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PubMed2002

Impact odorants contributing to the fungus type aroma from grape berries contaminated by powdery mildew (Uncinula necator); incidence of enzymatic activities of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Powdery mildew due to the fungus Uncinula necator is an important disease for the vineyard. The development of the fungus at the surface of the berries leads to the occurrence of a very characteristic and sometimes intense mushroom-type odor cited as an important default for grapes quality. Gas chromatography/olfactometry, gas chromatography, and multidimensional gas chromatogaphy/mass spectrometry techniques were used to investigate the most important odorants of grapes diseased by powdery mildew. Among 22 odorants detected, strongly odorant compounds were identified or tentatively identified in purified extracts obtained from grapes diseased by powdery mildew. Aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA) analysis revealed that 1-octen-3-one (mushroom odor), (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (geranium-leaf odor), and an unidentified odorous zone (fishy-mushroom like odor) were the most potent volatiles of the diseased grapes. In the presence of nonproliferating Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells, and consequently during alcoholic fermentation, the enzymatic reduction of 1-octen-3-one and (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one to much less odorant compounds, namely 3-octanone and (Z)-5-octen-3-one, was shown. Those results explain to some extent the disappearance of the fungal aroma specific to powdery mildew grapes during alcoholic fermentation.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2002

Identification of potent odorants in different green tea varieties using flavor dilution technique.

Two kinds of pan-fired green teas (Japanese Kamairi-cha and Chinese Longing tea) were compared with the common Japanese green tea (Sen-cha). Application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) using the volatile fraction of the Sen-cha, Kamairi-cha and Longing tea infusions revealed 32, 51, and 52 odor-active peaks with flavor dilution factors between 16 and 1024, respectively. (Z)-1,5-Octadien-3-one (metallic, geranium-like), 4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone (meaty, black currant-like), methional (potato-like), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (cucumber-like), and 3-methylnonane-2,4-dione (green, fruity, hay-like) showed high flavor dilution factors in all varieties. In addition, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (nutty), 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (nutty), and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline (popcorn-like) belonged to the most potent odorants only in the pan-fired green teas. Among these odorants, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline were identified for the first time among the tea volatiles.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2005

Identification of potent odorants formed during the preparation of extruded potato snacks.

Extrusion cooking processing followed by air-drying has been applied to obtain low-fat potato snacks. Optimal parameters were developed for a dough recipe. Dough contained apart from potato granules 7% of canola oil, 1% of salt, 1% of baking powder, 5% of maltodextrin, and 15% of wheat flour. After the extrusion process, snacks were dried at 85 degrees C for 15 min followed by 130 degrees C for 45 min. The potent odorants of extruded potato snacks were identified using aroma extract dilution analysis and gas chromatography-olfactometry. Among the characteristic compounds, methional with boiled potato flavor, benzenemethanethiol with pepper-seed flavor, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline with popcorn flavor, benzacetaldehyde with strong flowery flavor, butanal with rancid flavor, and 2-acetylpyrazine with roasty flavor were considered to be the main contributors to the aroma of extruded potato snacks. Several compounds were concluded to be developed during extrusion cooking, such as ethanol, 3-methylbutanal, (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one with geranium flavor, and unknown ones with the flavor of boiled potato, cumin, candy, or parsley root. Compounds such as methanethiol, 2,3-pentanedione, limonene, 2-acetylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone, 2-methyl-3,5-diethylpyrazine, 5-methyl-2,3-diethylpyrazine, and (E)-beta-damascenone were probably developed during air-drying of the potato extrudate.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Bioactivity of anacardic acid against colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae.

Anacardic acid (2-hydroxy-6-alkylbenzoic acid) produced and secreted from glandular trichomes of zonal geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum; Geraniaceae family) provides resistance to small pests (aphids and spider mites). To assess the potential bioactivity of anacardic acid against larger insect pests and to determine if an alternate mode of application (ingestion rather than the topical application) could impart resistance to pests, the effects of anacardic acid consumption on the development of Colorado potato beetle larvae were tested. Analysis of dose-response curves indicated a significant effect on weight gain and mortality. Assessment of food preference (treated versus untreated) indicated larvae avoid food containing anacardic acid and have a lower feeding rate on food containing anacardic acid. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that anacardic acid, applied as a chemical spray or through bioengineering production in crop plants, may provide a new tool in the arsenal to minimize damage to plants caused by pests.

