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PubMed2000

Food habits and sport activity during adolescence: differences between athletic and non-athletic teenagers in Switzerland.

OBJECTIVE: To describe food habits and dietary intakes of athletic and non-athletic adolescents in Switzerland. SETTING: College, high schools and professional centers in the Swiss canton of Vaud. METHOD: A total of 3,540 subjects aged 9-19 y answered a self-reported anonymous questionnaire to assess lifestyles, physical plus sports activity and food habits. Within this sample, a subgroup of 246 subjects aged 11-15 also participated in an in-depth ancillary study including a 3 day dietary record completed by an interview with a dietician. RESULTS: More boys than girls reported engaging in regular sports activities (P<0.001). Adolescent food habits are quite traditional: up to 15 y, most of the respondents have a breakfast and eat at least two hot meals a day, the percentages decreasing thereafter. Snacking is widespread among adolescents (60-80% in the morning, 80-90% in the afternoon). Food habits among athletic adolescents are healthier and also are perceived as such in a higher proportion. Among athletic adolescents, consumption frequency is higher for dairy products and ready to eat (RTE) cereals, for fruit, fruit juices and salad (P<0.05 at least). Thus the athletic adolescent's food brings more micronutrients than the diet of their non-athletic counterparts. Within the subgroup (ancillary study), mean energy intake corresponds to requirements for age/gender group. CONCLUSIONS: Athletic adolescents display healthier food habits than non-athletic adolescents: this result supports the idea that healthy behavior tends to cluster and suggests that prevention programs among this age group should target simultaneously both sports activity and food habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sucking, chewing, and feeding habits and the development of crossbite: a longitudinal study of girls from birth to 3 years of age.

The prevalence of posterior crossbite among pacifier-sucking girls in Falköping, Sweden, was previously found to be 26%. The aim of this investigation was to follow the development of crossbites in pacifier suckers and to determinate the possibility of reducing the prevalence of crossbite by informing and instructing the parents about sucking habits and reducing the time the child has the pacifier in the mouth. Parents of 60 consecutively born girls belonging to St Olof's health district, Falköping, Sweden, were invited to take part in the study. All parents agreed to participate. Five interviews or examinations of each girl took place from birth until 3 years of age. Fifty-four (90%) of the 60 girls were breast-fed. The mean duration of breast-feeding was 8 months, and 67% of the girls were breast-fed for half a year or more. Forty-three children (72%) developed a pacifier-sucking habit, 6 (10%), a digit-sucking habit, and 11 (18%), no sucking habits. The mean duration of breast-feeding was longer for the nonsuckers (11 months) than for the pacifier- and digit-sucking children (5 months). Of the 39 girls who still had the pacifier habit at 3 years of age, 2 had developed a posterior crossbite. Another girl stopped the habit when a crossbite was registered at the 2 1/2-year examination. At the next appointment, the crossbite had corrected itself spontaneously. One of the 2 girls with crossbite at 3 years of age developed a prenormal occlusion with both anterior and posterior crossbites. For 12 more pacifier suckers, an interfering contact was noted with a forced guidance of the mandible and a midline shift. In all 12 cases, the interfering teeth were primary canines. We conclude that parents should be instructed to reduce the "in the mouth time" of the pacifier. The transverse occlusal relationship in pacifier-sucking children should be evaluated between 2 and 3 years of age. If interfering contacts of the primary canines exist, the parents should be instructed to reduce the pacifier-sucking time.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1998

