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PubMedDate not supplied

Electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during the golf swing.

Golf is a popular sport throughout the world, yet there is little in the literature that discusses the mechanics of the swing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the EMG activity in eight shoulder muscles of both the right and left arms during the golf swing. The results reveal that the infraspinatus and supraspinatus act predominantly at the extremes of shoulder range of motion, the subscapularis and pectoralis major during acceleration, the latissimus dorsi during forward swing, and the anterior deltoid during forward swing and follow-through. The middle and posterior deltoids appear to be relatively noncontributory, without any specific timing patterns. This data is an expansion of an earlier pilot study and allows us to more accurately develop an exercise program for optimal performance as well as for prevention and rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biomechanics of the golf swing in players with pathologic conditions of the forearm, wrist, and hand.

Golf is an activity generally stressful to the hands and wrists and particularly can produce increasing symptoms in players with underlying problems such as hand and wrist arthritis or tendinitis. The purpose of this study was to quantitate wrist motion and club head/ball impact force in subjects with pathologic conditions of the hand, wrist, or forearm, within a laboratory environment. A regular straight-handled golf club was compared to a new BioCurve handle design that has a 19 degrees ulnar bend. We measured and compared the effect of the two grips on wrist motion, club head velocity, ball impact force, ball impact location, and isometric torsional strength in 20 subjects who had a variety of upper extremity disorders. This data was then compared to data collected in an identical fashion from golfers without such conditions. The results of our study show that there were no differences related to club handle design on impact force or impact location, club head velocity, or club head path and face angle. Wrist kinematic differences were minimal between handle designs. The differences that were significant (P less than 0.05) centered around the decreased ulnar deviation of the left hand that resulted when subjects used the BioCurve handle design, which also allowed greater resistance to torque than the straight grip club. In addition to collecting objective data, we asked subjects for their opinions of the two grips. As a whole, the normal group and the group with pathologic conditions noted more comfort, improved grip, and less shock transmission with the BioCurve handle.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Preservation of golf skills in a case of severe left lobar frontotemporal degeneration.

The authors report the longitudinal study of a 53-year-old man with severe lobar atrophy confined to the left frontal and temporal lobes, including the left hippocampus, but sparing other cortical regions. He experienced profound cognitive deterioration, sparing only visuospatial memory. Despite these deficits, he could play golf at a high level of competence, following rules and etiquette as well as monitoring the ongoing game. The patient's golf performance may have been supported by residual visuospatial declarative memory and complex flexible implicit memory programs.

Dementia↗
PubMed1993

Electroencephalographic measures of attentional patterns prior to the golf putt.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the attentional focus patterns associated with golf putting performance. Highly skilled golfers (N = 34) were assessed using electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of the motor and temporal cortices during the 3 s prior to the golf putt. Players completed 40, 12-ft putts and performance was measured in cm error from the hole. Three measures of EEG were analyzed: slow shift, 40 Hz, and relative power spectrum; representing readiness to respond, focused arousal, and general cortical activity, respectively. All three EEG measures suggested a decrease in left hemisphere, motor cortex activity as the player prepared to putt. Relative power measures also showed significant increases in right hemisphere activity in both the motor and temporal cortices. During the last second preceding the putt, increased right hemisphere alpha activity correlated with and predicted less error. Hemispheric differentiation was also reduced as subjects prepared to putt and few, but important, differences existed between the motor and temporal cortices. An important distinction occurred in the alpha band. In the motor cortex left hemisphere alpha increased significantly over time while in the temporal cortex, right hemisphere alpha increased as subjects approached stroke initiation. Differences that existed between the attentional patterns from the present study and past sport studies may relate to the use of one versus two hands to initiate the response.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by the impact of a golf ball: a case report.

A 50-year-old male was hit by a high-speed golf ball on the left lateral side of his neck. He collapsed immediately and was sent to hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The autopsy showed an extensive basal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Careful gross and histological examinations disclosed a rupture of the right vertebral artery at a site very close to the bifurcation. It was estimated that the impact of the golf ball on the left side of his neck resulted in the rupture of the contralateral vertebral artery, owing to its hyperextension. Although there are many reports on traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage, the present type of trauma seems rare to our knowledge.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2005

Optimizing the benefits versus risks of golf participation by older people.

Currently a strong emphasis is being placed in North American public health messages on the value of an active lifestyle for all age segments, including older persons. However, seniors do not usually take up physical activities, even though they often have extensive leisure time. Thus the purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge regarding the key health issues for physical therapists to consider when dealing with an older person who wishes to participate fully in an active sport. We have chosen the example of golf because of its popularity among seniors, as well as its usefulness in illustrating both the overall benefits and risks of participation. Although playing golf provides a moderate intensity exercise stimulus for seniors, musculoskeletal injuries can also result from unsafe participation, as can the aggravation of pre-existing musculoskeletal problems. Strategies for targeted management of the senior golfer's typical concerns are summarized into 4 categories consisting of: injury rehabilitation coordinated by therapists, warm up routines; club-fitting/coaching on proper technique, and pre-season conditioning programs. Educational programs for older people regarding the benefits of physical activity should also include information about injury prevention strategies that enhance long-term participation.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Life history and spatial distribution of Oriental beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in golf courses in Korea.