Anacardic Acids↗
PubMed1999

Structure elucidation, enantioselective analysis, and biogenesis of nerol oxide in Pelargonium species.

A novel enantioselective synthesis of nerol oxide (3, 6-dihydro-4-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-2H-pyran) was used for the determination of the absolute configuration at C-2. The order of elution of the enantiomers on octakis-(2, 3-di-O-butyryl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin in OV 1701-vi as the chiral stationary phase in enantioselective GC was determined as (2R) before (2S). Enantioselective multidimensional GC/MS (enantio-MDGC/MS) was used for the determination of the enantiomeric ratios of nerol oxide in different geranium oils. As a result, in all investigated oils nerol oxide occurs as a racemate. The biogenesis of nerol oxide in Pelargonium species was investigated by feeding experiments using deuterium-labeled neryl glucoside as the precursor. The Pelargonium plants were able to convert the fed precursor into racemic nerol oxide, which has to be considered as a "natural racemate".

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of vetiver oil and seven insect-active essential oils against the Formosan subterranean termite.

Repellency and toxicity of 8 essential oils (vetiver grass, cassia leaf, clove bud, cedarwood, Eucalyptus globules, Eucalyptus citrodora, lemongrass and geranium) were evaluated against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Vetiver oil proved the most effective repellent because of its long-lasting activity. Clove bud was the most toxic, killing 100% of termites in 2 days at 50 micrograms/cm2. The tunneling response of termites to vetiver oil also was examined. Vetiver oil decreased termite tunneling activity at concentrations as low as 5 micrograms/g sand. Tunneling and paper consumption were not observed when vetiver oil concentrations were higher than 25 micrograms/g sand. Bioactivity of the 8 oils against termites and chemical volatility were inversely associated. Listed in decreasing order of volatility, the major constituents of the 8 oils were: eucalyptol, citronellal, citral, citronellol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thujopsene, and both alpha- and beta-vetivone. Vetivor oil is a promising novel termiticide with reduced environmental impact for use against subterranean termites.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part II).

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of responses to selected fragrance materials in patients who were fragrance sensitive. 178 patients were evaluated in 8 centers worldwide with a fragrance mix (FM) and 20 other fragrance materials. Reaction to the fragrance mixture (FM) occurred in 78.7% of the subjects. Substances reacting at a rate of 2% or higher included jasmine absolute, geranium oil bourbon, l-citronellol, spearmint oil, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran, omega-6-hexadecenlactone, dimethyltetrahydrobenzaldehyde (isomer mixture), and alpha-amylcinnamaldehyde. These chemicals should be furthur evaluated to corroborate their allergenicity. We are constantly looking for new fragrance allergens to extend the diagnostic capability of the fragrance mix (FM).

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.

The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Antimicrobial activity of Pelargonium essential oils added to a quiche filling as a model food system.

Eight essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the scented leaves of Pelargonium species and cultivars were added at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm to a quiche filling, inoculated with either Saccharomyces ludwigii or Zygosaccharomyces bailii (at 10(8) cfu g-1), Salmonella enteriditis or Listeria innocua (at 10(9) cfu g-1). The quiche fillings were then kept at 25 degrees C for 24 h and the residual number of micro-organisms determined using the pour plate technique. There was an effective antimicrobial activity by the Pelargonium essential oils at 250 ppm, comparable with that of commercial thyme oil, an excellent antimicrobial agent, against Saccharomyces ludwigii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and a lesser inhibition compared with commercial thyme against Salm, enteriditis. There was a greater diversity of activity against L. innocua, which was in some cases more effective than commercial thyme oil. At 500 ppm, there was a greatly increased inhibition of microbial growth using the Pelargonium essential oils, which was comparable with that of commercial thyme, clove, geranium and coriander oils. As there is no evidence for the toxicity of any of these novel Pelargonium oils, and their odour does not make the delicately flavoured quiche filling unpalatable, there is a strong potential for their use in food processing.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2001

Bioindication of heavy metals with aquatic macrophytes: the case of a stream polluted with power plant sewages in Poland.

