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PubMed2002

[Affinity sorbents having magnetic properties in the clinical picture and diagnosis of communicable and non-communicable diseases].

Affine magnetic sorbents which have no analogs in the practice of our country have been for the first time developed for the rapid diagnosis of various life-threatening diseases (plague, cholera, anthrax, glanders, meliodosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, dysentery, viral hepatitis A) and for the identification of their causative agents. The efficacy of new magnet-controlling test systems has been repeatedly confirmed by their applications in epidemiological events and emergencies: in the epidemiological surveillance of viral hepatitis A in Stavropol and in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody towns, Stavropol Territory (1994), in the identification of cholera patients, in the detection of transmission factors, when monitoring during large epidemic out-bursts of cholera in Stavropol (1990), Daghestan (1994), as well as in the microbiological monitoring during military conflicts in the Chechen Republic (1995). The application of the sorbents has shown that their sensitivity is 4-5 times as much as that of conventional serological assays. In addition, biotechnologies for the production of polyacrylamide and composite aluminosilicate affine immunosorbents with magnetic properties have been developed. They have been used as the basis for designing immobilized granulated antigen reagents for the immunodiagnosis, differential diagnosis, evaluation of the time course and severity of a disease, the efficiency of therapy in patients with systemic scleroderma, proliferative arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteochondrosis.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed2002

[Microbial warfare and bioterrorism].

Infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. Since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, Q-fever, and smallpox virus, Filo-, Arena-, Bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or Alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. These can be dispersed by aerosol. Salmonellae, Shigellae, Vibrio cholerae, distinguished Escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. Fanatical groups or terrorist individuals deploy microbe weapons. In the future, genetically engineered recombinant microbes could be used with genomes containing multiple resistance elements to antimicrobial compounds and additional virulence factors. These become resistant to all known treatment regimens, vaccination and the host immune response. Microbial terrorist attacks result in an outbrake on a restricted area with large number of casualties. The disease course is severe and unusual followed by high mortality. Identification of microbes is complicated and delayed. Most countries have neither laboratories at high biosafety level nor specially trained personnel. Physicians might misdiagnose these diseases. Health care systems with minimal elasticity face difficulties in maintaining mass quarantine. A considerable part of health care workers leave hospitals. No plan is available to stockpile medicines. Robust surveillance and laboratory systems coordinated at international level must be established. All health care personnel should be trained periodically to gain practical skills. Additional standards governing working conditions with selected microbes will be enforced by law. Related scientific data might be published with restricted access only.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Hippiatric formularies established during the period of the Revolution].

Two hippiatric formularies established during the period of the Revolution are presented. The first one published in 1793, is a printed pamphlet of 8 pages, containing 68 drugs. The second one dated of january 1794 includes 26 items only, and consists in a unique chart entitled: Nomenclature des Drogues nécessaires au traitement des maladies internes et externes des chevaux malades qui sont aux armées et dans les différents dépôts de la République. This is of particular and new interest when it tentatively synthesizes and standardizes the main pharmaceutical products able of fighting farcy and glanders. After the first work carried out by Bourgelat around 1760, it confirms the necessity of reforming the ancient and often useless polypharmacy, by selecting efficient drugs and in advising about their relevant use.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diseases of unusual occupations: an historical perspective.

A compilation of conditions deemed unusual from previous eras serves to highlight now obsolete jobs and remind that even relatively prevalent occupational disorders of today will be viewed retrospectively as strange in the proximate future. Discussed are coal miners' nystagmus, scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps, phossy jaw, hatters' shakes, painters' colic, potters' rot, chauffeurs' knee, glanders, caisson disease, and others.

Europe↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification and differentiation of pathogenic Burkholderia].

In this review modern methods for the identification and differential diagnostics of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, recently included into the genus Burkholderia, are presented. The known phenotypic signs and genetic markers permitting the identification of two pathogenic microorganisms on the definite taxonomic level are described.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Considerations on the evolution of the concept of zoonoses].

The existence of diseases common to humans and animals has been known since the beginning of history. The disease transmission from animals to people was first observed on rabies ("the mother of all zoonoses") and later on in occupational diseases (anthrax, glanders, "mange"); in time, also certain food-borne infections were included in this category. The microbiological era has first brought along the concept of infection, then that of zoonoses, which has extended and now numbers some 200 infections. The World Health Organization has been interested in zoonoses since its foundation. Zoonoses represent an important issue for public health, fundamental in veterinary public health, whose functions are here listed. This discipline is concerned with all health problems associated with direct and indirect relationships between humans and animals, including also non-communicable ones. It has been proposed, therefore, to extend the term zoonoses as follows: "Any detriment to the health and/or quality of human life deriving from direct or indirect relationships with (other) vertebrate, or edible or toxic invertebrate animals". Contributors (e.g. Blancou) suggest to remove "edible or toxic "from the definition. Examples of zoonoses are provided according to the extended concept.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cross-reacting antigens of pathogenic Burkholderia and some dangerous causative agents of infectious diseases].