Nervous habits and stereotyped behaviors in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency, age trends, and situational correlates of nervous habits (e.g., nail-biting, thumb-sucking) and motor stereotyped behaviors (e.g., body-rocking) in typically developing preschool children. METHOD: Data were compiled from 100 teacher interviews and 32 parent interviews on children aged 3 to 6 years. A semistructured, individually administered interview was used. RESULTS: Parents reported the most behaviors, with the most common behaviors being thumb-sucking (25%) and nail-biting (23%). Motor stereotypies demonstrated a frequency of 4% as reported by the teachers and a frequency of 3% as reported by the parents. Teachers reported a decrease in children having the nervous habit of picking at sores, lips, etc., with age. Parents reported a significant decrease in all nervous habits with age. Nervous habits were associated with structured times during the day and negative mood states, and teachers reported that girls were more likely than boys to display nervous habits. CONCLUSION: Nervous habits and stereotypies are prevalent in typically developing preschool children, and their presence appears to be a reflection of mood state.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral undercontrol and subjective stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol intoxication: independent predictors of drinking habits?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated relations between behavioral undercontrol (e.g., sensation seeking) and higher levels of alcohol use. The mechanism underlying this relation is not yet understood. In this article, we investigate the role of subjective stimulant and sedative effects of intoxication on drinking habits, and we test the possibility that these effects mediate or moderate relations between behavioral undercontrol and drinking habits. METHODS: College drinkers (n = 91) consumed 0.85 ml/kg of alcohol (approximately four drinks) and completed self-report measures of stimulation and sedation at three time points: (1) before drinking; (2) 15 min after consumption, on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve; and (3) 45 min after consumption, on the descending limb of the curve. In addition, participants completed the MacAndrew Alcoholism and Sensation Seeking Scales, indices of behavioral undercontrol, and a self-report questionnaire of drinking habits (quantity, frequency, and maximum). RESULTS: As expected, undercontrol was strongly related to drinking habits (p < 0.0005). Undercontrol was also significantly related to ascending limb stimulation ( < 0.005), which, in turn, was related to drinking habits (p < 0.005). Finally, stimulation was found to moderate the relations between undercontrol and drinking habits such that relations were stronger at higher levels of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may help to better understand the variability in drinking behavior, and this may be critical in eventually developing and appropriately targeting prevention efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Change over time of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, observational, 1-year follow-up study (RITMO study).

BACKGROUND: Evolution of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not well known. AIM: To evaluate the change over time of bowel habit in IBS patients followed-up during 1 year. METHODS: Five hundred and seventeen patients with IBS were prospectively included in an observational study with five evaluations over a 1-year period. Symptoms were recorded daily in diary cards during four 4-week periods along the study. Bristol Stool Scale (BSS) was used to define bowel habit. RESULTS: Four-hundred patients completed the study. Rome II showed low-moderate agreement (42%) with BSS to define bowel habit. Frequency of constipation and diarrhoea showed little changes throughout the study. Over 50% of the patients had the same bowel habit when each diary was compared with the next one. A third of patients maintained the same habit throughout the study. Most changes occurred from/to mixed or unsubtyped IBS. Only 14% of cases changed from constipation to diarrhoea or vice versa. This change was associated to female gender (OR: 2.65). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of constipation and diarrhoea remains relatively stable over time. Changes in IBS subtypes are common, but changes between constipation and diarrhoea are rare. Alternating IBS is more frequent in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Bile acid malabsorption has been supposed to play a major pathogenetic role in postcholecystectomy diarrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to define the effect of cholecystectomy (CHE) on bowel habits and bile acid absorption. METHODS: Fifty-one patients were prospectively studied before, at 4 wk, and 12 wk after elective CHE for changes of bowel habits, occurrence of diarrhea, and signs of bile acid malabsorption. Bowel habits were assessed by interview. Serum concentrations of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one were used as a marker of bile acid malabsorption. Statistics were performed with the McNemar chi2 test for discrete values and Student's paired t test for continuous values. RESULTS: After CHE, there was an increase of patients reporting more than one bowel movement per day (from 22% before CHE to 51% [p < 0.001] and 45% [p < 0.005] at 1 month and 3 months after CHE, respectively) and of patients reporting loose stools (from 2% to 47% [p < 0.001] and 33% [p < 0.001], respectively). Three months after CHE, three patients (6%) reported intermittent diarrhea. Serum levels of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one increased from 25.4+/-14.5 ng/ml to 46.5+/-29.5 ng/ml (p < 0.001) and 52.5+/-33.0 ng/ml (p < 0.001), respectively. Unexpectedly, changes of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in serum were unrelated to changes of bowel habits. CONCLUSIONS: CHE results in considerable changes of bowel habits and an increased loss of bile acids from the intestine in some patients. Bile acid malabsorption, however, may not explain changes of bowel habits after CHE.

