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PubMed1987

Triazolam, handwriting, and amnestic states: two cases.

This paper presents a discussion of handwriting in the amnestic state through two case reports associated with the phenomenon of anterograde amnesia following the use of therapeutic doses of triazolam, a rapid acting oral sleep inducing benzodiazepine. The fact that an individual executing a contract or signing a document may have no recollection of the writing event has significant implications for the questioned document examiner and other forensic science specialists. Since the issue of amnestic states and handwriting has received little apparent discussion in the forensic science literature, this paper outlines a number of issues of concern to the forensic science specialist.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain damage and person perception. Discrimination of handwriting.

Like the face or the voice, handwriting is a parameter enabling the perception of persons. The right hemisphere appears to predominate in the processing of voices and faces, especially when a discriminative procedure is used. In order to see if this brain asymmetry may be generalized to person perception, a handwriting discrimination task was submitted to 15 left-, 12 right-, and two bilaterally injured subjects. The subject was asked to decide whether two simultaneously presented stimuli had been written by the same person; 72 pairs were presented in three ways: normally, inverted, and mirror-reversed. The results suggest that such processing is essentially preserved after focal brain damage; defects were found only after right lesions inducing hemineglect, after bilateral posterior lesion, and after left lesion when stimuli were displayed upside-down or mirror-reversed (i.e. unreadable).

Brain↗
PubMed1984

Handwriting posture, visuomotor integration, and lateralized reaction-time parameters.

On a simple manual reaction-time (RT) task to lateralized visual signals, right-handers and left-handers with the noninverted handwriting posture (RN and LN subjects, respectively) were faster and more consistent when the signal and response hand were homolateral as compared to heterolateral, but left-handers with the inverted handwriting posture (LI subjects) were not. For LI subjects, there was no speed difference for homolateral and heterolateral hand-signal combinations, and there was a clear and significant heterolateral superiority for response consistency. In agreement with suggestions of others, we believe that the anomalous response pattern of LI subjects is likely to be due to a disorder of visuomotor integration and cannot be attributed to reliance on uncrossed motor pathways.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Handwriting expression of 2 major neuroses: hysteria and obsessive disorder].

In psychopathology, an interesting approach consists of observing the essential characteristics of already recorded entities. Very few works have been devoted to the rapport existing between graphological productions, personality structure and mental illness. This work concerns the handwritings observed in hysteric patients, diagnosed as such after taking into account case history and clinical interview. Our aim is to show the essential points which characterize this particular pathological structure. The stable features of hysteria are verified in graphic items. From, movement and ordonnance of such handwritings serve as useful aides in identifying the stages of maturation of the Ego. The graphological expressions observed in patients presenting with obsessional neurosis significantly contrast, however, with those encountered in the preceding personality structure (Hy). A comparison of these two different series demonstrate the utility of this work in clinical psychiatry.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Handwriting posture as related to cerebral speech lateralization, sex, and writing hand.

The claim that handwriting posture can provide clues to the cerebral lateralization of language was investigated in a sample of 131 patients undergoing preoperative intracarotid injections of sodium amobarbital to determine the side of speech representation. More males than females inverted the left hand when writing, but no consistent relationship was found between speech lateralization and handwriting posture. These results suggest that perceptual asymmetries correlated with hand posture vary independently of cerebral dominance for speech.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Neuromotor control in handwriting and drawing: introduction and overview.

In this introduction to the Special Issue on Neuromotor Control in Handwriting and Drawing, an overview is given of the themes and sub-themes covered by these proceedings of the eighth Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society (IGS) on handwriting and other graphic tasks, held in Genoa, Italy, 24-28 August, 1997. Section overviews are given for Neuromuscular and Biophysical Models; Learning and Cognitive Models; and Neuropsychological Issues. Moreover, to guide researchers in the field, this introduction also provides a summary list of major publications following the preceding IGS conferences.

Art↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of handwriting of children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often complain about handwriting problems. PROCEDURE: Using a computerized writing task, we have prospectively studied the processes necessary for the production of handwriting movements in 11 children (5-12 years old) during treatment for ALL. Children were tested at time points closely related to the vincristine administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Children treated for ALL drew slower, with longer pause durations and increased drawing pressure. Children were able to overcome the problems, except for a consistently increased drawing pressure. This increased drawing pressure may be an attempt of the children to obtain sufficient kinesthetic information and thus can be seen as an adequate adaptation mechanism in case of peripheral neuropathy due to the neurotoxic effects of vincristine. However, neurotoxic effects of other cytostatic drugs cannot be excluded.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Approaches to analysis of handwriting as a task of coordinating a redundant motor system.

