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PubMed1986

Renal amyloidosis. Evaluation by gallium imaging.

A study has been performed to evaluate the efficacy of gallium imaging in the detection of renal amyloidosis. Ten of the 11 patients who had biopsy-proven renal amyloidosis demonstrated marked uptake in both kidneys. One patient revealed moderate gallium uptake in his kidneys. None of the patients had underlying renal or extrarenal pathology other than amyloidosis, which could account for renal gallium uptake (renal infection, neoplasm, hepatic failure or frequent blood transfusions). Four patients also had extrarenal foci of abnormal gallium uptake, suggesting other sites of amyloid deposits. Our data strongly suggest that gallium imaging has a high sensitivity for detection of renal amyloidosis. Its specificity is enhanced significantly by careful review of the clinical history to exclude other known causes of renal gallium uptake. Potentially, gallium imaging may be used to monitor the progress of patients under experimental therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Technetium-99m DTPA aerosol and gallium scanning in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

In 11 non-smoking AIDS patients suspected of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), the results of Tc-99m DTPA aerosol clearances, gallium scans, and arterial blood gases were compared with those of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Nine patients had PCP. All had increased clearances five times higher than the normal (5.6 +/- 2.3% X min-1 vs 1.1 +/- 0.34% X min-1, N = 10, P less than 0.001), suggesting an increased alveolar permeability. Gallium scans were abnormal in six patients but normal or slightly abnormal in the three others. Four of these nine patients had normal chest x-rays. In two of these the gallium scan was abnormal, but in the two others, only the increased Tc-99m DTPA clearances showed evidence of lung disease. Two patients had normal BAL, with normal clearances and gallium scans. Four out of the nine patients with PCP were studied after treatment. Three recovered and had normal clearance and gallium scans. One still had PCP with increased clearance but normal gallium scan. Gallium scanning and Tc-99m DTPA clearance are useful for detecting lung disease in AIDS patients with suspected PCP and for prompting BAL when chest x-rays and PaO2 levels are normal. Due to its high sensitivity, a normal Tc-99m DTPA clearance could avoid BAL.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

SPECT gallium-67 scanning in early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Failure of scanning abnormalities to correlate with immunologic staging.

The use of gallium scanning in the treatment of patients with AIDS has been well described. In this study, 27 HIV-infected patients (Walter Reed Staging Classification I-V) with normal chest roentgenograms were evaluated to determine the occurrence of thoracic gallium abnormalities in early HIV infection. SPECT was used for gallium scanning. Patients received gallium injection on day 1 and bronchoalveolar lavage on day 2, and scanning was performed on day 3. Twenty-eight scans in 27 patients were performed. Mean nodal SPECT activity was compared with corresponding values for lung parenchyma, bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts, and peripheral blood T4 lymphocyte counts. No relationship between nodal and parenchymal activity and cell counts was observed. Although visual scan interpretation was unaffected, gallium activity was significantly increased in the region of bronchoalveolar lavage compared with uptake in other lung regions. It is concluded that SPECT gallium scanning demonstrates significant gallium avidity in recently lavaged lung areas, although no impact on visual scan interpretation was seen. Further, no correlation was seen between the degree of nodal uptake and the immunologic status of these patients with early HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sites of tuberculous involvement in patients with AIDS. Autopsy findings and evaluation of gallium imaging.

The purpose of this study was to review autopsy and gallium scan findings in two different acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient populations who had a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) to identify organs involved and accuracy of clinical diagnosis. The first group was comprised of 29 autopsies between January 1982 and December 1994, including only 18 patients who were diagnosed before death. Organs most commonly involved were the lymph nodes (59%), lungs (56%), spleen (53%), liver (45%), and kidneys (37%). Other opportunistic infections were present in 18 (59%) of autopsies, with more than one opportunistic infection present in 11 (37%) of the autopsies. Lungs were involved in 79% of all autopsies. The second population group included 94 patients with AIDS with a proven diagnosis of TB, only 24 of whom had gallium scans in the period between January 1992 and December 1994. Chest x-ray results were negative in 4 patients (17%); gallium scan results were positive in 16 patients (66%). The reasons for false-negative gallium scan results were due to anti-tuberculous treatment for periods varying from 2-21 months in 7 patients or the presence of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The sites of TB involvement in the chest were: lung parenchyma in 5 patients (19%, 4 in mid and lower lung, and 1 in upper fields). There was lymph node involvement in all 16 patients (24 locations with mediastinal involvement in 23%, supraclavicular 23%, axillary 11%, retroperitoneal 11%, and inguinal region in 4%. We conclude that (1) tuberculosis in patients with AIDS behaves similar to primary tuberculosis; (2) the combination of chest x-ray and gallium imaging is sensitive for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with AIDS; (3) the involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes in gallium scans in the presence or absence of chest x-ray abnormalities should raise the possibility of TB involvement in patients with human immunodeficiency virus; (4) anti-TB treatment decreases the sensitivity of gallium scan.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of gallium-67 scanning in pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