The Kozi Brod (left tributary of the Biala Przemsza, east of Katowice) flows in a highly industrial coal-mining area dominated by the power plant of Siersza. Concentrations of the microelements nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), barium (Ba), aluminum (Al), vanadium (V), and strontium (Sr), as well as the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and sulfur (S), were measured in water and plants of the Kozi Brod. The collected plants were: Myosotis palustris L. Nathorst, Galium palustre L., Mentha rotundifolia L. Huds., Mentha aquatica L., Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville, Cardamine amara L., Epilobium angustifolium L., Geranium palustre L., Lysimachia vulgaris L., Crepis paludosa L. Much., Calitriche verna L., Solanum dulcamara L., and the aquatic moss Hygrohypnum ochraceum (Turn.) Loesk. These plants were used to evaluate the spatial distribution of elements in the Kozi Brod and contained elevated levels of Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, Mn, Al, Pb, and Cu. Significant correlations between concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Mn in water and plants indicate the potential of these species for pollution monitoring.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed2003

Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils.

BACKGROUND: In aromatherapy, essential oils are used as anti-inflammatory remedies, but experimental studies on their action mechanisms are very limited. AIMS: To assess their anti-inflammatory activities, effects of essential oils on neutrophil activation were examined in vitro. METHODS: Neutrophil activation was measured by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced adherence reaction of human peripheral neutrophils. RESULTS: All essential oils tested at 0.1% concentration suppressed TNF-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence,and, in particular, lemongrass, geranium and spearmint oils clearly lowered the reaction even at 0.0125%. Similar inhibitory activities for the neutrophil adherence were obtained by their major constituent terpenoids: citral, geraniol, citronellol and carvone. In contrast, very popular essential oils, tea tree oil and lavender oil, did not display the inhibitory activity at the concentration. CONCLUSION: Thus, some essential oils used as antiinflammatory remedies suppress neutrophil activation by TNF-alpha at a low concentration (0.0125-0.025 %) in vitro.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2006

Identification of open reading frames unique to a select agent: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.

An 8x draft genome was obtained and annotated for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2) strain UW551, a United States Department of Agriculture Select Agent isolated from geranium. The draft UW551 genome consisted of 80,169 reads resulting in 582 contigs containing 5,925,491 base pairs, with an average 64.5% GC content. Annotation revealed a predicted 4,454 protein coding open reading frames (ORFs), 43 tRNAs, and 5 rRNAs; 2,793 (or 62%) of the ORFs had a functional assignment. The UW551 genome was compared with the published genome of R. solanacearum race 1 biovar 3 tropical tomato strain GMI1000. The two phylogenetically distinct strains were at least 71% syntenic in gene organization. Most genes encoding known pathogenicity determinants, including predicted type III secreted effectors, appeared to be common to both strains. A total of 402 unique UW551 ORFs were identified, none of which had a best hit or >45% amino acid sequence identity with any R. solanacearum predicted protein; 16 had strong (E < 10(-13)) best hits to ORFs found in other bacterial plant pathogens. Many of the 402 unique genes were clustered, including 5 found in the hrp region and 38 contiguous, potential prophage genes. Conservation of some UW551 unique genes among R3B2 strains was examined by polymerase chain reaction among a group of 58 strains from different races and biovars, resulting in the identification of genes that may be potentially useful for diagnostic detection and identification of R3B2 strains. One 22-kb region that appears to be present in GMI1000 as a result of horizontal gene transfer is absent from UW551 and encodes enzymes that likely are essential for utilization of the three sugar alcohols that distinguish biovars 3 and 4 from biovars 1 and 2.

Arginine↗
PubMed2000

Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein and unusual acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase activities are differentially influenced by ferredoxin.

Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturases function to position a single double bond into an acyl-ACP substrate and are best represented by the ubiquitous Delta9 18:0-ACP desaturase. Several variant acyl-ACP desaturases have also been identified from species that produce unusual monoenoic fatty acids. All known acyl-ACP desaturase enzymes use ferredoxin as the electron-donating cofactor, and in almost all previous studies the photosynthetic form of ferredoxin rather than the non-photosynthetic form has been used to assess activity. We have examined the influence of different forms of ferredoxin on acyl-ACP desaturases. Using combinations of in vitro acyl-ACP desaturase assays and [(14)C]malonyl-coenzyme A labeling studies, we have determined that heterotrophic ferredoxin isoforms support up to 20-fold higher unusual acyl-ACP desaturase activity in coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Thunbergia alata, and garden geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) when compared with photosynthetic ferredoxin isoforms. Heterotrophic ferredoxin also increases activity of the ubiquitous Delta9 18:0-ACP desaturase 1.5- to 3.0-fold in both seed and leaf extracts. These results suggest that ferredoxin isoforms may specifically interact with acyl-ACP desaturases to achieve optimal enzyme activity and that heterotrophic isoforms of ferredoxin may be the in vivo electron donor for this reaction.

Acyl Carrier Protein↗
PubMed1982

Metabolism of l-Threonic Acid in Rumex x acutus L. and Pelargonium crispum (L.) L'Hér.

l-Threonic acid is a natural constituent in leaves of Pelargonium crispum (L.) L'Hér (lemon geranium) and Rumex x acutus L. (sorrel). In both species, l-[(14)C]threonate is formed after feeding l-[U-(14)C]ascorbic acid to detached leaves. R. acutus leaves labeled with l-[4-(3)H]- or l-[6-(3)H]ascorbic acid produce l-[(3)H]threonate, in the first case internally labeled and in the second case confined to the hydroxymethyl group. These results are consistent with the formation of l-threonate from carbons three through six of l-ascorbic acid. Detached leaves of P. crispum oxidize l-[U-(14)C] threonate to l-[(14)C]tartrate whereas leaves of R. acutus produce negligible tartrate and the bulk of the (14)C appears in (14)CO(2), [(14)C]sucrose, and other products of carbohydrate metabolism. R. acutus leaves that are labeled with l-[U-(14)C]threonate release (14)CO(2) at linear rate until a limiting value of 25% of the total [U-(14)C]threonate is metabolized. A small quantity of [(14)C]glycerate is also produced which suggests a process involving decarboxylation of l-[U-(14)C]threonate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Loss of Hydrogen from Carbon 5 of d-Glucose during Conversion of d-[5-H,6-C]Glucose to l-Ascorbic Acid in Pelargonium crispum (L.) L'Hér.

Conversion of d-[5-(3)H,6-(14)C]glucose to l-ascorbic acid in detached apices of Pelargonium crispum (L.) L'Hér cv Prince Rupert (lemon geranium) was accompanied by complete loss of tritium in the product. Chemical degradation of d-glucose which was recovered from the labeled apices yielded d-glyceric acid (corresponding to carbons 4, 5, and 6 of glucose) with a (3)H:(14)C ratio of 4 to be compared with 9, the ratio in d-[5-(3)H,6-(14)C]glucose initially. Conversion of d-[6-(3)H,6-(14)C]glucose in the same tissue was accompanied by retention of tritium in l-ascorbic acid with a (3)H:(14)C ratio comparable to that of compounds from the hexose pool. Results indicate that during l-ascorbic acid biosynthesis from glucose in Pelargonium crispum hydrogen at carbon 5 undergoes exchange with the medium, suggesting an epimerization at this carbon atom.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Sensitive and specific detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii with DNA primers and probes identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