We consider problems of motor redundancy associated with handwriting using the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis. Recent studies of finger coordination during force production tasks have demonstrated that the UCM-hypothesis provides a fruitful framework for analysis of multi-finger actions. In particular, it has been shown that during relatively fast force changes, finger force variance across trials is structured such that a time pattern of total moment produced by the fingers with respect to a point between the two most lateral fingers involved in the task is stabilized while the time pattern of total force may be destabilized. The findings of selective moment stabilization have been interpreted as being conditioned by the experience with everyday motor tasks that commonly pose more strict requirements to stabilization of total moment than to stabilization of total force. We discuss implications of these findings for certain features of handwriting seen in elderly, children, patients with neurological disorders, and forgers.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

[Handwritings hung in the Hajime Hoshi Memorial Exhibit Hall].

The Hajime Hoshi Memorial Exhibit Hall is located at Hoshi University (Tokyo, Japan). There, over 100 articles left behind by Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, are on display. In this paper, references are made to handwritings written in Japanese sumi ink and hung in the Exhibit Hall. On the wall of the hall are hung four writings by Hajime Hoshi, one big writing by Shinpei Goto, vice premier and the mayor of Tokyo in the early 20th century, and two writings by Koki Hirota, premier executed after the end of World War II. The writings by the latter two were written for Hajime Hoshi. From the viewpoint of historical, literary and friendship aspects, analytical investigations of these handwritings were conducted.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed2007

No adverse effect of vincristine on handwriting in children after completion of therapy.

BACKGROUND: Long-term writing difficulties in children after treatment with vincristine for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Wilms tumor, B non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and malignant mesenchymal tumors, were investigated. PROCEDURE: Handwriting of 33 survivors and 33 controls matched for age, sex, and grade, was assessed with the BHK-scale. The examiner was blinded for whether a child was a case or a control. RESULTS: No significant difference in writing speed was found. Mean difference in number of letters produced during 5 min was 6.4 (+/-67.1, range -103 to +169). No significant difference was found in quality of writing scores; mean difference in points was 1.5 (+/-7.7, range -19 to +22). Cumulative vincristine dose, age at diagnosis or time since completion of treatment did not affect writing speed or quality. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy, including vincristine, does not lead to long-term problems in speed or quality of writing in children treated for cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1995

A theory for cursive handwriting based on the minimization principle.

We propose a trajectory planning and control theory which provides explanations at the computation, algorithm, representation, and hardware levels for continuous movement such as connected cursive handwriting. The hardware is based on our previously proposed forward-inverse-relaxation neural network. Computationally, the optimization principle is the minimum torque-change criterion. At the representation level, hard constraints satisfied by a trajectory are represented as a set of via-points extracted from handwritten characters. Accordingly, we propose a via-point estimation algorithm that estimates via-points by repeating trajectory formation of a character and via-point extraction from the character. It is shown experimentally that for movements with a single via-point target, the via-point estimation algorithm can assign a point near the actual via-point target. Good quantitative agreement is found between human movement data and the trajectories generated by the proposed model.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1982

Trajectory formation and handwriting: a computational model.

This paper proposes a computational model for different aspects of trajectory formation, from point-to-point movements to handwriting. The proposed model is based on a mechanism of composition of basic curve elements (strokes) which separates the spatial and the temporal aspects of trajectory formation. At the same time, the model suggests a method for storing and describing arm movements, as a list of stroke descriptors. Experimental trajectories were digitized and analyzed with regard to several types of movements: i) point-to-point trajectories, ii) closed trajectories, iii) trajectories with inflection points, iv) spiral-like trajectories, v) handwritten trajectories. Velocity and curvature profiles were computed for the trajectories and the model was fitted to the data. The implications of the model and its "credibility" in the general context of motor control are discussed.

Arm↗
PubMed1996

Adaptation of a reaching model to handwriting: how different effectors can produce the same written output, and other results.

This report shows how a model initially developed for the control of reaching can be adapted for the control of handwriting. The main problem addressed by the model is how people can produce essentially the same written output with different effectors (e.g., the preferred or nonpreferred hand, the foot, or even the mouth). The model is based on the assumption that writers strive for invariant graphic outputs when they write with different effectors, when they write on surfaces with different orientations, or when they write large or small script; such output invariance is an essential requirement for later recognition of the written result. Given this assumption, the question is how the motor system enables the relevant effectors to generate the necessary pen strokes. The adapted model provides one possible answer to this question. It is first fully working model of multijoint activity underlying writing and related graphic tasks. We describe how the model differs from other models developed in the past, and we review the model's strengths and weaknesses.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Visual control of automated handwriting movements.