Gallium-67 scans have been widely employed in patients with sarcoidosis as a means of indicating alveolitis and the need for corticosteroid therapy. Observation of 32 patients followed 3 or more years after gallium scans showed no correlation between findings and later course: of 10 patients with pulmonary uptake, 7 recovered with minor residuals; of 18 patients with mediastinal of extrathoracic uptake, 10 had persistent or progressive disease; of 4 patients with negative initial scans, 2 had later progression. The value of gallium-67 scans as an aid to diagnosis was studied in 40 patients with extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. In 12 patients, abnormal lacrimal, nodal, or pulmonary uptake aided in selection of biopsy sites. Gallium-67 scans and serum ACE levels were compared in 97 patients as indices of clinical activity. Abnormal gallium-67 uptake was observed in 96.3% of the tests in active disease, and ACE level elevation occurred in 56.3%. In 24 patients with inactive or recovered disease, abnormal gallium-67 uptake occurred in 62.5% and ACE level elevation in 37.5%. Gallium-67 scans have a limited but valuable role in the diagnosis and management of sarcoidosis.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1994

Pulmonary mycobacterial infections in AIDS: characteristic pattern of thallium and gallium scan mismatch.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic specificity of thallium and gallium scan mismatch as a sign of mycobacterial infection in immunodeficient patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thallium and gallium scans obtained in 56 immunodeficient patients between January 1989 and March 1994 were retrospectively reviewed, with special attention to the final diagnoses in all patients with thallium-gallium scan mismatch compared with those whose scans showed other scintigraphic patterns. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had focal gallium uptake, but no thallium uptake, in the mediastinum and hilar nodes (thallium-gallium mismatch). Twelve of the 14 had culture-proved mycobacterial infections; one had cryptococcal infection; and in one, the diagnosis was not established. Thirty-seven of the remaining 42 patients who had different scintigraphic patterns on thallium-gallium scans had other complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome such as Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and bacterial pneumonia. The diagnosis in five of the 42 patients was not known because follow-up data were incomplete. CONCLUSION: The thallium-gallium mismatch pattern in immunodeficient patients is specific for mycobacterial infection.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1999

A phase II trial of gallium nitrate in patients with androgen-metastatic prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Due to in vitro data suggesting antitumor activity with gallium nitrate, we sought to evaluate the safety and activity in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. METHOD: Patients were eligible for this study if they had an ECOG performance status of < or = 2, stage D2 metastatic prostate cancer that was progressing following combined androgen ablation (medical or surgical castration plus antiandrogen) and had failed antiandrogen withdrawal. Therapy consisted of gallium nitrate (200 mg/m(2)/day) as a continuous infusion for 7 days, administered every 21 days, with hydration (100 ml/m(2)/h). Individuals that had previously received suramin were treated at a dose of 150 mg/m(2)/day of gallium nitrate. RESULTS: Eight patients were enrolled: 4 patients at the 200 mg/m(2)/day dose level and 4 patients at the lower dosage (150 mg/m(2)/day). One of 8 patients had a >75% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 3 patients had stable PSA values for 17, 18 and 22 weeks, and 4 patients had progression by PSA (>50% increase over baseline). Anemia requiring transfusion occurred in 5 of 8 patients (63%). Two patients (25%) developed grade 4 toxicity: 1 patient developed complete blindness with partial reversal over 12 months, and another patient had pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxemia, and fever. Serious adverse events were not correlated to prior suramin exposure, or gallium plasma concentrations (total or free), but appeared to be related to cumulative cycles of gallium nitrate. Remaining adverse events were grade 1 or 2. No patients developed renal or neurological toxicity. CONCLUSION: This trial was prematurely terminated because repeated administration of gallium nitrate was poorly tolerated in an elderly population with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Gallium had modest clinical activity in this disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Gallium scans in patients with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease treated with chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To determine the predictive value of gallium scans in patients with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease treated with chemotherapy or combined modality treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of 48 patients with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease treated with chemotherapy or combined modality therapy. Patients were monitored with whole-body planar scans (34 patients) or chest single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) plus planar abdominal imaging studies (14 patients). Scans were performed at diagnosis, following three to eight cycles of chemotherapy, and after the end of treatment. The value of gallium scans in modifying treatment and predicting outcome was assessed. RESULTS: All patients studied at the time of diagnosis had abnormal gallium accumulation in the mediastinum. After chemotherapy, four patients had residual mediastinal activity; two patients with persistent activity on planar scans failed to enter remission and died of disease; two other patients with abnormal activity only seen on SPECT had therapy modified and remain in remission. After chemotherapy, 44 patients had a normal gallium scan. Twelve patients with negative scans relapsed, including nine patients with recurrence above the diaphragm. CONCLUSION: The use of gallium scans after several courses of chemotherapy resulted in a modification of treatment in four patients, including two patients who are apparently cured. However, after negative scans, 20% of patients relapsed above the diaphragm. These results suggest that gallium imaging, including SPECT, is of limited value in predicting disease sterilization, although the number of patients studied with SPECT was small. At present, the major value of gallium scans is to identify patients who may benefit from a modification of treatment.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1997