The random amplified polymorphic DNA method was used to distinguish strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii from 21 other Xanthomonas species and/or pathovars. Among the 42 arbitrarily chosen primers evaluated, 3 were found to reveal diagnostic polymorphisms when purified DNAs from compared strains were amplified by the PCR. The three primers revealed DNA amplification patterns which were conserved among all 53 strains tested of X. campestris pv. pelargonii isolated from various locations worldwide. The distinctive X. compestris pv. pelargonii patterns were clearly different from those obtained with any of 46 other Xanthomonas strains tested. An amplified 1.2-kb DNA fragment, apparently unique to X. campestris pv. pelargonii by these random amplified polymorphic DNA tests, was cloned and evaluated as a diagnostic DNA probe. It hybridized with total DNA from all 53 X. campestris pv. pelargonii strains tested and not with any of the 46 other Xanthomonas strains tested. The DNA sequence of the terminal ends of this 1.2-kb fragment was obtained and used to design a pair of 18-mer oligonucleotide primers specific for X. campestris pv. pelargonii. The custom-synthesized primers amplified the same 1.2-kb DNA fragment from all 53 X. campestris pv. pelargonii strains tested and failed to amplify DNA from any of the 46 other Xanthomonas strains tested. DNA isolated from saprophytes associated with the geranium plant also did not produce amplified DNA with these primers. The sensitivity of the PCR assay using the custom-synthesized primers was between 10 and 50 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Plants and hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action.

However great the success in the therapy of hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease has been gained today by recent efficient drugs, the definite healing of patients is not yet attained. The late discovery of reserpine, such an efficient drug of plant origin against hypertension, convinced so far reluctant scientists to consider the chemical compounds of the plant world. With respect to this traditional medical knowledge, it seems necessary to define more accurately the specificity of these healings-sometimes recommended unspecifically for a whole branch of medicine. This experimental verification should not use inconsiderately the present-day classification of diseases; there should be an awareness that conventional experimental methods in pharmacology are often unsuitable for revealing the real biological activity of one or another medicinal plant. The interest in the millennial empirical field of health care is acknowledged by the World Health Organization which promotes research and development of traditional medicine, along with investigations into its psychosocial and ethnographic aspects. These studies cover a number of plants growing in Bulgaria that have a healing effect in hypertension, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease according to the data of traditional medicine. Using screening methods, extracts and chemically pure substances were investigated; extraction was done with solvents such as water, ether, chloroform, dichloretan, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Most of the experiments were carried out on anesthetized cats, rabbits and dogs. The substances tested were applied mainly intravenously, and in some experiments orally. Chronic experiments were also carried out on wakeful dogs with induced hypertension, on animals fed on an atherogenic diet, and on animals with induced arrhythmia and coronary spasm. Data are presented of clinical examination of some plants or of active substances isolated from them. Major results of these studies are presented for the following plants: Garlic, Geranium; Hellebore; Mistletoe; Olive; Valerian; Hawthorn; Pseucedanum arenarium; Periwinkle; Fumitory. For another 50 plants growing in Bulgaria and in other countries the author presents his and other investigators' experimental and clinical data about hypotensive, antiatheromatous and coronarodilatating action.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Atrial natriuretic peptides are present throughout the plant kingdom and enhance solute flow in plants.

The present investigation was designed to 1) determine if atrial natriuretic-like peptides are present throughout the plant kingdom and 2) to determine if these peptides increase the flow of solute and/or water upward to leaves and flowers of plants. The 126-amino acid prohormone of atrial natriuretic factor (proANF)-(1-30), proANF-(31-67), and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-like peptides were present in the roots, stems, leaves, and flower petals of the more highly developed plants (Tracheophyta), with their highest concentrations being: Florida beauty > buddhist pine > Boston fern > rose = geranium = resurrection plant or club moss > Moses-in-the-cradle > Florida coontie. These peptides were also present in Bryophata (plants without vascular tissue or roots) and even in Euglena, flagellated chlorophyll-containing plants without leaves, stems, or roots. proANF-(1-30), proANF-(31-67), and proANF-(79-98) but not ANF (each at < 5.9 pg/ml) significantly increased (P < 0.001) the flow of colored water up stems, coloring their flowers 15-35 min earlier than the other one-half of the same flowers without exogenous peptide addition. These same peptides increased the rate of transpiration (i.e., loss of water from the leaves) and the absorption of solutions. High-performance gel permeation chromatography revealed that proANF-(1-30), proANF-(31-67), and ANF extracted from plants are very similar to their pure synthetic human sequences, with elution profiles and molecular weights of the plant extracts duplicating those of the pure synthetic peptides.

Atrial Natriuretic Factor↗