Cross-reacting antigens in B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were studied with the use of immuno- and electrophoretic techniques. The set of antigens was shown to be almost identical in the causative agents of glanders, melioidosis, as well as in B. thailandensis, though in the latter organism 200-kD glycoprotein was absent. The analysis of immuno- and proteinograms demonstrated the presence of cross-reactions in the representatives of the genus Burkholderia with the causative agents of plague, tularemia and tuberculosis, which served as the basis for making the scheme of their antigenic relationships. The use of immunosorption techniques with subsequent analysis of the preparations by means of the SDS polyacryl gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting made it possible to characterize cross-reacting antigens of the pathogenic microorganisms under study, to establish their molecular weights (81-15 kD) and to show that some detected antigens are analogous to B. pseudomallei outer membrane proteins (34 and 30 kD).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of infusoria Paramecium caudatum for the evaluation of the toxicity of antigens of different causative quarantine agents].

The results of the evaluation of the toxicity of bacterial antigens obtained from the causative agents of plaque, glanders, melioidosis, cholera on infusoria of the species P. caudatum, as well as on cell lines L-929, CHO K-1 and peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice, are presented. As revealed in this study, the method of toxicity determination on infusoria is similar in its sensitivity to the methods of testing on. CHO K-1 and L-929 cells, but the former is simpler, more available and permits the determination of toxic doses producing disturbances in the vital activity of the infusoria, but not leading to their death.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Sensitivity of Pseudomonas to currently used antibacterial drugs].

Sensitivity of 184 strains of four Preudomonas species that are of importance from the medical viewpoint was studied. It was shown that all the studied strains were resistant to cefazolin and ampicillin. Sulfomonomethoxine was active only against P. mallei. Gentamicin inhibited the growth of all the strains of P. mallei and 60 per cent of the strains of P. aeruginosa. Among the four studied strains, the causative agent of glanders was the least resistant to the chemotherapeutic drugs. Eleven out of the 16 studied drugs were active against P. mallei. The strains of P. pseudomallei, the organism causing melioidosis were sensitive to 6 drugs: ceftazidime, imipenem, doxycycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol and biseptol. The dime, ceftriaxone, cefsulodin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, piperacillin and imipenem. The strains of P. cepacia were the most resistant to all the chemotherapeutic drugs studied and only biseptol was active in the concentrations attained in blood of patients (MIC50 12.5 mg/l). 10 to 70 per cent of the strains were sensitive to ceftazidime, imipenem, doxycycline, minocycline and rifampicin. Therefore, imipenem and ceftazidime were the most active drugs with respect to the causative agents of pseudomonoses. Biseptol, doxycycline and minocycline are also worthy note.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Nature of Pseudomonas pseudomallei antigens common to some species of microorganisms].

An antigen, common for the infective agents of glanders , tularemia, plague, pseudotuberculosis, cholera and brucellosis, has been obtained from the aqueous saline extract of P. pseudomallei by means of affinity chromatography on antibody sorbent. The isolated antigen has proved to be of a protein-polysaccharide-lipid nature, to have insignificant cathode mobility and to constitute a component of O-antigen. It has also been found to be antigenically related to the tissues of melioidosis-sensitive animals and localized in the surface structure of the bacterial cell.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hypothesis on the Achean disease].

A hypothesis on the Achaean disease. Analyzing the text in the light of the modern medical knowledge, the article traces a profile of the mortal illness described in the first book of Homer's Iliad. The disease was a severe, acute epidemic zoonosis, rapidly bringing death. First, it affected mules and dogs, then it involved men; the infection spread quickly and the number of deaths was high. These elements suggest that the illness occurred among the Achaeans can be identified with glanders, an infectious disease affecting primarily mules and horses that can be transmitted to man by contact with these animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Biological warfare in the twentieth century: lessons from the past, challenges for the future.

Biological warfare and fear of biological warfare have affected our wars, our peace, and our research throughout this century. During World War I, animals were deliberately infected with glanders. During World War II, biowarfare research was carried out by Japan, Germany, England, and the United States. Japan carried out biological warfare attacks in China. England used biological warfare for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. In the 1950s and 1960s, Army researchers released bacteria over U.S. cities in biological warfare tests. The most frequent biological warfare terrorist episodes have been contamination of food and water. Although biological warfare can be very low tech, genetic engineering is capable of making biowarfare agents available in vast quantities. Biowarfare research should continue, but the National Institutes of Health should oversee human biological warfare research.

