrated after an hour of infusion of pentagastrin 2 micrograms/kg b.w. for 6 healthy volunteers aged about 27 (22-30); the investigation was carried out for 1.5 h. The control group consisted of 6 health volunteers aged about 27 (21-36) which were administrated infusion of pentagastrin. While applicating stimuli the gastric juice was aspirated for analysis. In 15-minutes fraction of gastric juice the volume, concentration and output of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, protein and carbohydrates components of gastric mucus: hexoses, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid were measured. It was stated that insulin decreases gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin in two first 15-minutes fractions after administration of insulin dependently on decrease of gastric juice volume. Insulin-hypoglycemia is a stimulus decreasing gastric mucus secretion, stimulated by pentagastrin. On this ground the conclusion can be arrived, that pentagastrin evokes the mechanism decreasing gastric mucus secretion, probably adrenergic. Insulin does not change hydrochloric acid secretion, but it appears to be en extremely strong stimulus for pepsin secretion which proves hypothesis, that secretion of this enzyme is regulated mainly by vagus.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effect of direct current, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid on pig epidermis. A light microscopic and electron microscopic study.

Lesions in pig skin were induced by direct current, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, and the morphology of the lesions was compared in order to establish the influence of electrolysis in the electrical lesions. Both light microscopically and electron microscopically a pronounced similarity was found between cathode lesions and base-induced lesions including the presence of vesicular nuclei in both kinds of lesions. Some features were also common to anode lesions and acid induced lesions, but dissimilarities were present as well. From the results it is concluded that electrolysis in the tissue with the subsequent shift of pH, especially towards the alkaline side, is responsible for the formation of the vesicular nuclei which we repeatedly have found to be characteristic of electrical skin lesions. The shift of pH also induces the cytoplasmic feature called "white necrosis" which therefore is found more regularly in electrical lesions than in heat lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Surfactant treatment of respiratory failure induced by hydrochloric acid aspiration in rats.

BACKGROUND: The surfactant system seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of respiratory failure caused by hydrochloric acid (HCl) aspiration. This study was an investigation of the effect of different treatment strategies using an exogenous surfactant preparation on lung function of rats suffering from respiratory failure after intratracheal HCl instillation. METHODS: In rats anesthetized with halothane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen, tracheotomy was performed and the lungs were mechanically ventilated. Respiratory failure was induced by intratracheal instillation of HCl (0.1 N, 3 ml/kg). After the PaO2 decreased to < 200 mmHg, the animals were randomly divided into five groups. Group I received no treatment; group II received a natural surfactant preparation intratracheally (200 mg/kg); group III underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with saline, followed by surfactant treatment (200 mg/kg); and groups IV and V underwent BAL with saline and a diluted surfactant suspension (3.3 mg/ml in 30 ml/kg), respectively. Groups IV and V received a second and third BAL 60 and 120 min after the first lavage. Blood gas analysis and protein measurements in BAL fluids were performed. RESULTS: Gas exchange improved in Groups III and V only. Protein concentrations were high in all BAL fluids. In the rats receiving BAL three times (groups IV and V), a decrease in protein concentration was observed. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it was concluded that plasma-derived proteins (which are known to inhibit surfactant function) are washed out of the alveoli by BAL, resulting in improved efficacy of surfactant treatment.

Animals↗