Phase II randomized trial of gallium nitrate plus fluorouracil versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with advanced transitional-cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: A phase II randomized trial of gallium nitrate/fluorouracil (5-FU) versus dose-intense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M-VAC) was performed in poor-risk patients with advanced urothelial tract tumors. The efficacy and toxicity of these regimens were compared. Assessment of dose-intense M-VAC as salvage treatment in patients who failed to respond to the gallium nitrate/5-FU regimen was also performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients who had not received prior systemic chemotherapy were randomized to either arm of the study. All patients had one or more clinical features predicting a low likelihood of durable complete response to standard chemotherapy, ie, weight loss, visceral metastases, and low performance status. Gallium nitrate and 5-FU were each administered by continuous 5-day infusions every 28 days. M-VAC was recycled every 21 days, with prophylactic recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rh-G-CSF). RESULTS: Two of 17 patients (12%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4% to 36.4%) had a major response to gallium nitrate/5-FU. Sixteen of 17 patients treated with M-VAC (94%; 95% CI, 71.3% to 99.8%) demonstrated a major response. Five of 12 patients who failed to respond to the gallium nitrate/5-FU combination responded to M-VAC as second-line therapy (42%; 95% CI, 15.2% to 72.3%). Median survival for the gallium nitrate and 5-FU arm was 19 versus 17 months for the M-VAC arm, with a median follow-up duration of 35 months (range, 2 to 51) for all patients. Dose-intense M-VAC was associated with a greater incidence of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION: Dose-intense M-VAC is superior to gallium nitrate/5-FU in poor-risk patients (P < .0001). Despite the overall high response rate, the median survival for patients with M-VAC remained unsatisfactory. Similar survival distributions were observed for patients who received investigational therapy followed by cisplatin-based therapy and patients treated with initial cisplatin-based therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Tomographic gallium-67 citrate scanning: useful new surveillance for metastatic melanoma.

Conventional gallium scans are not useful to evaluate patients with metastatic melanoma. We evaluated a new method of tomographic gallium imaging. One hundred fourteen tomographic scans were obtained in a prospective surveillance study of 67 patients over a 3-year period. Scans were evaluated and compared to findings of independent clinical evaluations. Sensitivity of gallium identification of tumor involving peripheral lymph nodes and soft tissues, abdomen, mediastinum, and osseous sites was 68% to 100%; overall sensitivity of this technique is 82% with specificity of 99% in 570 organ system assessments. Analysis of discordant findings when a site was clinically occult but gallium-positive showed gallium uptake to be true-positive in six of seven lymphatic sites, three of three lung and mediastinal sites, six of six abdominal sites, but in no brain or bone sites. Gallium lesions identified by computed tomographic scans proved to be false-positive at one lymphatic and one bone site, and false-negative at four otherwise clinically evident lymph node and soft tissue sites, seven pulmonary sites, and four brain sites. Gallium tomographic scanning provides a composite assessment of melanoma and may eliminate the need for other studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation on the cytotoxicity of Gallium alloy by MTT-assay].