Cholecystectomy↗
PubMed1987

Oral hygiene habits, denture plaque, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in institutionalised elderly in Lothian, Scotland.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between oral hygiene habits, denture plaque, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in institutionalised elderly. A sample of 201 residents, 48-99 yr of age (mean age 82 yr), was selected from four different institutions in Lothian, Scotland. Clinical recordings were carried out under standardised circumstances using well recognised indices. Information about oral hygiene habits was obtained through structured interviews conducted immediately before the clinical examination. A multivariate analysis, principal component, was carried out on the correlated five maxillary denture plaque scores and two components, accounting for 74% and 12% of the variation, were identified. Using these two independent variables, an analysis of variance was carried out testing for significance between the four effects: soaking habits, brushing habits, denture stomatitis and growth of yeasts in the palate together with their interactions. The analysis showed a significant relation between maxillary denture plaque, soaking habits and the presence of denture stomatitis. There was no relation between denture plaque and brushing habits or between denture plaque and growth of yeasts.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Sucking habits and their relation to posterior cross-bite in 4-year-old children.

Sucking habits and their relationship to posterior cross-bite were studied in 4-year-old children (n = 588) living in the municipality of Huddinge on the outskirts of Stockholm. Previous or persisting sucking habits were registered for 88% of the children with dummy sucking as the dominating type (78%). At the age of 4 years 48% of all children still exhibited some form of sucking habit. The incidence of normal buccolingual occlusion steadily decreased in cases where sucking habits persisted. The increase in unilateral cross-bite occurrence was most pronounced in cases where the children continued sucking after 2 years of age. The variable "intensity of sucking habit" was significantly correlated to the occurrence of unilateral cross-bite (P less than 0.05). From a dental point of view these results indicate that sucking habits in children should be brought under control by 2 years of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette's disorder: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the efficacy of habit reversal for Tourette's disorder, which is characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. METHOD: Thirty-two patients with Tourette's disorder were randomly assigned to 14 sessions of either habit reversal or supportive psychotherapy. Habit reversal consisted of awareness training, self-monitoring, relaxation training, competing response training, and contingency management. Changes in severity of Tourette's disorder and psychosocial impairment were investigated over the course of the 14-session treatment for the 29 patients who completed at least eight treatment sessions. RESULTS: In contrast to the 13 patients in the supportive psychotherapy group, the 16 patients in the habit reversal group improved significantly. The habit reversal patients remained significantly improved over pretreatment at 10-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Habit reversal may be an effective behavioral treatment for Tourette's disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Smoking habits in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. European Study Group on Atypical Parkinsonisms.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate smoking habits in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) in a multicenter case-control study to determine whether these two forms of atypical parkinsonism share the inverse association with smoking previously found in PD. BACKGROUND: No epidemiologic studies have been performed on smoking habits in MSA. A previous investigation in PSP revealed no differences in smoking habits between patients and hospital control subjects. METHODS: Seventy-six MSA patients, 55 PSP patients, 140 PD patients, and 134 healthy control subjects were enrolled consecutively at seven neurologic clinics from January 1, 1994, to July 31, 1998. Detailed information on smoking habits was obtained using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The comparison between frequencies of never-smokers versus ever-smokers (ex-smokers/current smokers; adjusted odds ratio [ORadj], 0.56; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.06) and a dose-response analysis for never-smokers, moderate smokers (ORadj, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.31 to 1.32), and heavy smokers (ORadj, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.21 to 1.05) suggest that MSA patients smoke less than population control subjects. By contrast, the comparison of frequencies of never-smokers versus ever-smokers (ORadj, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.98) and a dose-response analysis for never-smokers, moderate smokers (ORadj, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.69), and heavy smokers (ORadj, 1.24; CI 95%, 0.51 to 3.06) revealed no differences in smoking habits between PSP patients and population control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that the inverse association with smoking found previously in PD is shared by multiple system atrophy but not by progressive supranuclear palsy lends epidemiologic support to the notion that different smoking habits are associated with different groups of neurodegenerative disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Recovery time of independent poststroke life habits: Part II.