This study provides new insight into the subtle interaction between visual feedback and automated handwriting movements. To separate effects of visual feedback from effects of speed/accuracy trade-off, subjects were trained to perform the tasks with rapid and automated movements. To control the visual feedback the written trace was presented only on a computer screen. In the first experiment the visual feedback of script size was manipulated. Subjects had to write the character combination "ll" onto a pattern of squares. In some trials the script size was unpredictably enlarged by 133% or reduced by 66%. Results showed that the ongoing "l" was not affected by the manipulation, but subjects adapted script size in the following "l" without any change in the kinematic characteristic of the movements. In a second experiment trajectory correction strategies in perturbed writing movements were studied. Two small boxes had to be connected by rapid and single-stroke movements. In some of the trials the position of the target box was changed unpredictably to a new position. Kinematic analysis revealed that the initial movement was not aborted, but rather a second independent movement was added to correct the trajectory to the new target. Thus, this proves that a distortion of visual feedback does not directly slow down open-loop movements to allow control of the motor output in a closed-loop mode. The ballisticity and automation was maintained during movement correction. Our findings fit perfectly well with recent theories of kinematic organization where complex movements are composed by elemental movement strokes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of color stimulation on handwriting performance of children with ADHD without and with additional learning disabilities.

Active behavior problems in children with ADHD are often aggravated in situations which require sustained attention. Building on the 'optimal stimulation' hypothesis, this study explored the effects of color stimulation on graphomotor control in children with ADHD. A sample of 66 children with ADHD ( n = 19 from primary education, n = 28 children with additional speech disorders, n = 19 children with additional learning disabilities) and matched controls participated in the investigation. Subjects performed a copying task on standard white and on colored paper in balanced order across classes. Positive effects of the color stimulation on graphomotor behavior control and, consequently, on qualitative aspects of the handwritings were expected. Results broadly confirm the predictions. Effects are explained as added external stimulation facilitating behavioral inhibition and regulation of selective attention and graphomotor coordination. Reduction of visual stress as an alternative explanation is considered.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1990

Phonological and motoric demands in handwriting: evidence for discrete transmission of information.

In an experiment with handwriting tasks effects of phonological and motoric task factors upon reaction time and movement time were measured to test implications of a discrete information processing account of the task. The model is built up of serially organized stages, each of which monitors one specific type of operation, necessary to generate a message. The serial structure of the model is defined as the limitation that higher levels of the model provide their output to the next lower processor in the hierarchy, and receive their input from the next higher stage. The parallel character of the model is exemplified through the assumption that all processors are active at the same time and concurrently with the real time production of writing movements. The study adds evidence that a serial architecture of processors can be compatible with the parallel processing of a message as long as more abstract operations are prepared more in advance to real-time movements than operations lower in the hierarchy. In the experiment the prediction was tested that the time course of the manifestation of phonological and motoric task demands reflects the discrete and serial structure of the model.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The independence of horizontal and vertical dimensions in handwriting with and without vision.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between horizontal and vertical components of handwriting production when subjects were instructed to vary the size of these components separately or together. The effect of vision on these instructed size transformations also was examined. Eight female adults participated in the experiment. The basic task was to write the words 'poppy' and 'wood' cursively five times, the first time in their normal size and then with four size transformations. These transformations--one-fourth, one-half, double, and four-times their normal size--were made under three different sets of instructions (width only, height only, both) and in two visual conditions (normal, blindfolded), for a total of six sets of five repetitions. The individual slopes (changes in actual values across the transformation values) for width and height under instructions to change both parameters were almost identical to the width and height slopes under instructions to change only the single parameter, supporting the notion of the independence of the horizontal and vertical components. Further, an analysis of these individual slopes indicated that the size transformations were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) (and closer to the instructed values) with vision than without vision.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The role of vision in the temporal and spatial control of handwriting.

The general observation that handwriting is not noticeably impaired by the withdrawal of vision can be explained in two ways. One might argue that vision is not needed during the act of writing. Micro-analyses should then reveal that spatial as well as temporal writing features are identical in conditions of vision and no vision. Alternatively, it is possible that vision is needed during the act of writing, but that without vision possible errors and inaccuracies have to be prevented. Assuming that the latter would place an extra demand on movement control, this should be revealed by an increase in processing time. We have found evidence for the latter view in the present study in which 12 subjects wrote a nonsense letter sequence with and without vision. Close examination showed that writing shapes remained equally invariant under both vision conditions, suggesting that spatial control was unaffected by withdrawing vision. The prediction that invariance of shapes is preserved in the absence of vision at the expense of processing time increments was confirmed. The increase of reaction time observed when visual guidance was withdrawn suggests that more processing time was needed prior to the movement start. Moreover, the RT increment was larger when a short writing duration was instructed. The present findings will be discussed in light of the remarkable flexibility of writing as a motor skill in which writers appear to be able to employ specific strategies to preserve shape in the absence of visual guidance.

Adult↗