Larval and adult activity of the oriental beetle Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), a pest of turfgrass in Korea, was investigated at four golf clubs in Pusan, Korea, from 1995 to 1999. Adult emergence was first observed on the greens in late May with peak activity occurring 2 wk later. During the day, E. orientalis adults were most active between 1800 and 2200 hours. First instars were found mostly in early July, second instars mostly in late July, and third instars from August to April. The density of larvae in fixed plots decreased steadily from the time of egg laying to pupation: 667/m3 on 26 July, 267/m3 on 29 August, and 122/m3 on 2 October 1997. All the observed E. orientalis completed one generation per year. Adult females were observed feeding on flowers of a late-blooming variety of Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb & Zucc). E. orientalis larval densities were higher in greens with Japanese chestnut nearby, and where magpie, Pica pica sericea (Gould), feeding was observed. More E. orientalis adults emerged from the right, left, and back of greens than from the front or middle. The intensity of emergence was inversely proportional to the amount of golfer traffic on various parts of the green. Counting emergence holes may be a way that golf course superintendents can predict which greens and tees are most likely to be damaged from E. orientalis larvae without destructive sampling.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of sticky wing and cone pheromone traps for monitoring seasonal abundance of black cutworm adults and larvae on golf courses.

Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), flight activity was monitored on three golf courses in Wisconsin by using two types of pheromone traps: the Texas cone trap and sticky wing trap. The Texas cone trap caught significantly more black cutworm males compared with the sticky wing trap, capturing almost 12-fold more males. Black cutworm males were most abundant during mid-July in 2001 and 2002, between 700 and 800 cumulative degree-days. Flight activity also was detected in early May and mid-August, but these peaks were not as pronounced as in mid-July. No definitive relationship between black cutworm flight activity and subsequent larval infestations on golf course putting greens occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The 'yips' in golf: a continuum between a focal dystonia and choking.

The definition of the 'yips' has evolved over time. It is defined as a motor phenomenon of involuntary movements affecting golfers. In this paper, we have extended the definition to encompass a continuum from the neurologic disorder of dystonia to the psychologic disorder of choking. In many golfers, the pathophysiology of the 'yips' is believed to be an acquired deterioration in the function of motor pathways (e.g. those involving the basal ganglia) which are exacerbated when a threshold of high stress and physiologic arousal is exceeded. In other golfers, the 'yips' seems to result from severe performance anxiety. Physically, the 'yips' is manifested by symptoms of jerks, tremors or freezing in the hands and forearms. These symptoms can result in: (i) a poor quality of golf performance (adds 4.9 strokes per 18 holes); (ii) prompt use of alcohol and beta-blockers; and (iii) contribute to attrition in golf. Golfers with the 'yips' average 75 rounds per year, although many 'yips'-affected golfers decrease their playing time or quit to avoid exposure to this embarrassing problem. While more investigation is needed to determine the cause of the 'yips', this review article summarises and organises the available research. A small study included in this paper describes the 'yips' phenomenon from the subjective experience of 'yips'-affected golfers. The subjective experience (n = 72) provides preliminary support for the hypothesis suggesting that the 'yips' is on a continuum. Based on the subjective definitions of 72 'yips'-affected golfers, the 'yips' was differentiated into type I (dystonia) and type II (choking). A theoretical model provides a guide for future research on golfers with either type I or type II 'yips'.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Relation of preference for location with scores on anxiety and on visibility in golf practice.

Previous research has indicated that seating preference in classrooms is related to some personal characteristics. Similar relations are assumed to be found in sports settings. In this study, the associations of rated preference for playing location in group practice of golf with trait anxiety and preference for visibility were investigated. Subjects were 165 Japanese university students who participated in a series of golf lessons. One-factor analyses of variance showed that subjects' rated preference for playing location was significantly related to their scores on trait anxiety and their preference for visibility of location. These results suggest that, in sports practice as in classrooms, preference for location may be associated with measures of personality and visibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of occluded vision and imagery on putting golf balls.

This study examined the effects of combining occluded vision with imagery for acquiring and retaining golf-putting skill in a college class of 80. The findings indicated that college students who registered for beginning golf classes were significantly higher in putting-skill acquisition using occluded vision and visual imagery than practicing while in visual contact with the ball and no imagery. Occluded-vision imagery was not superior to visual imagery for acquisition or retention of putting skill. In addition, the occluded-vision subjects showed positive transfer to visual putting skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Trait anxiety among students in a college golf class.

This study examined trait anxiety among students (N=80) participating in a beginning golf activity class. Analysis showed no differences in anxiety scores by sex or playing experience; however, performance differences were noted as students with moderate scores performed better on golf evaluations than did those with high anxiety scores. Research should be directed to assess students' perceptions of anxiety and its effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Physical activity level during a round of golf on a hilly course.

BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity plays a role in preventive medicine. Our study aimed at establishing the duration of different levels of exercise intensity during a round of golf. METHODS PARTICIPANTS: we studied 21 male and 9 female golfers (mean age 53 +/- 11 and 54 +/- 13 years respectively) volunteering for a round of golf on a hilly course. MEASURES: we recorded mean heart rate (HR) of every 15 seconds. Blood pressure was taken on each tee. Maximum HR (HRmax) reserve of each subject was calculated from the difference between pre-exercise and maximum HR attained during a test to volitional exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. A percentage of this value was added to the resting HR and was expressed as a percentage of HRmax reserve. RESULTS: Before start mean HR (+/- SD) was 86 +/- 11 beats per minute (BPM), during play 113 +/- 18, and during rest after play 100 +/- 24 BPM. Mean maximal HR of holes were 135 +/- 21 BPM. Mean systolic blood pressure was 145 +/- 30 before play, 137 +/- 31 on tees during play and 119 +/- 15 mmHg after play. A mean of 82 +/- 51 minutes was spent at 50-74% of HRmax reserve. 21 +/- 27 and 23 +/- 38 minutes were spent in the two higher intensity classes. An average of 106 +/- 77 minutes were spent at or above the individual heart rate equivalent of 100 W, the mean heart rate for this time was 128 +/- 17 BPM. Creatine kinase (+47%; p < 0.001), uric acid (+9%; p < 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol (+6%; p < 0.05) increased, triglycerides decreased by 18% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The HR level during the golfround not using an electric cart relative to the maximum attained on the ergometer reaches the exercise intensity of 50 to > 85% HRmax reserve for a mean of over 2 hours, much longer than the 20-60 min recommended for endurance training.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parks and golf course workers.

Most of the work done by parks and golf course workers is performed outside, and they are subject to risks similar to those of other outdoor workers, such as temperature and weather-related problems, infectious diseases, and poisonous plants, snakes, and spiders. They are also exposed to physical hazards related to noise and operation of heavy equipment. Chemical hazards result from use of pesticides and solvents. This chapter reviews pertinent OSHA regulations, pre-placement strategies, and medical surveillance exams, and recommends preventive programs. More research is needed to determine specific hazards and work-related injury and illness rates for parks and golf course workers, so that effective preventive programs can be designed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Golf buggy related head injuries.

Our department has recently managed three cases of serious head injuries resulting from falls from golf buggies. One of them sustained moderate head injury with a small cerebral contusion and skull fracture. Two of them sustained severe head injury with extensive cerebral contusions, extradural haematoma requiring craniotomy. Of the three patients, two made good recoveries whereas the third remained vegetative. We feel that instruction on the safe use of golf buggies is inadequate and should be intensified.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Golf club holder for upper-extremity amputee golfers.

A device which permits an upper-extremity amputee person to play golf is described. The device is interchangeable with a hook or hand, fits into a standard prosthetic arm, and can be used by a right or left above-elbow amputee golf player. It is inexpensive, weights under a pound, and can be readily made in a machine shop.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1994

Stress fractures of the ribs in amateur golf players.

BACKGROUND: Stress fractures of the ribs are sometimes seen at the Outpatient Department in patients with a history of playing golf enthusiastically. Many are diagnosed as "muscle strain" or "myofascial pain" and patients are simply advised to take some rest or are treated with analgesics and local injection. This case study investigated 11 amateur golfers whose chief complaint was anterior, posterior or lateral chest pain. After X-ray and bone scan evaluation, "stress fracture of the ribs" was diagnosed. A questionnaire presented to them trying to find the possible mechanisms of these stress fractures. Biomechanical analysis showed that the bending force of the ribs was located at posterolateral segments where fractures tend to occur. Overuse, poor technique and inadequate stretch in beginners are postulated as causes for apparent increased susceptibility to these skeletal injuries. METHODS: Questionnaires inquired about (1) warm-up time, (2) number of strikes, (3) fracture sites, (4) pain patterns, (5) combined injuries. RESULTS: All 11 patients were beginners with right side hand dominance who had begun to play golf within the year. Right side ribs fracture occurred in six cases; left side ribs fracture occurred in eight cases including three patients with two fracture sites. Localized pain was reported in six cases and there were five cases with radiating pain along costal margins. All the golfers had spent no more than 10 minutes in warm up them. Seven patients suffered from multiple injuries after they had played. Five were diagnosed by X-ray and six showed positive finding after Tc-99m MDP bone scan. All lesions were located at the posterolateral segments of the ribs. CONCLUSIONS: Stress fractures of the ribs in amateur golfers are certainly not uncommon. Predominant muscle forces are generated by forced coupling of scapular retraction and protraction, acting through the serratus anterior. With early diagnosis and relative rest for four to eight weeks, the pain will improve. Overuse, poor technique and inadequate stretch will probably lead to stress fracture of the rib.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