The purposes of this study were to determine the time of the recovery of poststroke life habits and to identify prognostic indicators associated with recovery time among stroke patients in a rehabilitation program. A sample of 421 stroke patients who were admitted to a rehabilitation center was recruited from medical records available from January 1987 to December 1992. The relation between the achievement of independent life habits including bed mobility, transfers and ambulation, bathing activities, dressing activities, eating activities, home activities, sphincter control, and sleep with the potential covariates associated with recovery time was assessed through the analysis of survival data using the Cox maximum-likelihood proportional hazard models. The poststroke life habits obtained generated mean recovery times ranging from 5.51 to 57.60 days from admission to rehabilitation. The survival analysis revealed that the recovery time of the selected poststroke abilities was significantly influenced (p <.05) by one or several indicators; these included physical ability and neuropsychological and life habit characteristics. With this precious information, stroke rehabilitation specialists may be able to reduce the length of time required to recover independent poststroke life habits by treating the specific neuropsychological, physical, and life habit characteristics identified in this study. A faster poststroke recovery would reduce the socioeconomic impact generated by stroke disability and would also ensure a better quality of life to the stroke survivor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Typhoid fever in children of low and high socioeconomic strata: comparison of hygiene habits.

The relationship between the hygienic habits of children who had typhoid fever (TF) who had recently begun attending school and their family group, is assessed. It is supposed that children, independently of their SES, acquired TF because of inadequate habits which facilitated the oral-fecal cycle. The sample was formed of 40 child-mother dyads: 20 of low SES (group A) and 20 of high SES (group B), the child of each of which had had TF. Results showed that the hygienic habits of children with respect to the oral-fecal cycle, their perception of school toilet cleanliness as well as the mothers' explanation of their children's hygienic habits is very similar in the two groups. The importance of these results is that the SES is seem to be irrelevant in the case of TF but that the hygienic habits of the children are of importance. Public health policy should be modified to include the teaching of proper hygienic habits (oral-fecal cycle).

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Obesity, eating habits and nutritional knowledge among school children].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between obesity and eating habits and nutritional knowledge among schoolchildren. METHODS: Weight and height were measured in 573 schoolchildren of public schools in two cities of State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Obesity was defined as Body Mass Index above the 95th percentile based on the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) criteria. Eating habits and nutrition knowledge were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. Simple and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess associations. RESULTS: Obesity among children was found to be associated with limited nutrition knowledge and unhealthy eating and habits. These children were five times more likely to be obese (OR=5.3;1.1-24.9). CONCLUSIONS: The level of knowledge affects the association between obesity and eating habits, and there's reason to suspect that children who have more nutrition knowledge report habits known to be healthier but not necessarily the ones they actually practice. Taking into account children's level of knowledge, unhealthy habits were strongly associated to obesity.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Associations among healthy habits, age, gender, and education in a sample of retirees.

In this exploratory and descriptive study, data are drawn from a sample of 1,864 Bank of America retirees collected in 1987 to investigate correlations among healthy habits, age, gender, and education. Findings include: 1) Health habits are strongly and positively associated with each other and negatively associated with unhealthy habits. 2) Age is statistically significant and positively associated with fiber, fat consumption, and lack of exercise, but negatively associated with cigarette use. 3) Women are more likely than men to smoke, use seat belts, and eat foods high in fiber. Men are more likely than women to exercise and drink excessively. 4) Education is statistically significant and positively associated only with fiber in the diet and no other habit. 5) Fiber consumption emerges as the healthy habit most consistently associated with all other habits.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Gender differences in oral health behavior and general health habits in an adult population.