OBJECTIVE: To test the cytotoxicity of Gallium alloy, a new mercury-free dental restorative material. METHODS: L-929 mouse fibroblasts were used to detect the cell relative proliferation rate of Gallium alloy and high-copper amalgam by MTT-assay. RESULTS: The results indecated that the relative growth rate induced by Gallium alloy was high (93.0% +/- 4.9% 2ds, 102.0% +/- 3.5% 4ds, 107.2% +/- 4.2% 7ds), and the cytotoxicity of Gallium alloy was 0 grade according to the Test Standard of Shanghai Medical Biomaterial, meaning Gallium alloy had no significant cytotoxicity and the relative growth rate of Gallium alloy was higher than that of high-copper amalgam. The high-copper amalgam showed medium cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Gallium alloy has no significant cytotoxicity.

Alloys↗
PubMed1991

Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by gallium in murine leukemic L1210 cells.

Our previous studies of the mechanism of cell growth inhibition by gallium have suggested that the block in cellular iron uptake induced by transferrin-gallium results in an inhibition of the iron-dependent M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. However, it is not known whether the inhibitory effect of gallium on ribonucleotide reductase is solely the result of limiting iron availability for enzyme activity or whether a direct effect of intracellular gallium on the enzyme is also involved. In the present study, utilizing a cell-free assay, we show that gallium nitrate directly inhibits CDP and ADP reductase activity. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by gallium nitrate thus appears to be due to a combination of a block in iron availability to ribonucleotide reductase and a direct inhibition of the enzyme by gallium.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Development of drug resistance to gallium nitrate through modulation of cellular iron uptake.

We have shown that transferrin-gallium (Tf-Ga) blocks DNA synthesis through inhibition of cellular iron incorporation and a diminution in the activity of the iron-dependent M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. To examine the mechanisms of drug resistance to gallium, we developed a subline of HL60 cells (R cells) which is 29-fold more resistant to growth inhibition by gallium nitrate than the parent line (S cells). R cells displayed a 2.5-fold increase in transferrin (Tf) receptor expression, without a change in receptor affinity for Tf. The uptake and release of 67Ga were similar for both S and R cells. The uptake of 59Fe-Tf by S cells was inhibited by gallium nitrate over 24-48 h of incubation. In contrast, 59Fe-Tf uptake by R cells, although initially inhibited by gallium nitrate at 24 h, was no longer inhibited at 48 h of incubation. 59FeCl3 uptake by R cells was significantly greater than that of S cells, regardless of the time in culture. Despite the increase in 59Fe uptake by R cells, the ferritin content of these cells was lower than that of S cells. The ribonucleotide reductase electron spin resonance signal of R cells was comparable to that of S cells. R cells were not cross-resistant to Adriamycin, vincristine, cis-platinum or hydroxyurea. Resistance to gallium nitrate in this subline of HL60 cells results primarily from the ability of cells to overcome the gallium-induced block in iron incorporation. In addition, intracellular iron in R cells appears to traffic preferentially to a non-ferritin compartment.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1990

[The role of gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in gastro-intestinal malignant lymphoma].

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of gallium-67 scintigraphy in the detection of the gastrointestinal (GI) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and in the assessment of the therapeutic effects, gallium-67 scintigraphy was reviewed on 24 cases (25 lesions; stomach in 20, ileum in 2, and terminal ileum and/or cecum in 3). Twenty-three out of the 25 lesions (92.0%) were detected by gallium-67 scintigraphy, while barium study could detect all of the 25 lesions. The sizes of the gallium-67 negative 2 lesions were the smallest of all (2.5 and 3.0 cm). The tumor size was considered to the most important factor in the detection by gallium-67 scintigraphy, while the histological classification and the location of the tumor were not related to its detectability. Findings in follow-up gallium-67 scintigraphy after therapy on 10 cases were correlated well with the therapeutic effects. These data suggest that gallium-67 scintigraphy is useful for the detection of GI involvement of NHL and for the assessment of therapeutic effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on newly improved gallium alloy as dental restorative material, by addition of SiC whisker and titanium powder].