Biological Warfare↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A methodology for determining reservoirs of the causative agents of sapronoses].

Comparative ecological strategy for choosing the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, pseudotuberculosis and plague after McArthur [correction of Macartura] and Wilson were studied. The kinetic analysis of the populations of these bacilli in the steppe neocultured chestnut soil formed a basis of the study with the consideration of data on their growth and death in artificial culture media. To identify the types of selection, the authors defined the rate of growth, the level of population stabilization, the dependence of the object growth rate on their population density, the survival capacity under competitive conditions. The kinetic analysis indicated that the causative agents of melioidosis and pseudotuberculosis have all necessary potentials for active soil existence and this substrate may be considered to be their reservoir; the plague bacillus has no such potentials and the telluric theory of plague does not withstand experimental tests. It is concluded that to define a selection strategy may be regarded as a new guideline for studying and identifying the reservoirs of causative agents of sapronoses and infections with the supposed sources of non-animal origin.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1998

[A great Franco-Mauritian epidemiologist: Joseph Désiré Tholozan (1820-18970].

Born in 1820 from French parents in Diego Garcia, an islet then linked to Mauritius where he started in Port-Louis his school years, Joseph Désiré Tholozan was an original personality. He undertook medical studies in France (M. D. thesis, Paris, 1843) after having joined the military Health Service (1841) as a surgeon serving in various garrisons in the country and later at the Hospital of the Valde-Grâce in Paris (1849). Successful at the "agrégation" of Medicine in 1853, he later participated to the Crimean War (1854-1855) where he performed-interesting medical observations. In 1858, he was appointed personal physician to Nasreddin Shah and remained in Persia until his death in Teheran (1897) where he is buried. Tholozan published between 1847 and 1892 over fifty articles and books dealing chiefly with infectious pathology and epidemiology, written at a time when microbial etiology and specificity of such diseases were wholly unknown. He considered chiefly bubonic plague, studying as soon as 1871 the focus of the Iranian Kurdistan, a research which will be resumed by M. Baltazard and his collaborators between 1947 and 1971, i.e. a century later. He was also deeply interested by the "oriental" cholera of which he recalled masterly the history and geography in the Near and Middle East. He also performed, while in Crimea and Persia, personal observations on tuberculosis, diptheria, remittent fever, acrodynia and had studied in France in his early years various other diseases such as cutaneous staphylococcic infections, glanders, pulmonary haemorrhagies, etc. In Persia, he reorganized Public Health and medical teaching and educated many local physicians and surgeons. Being assured of the unlimited confidence of the Shah, he played an important cultural role, promoting French influence in Persia. Holder of many French and foreign decorations, Tholozan was Fellow of the French Academies of Sciences and Medicine. His name was given by Laboulbène to Ornithodoros tholozani, a tick vector of a recurrent fever (spirochetosis due to Borrelia persica), of which he had described both the symptoms and the vector in 1882.

Epidemiology↗
PubMed1997

Stable isotope ratios indicate diet and habitat use in New World monkeys.

This paper demonstrates the use of stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in animal tissue for indicating aspects of species behavioral strategy. We analyzed hair from individuals representing four species of New World monkeys (Alouatta palliata, the mantled howler; Ateles geoffroyi, the spider monkey; Cebus capucinus, the capuchin; and Brachyteles arachnoides, the woolly-spider monkey or muriqui) for delta 13C and delta 15N using previously developed methods. There are no significant differences in either carbon or nitrogen ratios between sexes, sampling year, or year of analysis. Seasonal differences in delta 13C reached a low level of significance but do not affect general patterns. Variation within species was similar to that recorded previously within single individuals. The omega 13C data show a bimodal distribution with significant difference between the means. The two monkey populations living in an evergreen forest were similar to each other and different from the other two monkey populations that inhabited dry, deciduous forests. This bimodal distribution is independent of any particular species' diet and reflects the level of leaf cover in the two types of forest. The delta 15N data display three significantly different modes. The omnivorous capuchins were most positive reflecting a trophic level offset. The spider monkeys and the muriquis were similar to one another and significantly more positive than the howlers. This distribution among totally herbivorous species correlates with the ingestion of legumes by the howler monkey population. In combination, these data indicate that museum-curated primate material can be analyzed to yield information on forest cover and diet in populations and species lacking behavioral data.

Animals↗