This study aimed to evaluate gender differences in oral health behavior and general health habits in adults. The subjects were 207 males and 196 females aged 20-64 yrs who were public officials in the city or town administrations in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The questionnaire survey included three items: (1) self assessment of oral health status, (2) oral health behavior and (3) general health habits. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test for differences of responses between males and females. The proportion of subjects with cognition of symptoms of oral disease ranged from 14.3 to 23.0%. The percentage of those who had not visited a dentist in the last year were 52.7% for males and 36.7% for females (p < 0.01). Subjects who brushed their teeth almost every day at bed time were 60.9% of males and 88.8% of females (p < 0.01). A comparison of the numbers of positive responses regarding general health habits found no differences in the distribution of general health habits score between males and females. Examining the relationship between oral health behavior and general health habits revealed that males with general habit high scores tended to have positive oral hygiene behavior. These results support the thesis that gender specificities in oral health depend on individual attitudes to oral health and dental utilization. In addition, understanding the cognitive factors of males and females would accelerate dental approaches to modifying oral health behavior of both groups, thus contributing to lifelong health maintenance.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Measurement of strong and weak drug habits: associations to stages of addiction, steps in drug-taking, and drug effects in response to opiate names and nonopiate names.

Confirmed opiate addicts (N = 78) were asked to associate three opiate names (heroin, morphine, and methadone) and six nonopiate names [pentobarbital, alcohol, Benzedrine, "goofballs" (barbiturates), cocaine, and "reefers" (marijuana)] to stages of addiction, steps in drug taking, and drug effects. It was believed that associations to opiates would represent a strong habit since most of the subjects had been addicted ("hooked") on one or more opiates and that associations to nonopiates would indicate a weak habit as most of the subjects had never been "hooked" on nonopiates. Weak and strong habits were alike in that , regardless of the drug, associations to "high" were given. Beyond this similarity, the patterns of associations were qualitatively and quantitatively different. For example, a strong habit was characterized by associations to advanced stages of addiction ("hooked" and "kicking a habit"), to steps in drug-taking ("preparing" and "fixing a shot"), and to drug effects (to "nod" or "scratch"). A weak habit was marked by associations to intermediate stages of addiction such as "chipping" (occasional use of drugs), as well as to beginning stages of addiction and to beginning steps in drug-taking, such as to "hustle."

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Healthy dietary habits, body mass index, and predictors among nursing students, northeast Thailand.

This study aimed to assess body mass index (BMI) of nursing students, and examine the links between health behavior in terms of healthy dietary habits, positive health habits, dieting and BMI. A structured questionnaire was used for obtaining information on dietary habits, positive health habits, demographic characteristic including body weight, and height by administering self-answering questionnaires to all of nursing students in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year-classes of the College of Nursing located in northeast Thailand. Three hundred and eleven female nursing students with an average age of 19.9 (SD = 1.4), had an average BMI of 20.3 kg/m2 (SD = 1.9). Most of the subjects (82.6%) were in the acceptable weight category (BMI > 18.5-24.99 kg/m2), 5.1% underweight (BMI < or = 18.5 kg/m2), and 2.3% overweight. (BMI > or = 25.0 kg/m2). About half of them (50.8-66.2%) practiced healthy dietary habits in terms of avoiding eating fat/cholesterol, enriched fiber foods, while one-fourth practiced daily fruit consumption. Positive health habits in terms of having breakfast, and taking exercise over the last two weeks, were practiced by 49.5% and 59.8%, respectively. Persistent health problem occurred 13.5% amongst the subjects. The univariate analyses revealed significant associations between dieting with the BMI; perception of body size with the BMI; the enriched fiber food consumption with dieting; and the avoidance of fat/cholesterol with dieting. It suggests that the choice of food was predominantly attributable to dieting. Results from multiple logistic regression analysis showed that dietary belief, dieting, and exercise had effects on the strength of the association (p = 0.0191, 0.0024, 0.0165; Odds ratios = 0.97, 2.21, 1.87, respectively). The results and implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Methodology for designing psychological habitability for the space station.

Psychological habitability is a critical quality issue for the International Space Station because poor habitability degrades performance shaping factors (PSFs) and increases human errors. However, habitability often receives rather limited design attention based on someone's superficial tastes because systematic design procedures lack habitability quality. To improve design treatment of psychological habitability, this paper proposes and discusses a design methodology for designing psychological habitability for the International Space Station.

Adaptation, Psychological↗