Studies on new gallium alloy using liquid alloy of Ga-Sn-In which was stable at room temperature and with Ag-Sn-Cu-Pd-Zn alloy as powder, were undertaken. Two kinds of gallium alloy by addition of SiC whisker and titanium powder were made on an experimental basis for the purpose of improving the property of this alloy (reinforced alloy). Physical properties such as compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, dimensional change and chemical properties such as discoloration, corrosion, quantitative analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma were measured. Furthermore breakage surface of alloy after tensile test was observed with SEM. The effect of adding SiC whisker and titanium powder to gallium alloy was discussed and the conclusions were as follows; 1) Compressive strength: Initial strength decreased due to addition of SiC whisker and titanium powder. However, it showed a tendency to increase as time elapsed. It approached the same degree of compressive strength after 7 days. 2) Diametral tensile strength: The best results were obtained by addition of 1% SiC whisker to gallium alloy and the optimum trituration time was 13 seconds in this study. 3) Dimensional change: Expansion in the dimensional change was observed in all testing groups which was slightly over the limitation of ISO and ADA No.1 specification. 4) Discoloration: In the case with addition of titanium powder to gallium alloy, an improvement of discoloration was manifested in artificial saliva and 1% NaS, especially prominent in the former. The favorable results were obtained by addition of 10% titanium powder to gallium alloy for discoloration tolerance. 5) Corrosion: The corrosion was low in four kinds of test immersion liquid. The best results were obtained by addition of 10% titanium powder to gallium alloy. 6) Quantitative analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma: The examined amount of Zn dissolved out from core composition was decreased due to addition of titanium powder. An improvement of amount in dissolution of Ga, Sn and In from matrix was recognized. 7) In physical and chemical experiment's results, it was judged that the addition of 0.5-0.7% SiC whisker and 5-10% titanium powder was useful.

Copper↗
PubMed1987

[Analysis by broncho-alveolar lavage of the pulmonary uptake of gallium 67 in idiopathic diffuse interstitial fibrosis and sarcoidosis].

The pulmonary fixation of Gallium 67 has been studied by broncho-alveolar lavage (LBA) in a group of 10 cases of stage II pulmonary sarcoid, proven histologically, and in a group of 11 cases of idiopathic diffuse interstitial fibrosis (FID). The pulmonary activity of Gallium 67 was measured in vitro in a quantitative manner on a centrifuged clump and a supernatant of LBA as well as on the serum and in vivo in a semi-quantitative manner by the Line index. The alveolar Gallium activity has been correlated with different cytological and biochemical parameters of the lavage liquid. There was a narrow correlation in the serum between the Gallium 67 activity and the level of circulating transferrin. The fixation of Gallium in the cellular clump of LBA depends on the number of macrophages present in the clump and the total available radioactivity. The macrophages of the sarcoid and fibrosis cases picked up the gallium in a similar fashion, with an affinity all the more important as the total available radioactivity was weak. The radioactivity of the supernatant of the lavage liquid was quantitatively important and narrowly tied to the diffusible proteins present in the lavage. There was no correlation between the semi-quantitative Line index and the cytological or biochemical data in the fibrosis cases. In the sarcoid cases there was an inverse correlation with the polymorphonuclear leukocyte count. The semi-quantitative index was only correlated with alveolar gallium fixation level in the fibrosis group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Significance of serum angiotensin converting enzyme and gallium scan in noninvasive diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

Serum angiotensin converting enzyme (SACE) assays, chest roentgenograms and gallium scans were obtained in 28 patients with active sarcoidosis, two patients with resolved sarcoidosis and 43 nonsarcoid patients. In patients with active sarcoidosis, 23 had elevated SACE activity and 26 had diffuse uptake of gallium in the lung parenchyma. Normal SACE and gallium scans were found in patients with resolved sarcoidosis. None of the nonsarcoid patients had a combination of elevated SACE activity and diffuse pulmonary parenchymal uptake of gallium, although some had elevated SACE activity and abnormal gallium scans. These results suggest that combination of elevated SACE activity and diffuse accumulation of gallium in the lung parenchyma are suggestive of sarcoidosis. However, in view of the reports of abnormal gallium accumulation, and occasional elevation of SACE activity in silicosis, asbestosis and miliary tuberculosis, it is still necessary to require histological evidence of noncaseating granuloma to confirm the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
PubMed1995

The role of gallium and labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in the AIDS patient.

Because AIDS patients frequently present with minimal symptomatology, radionuclide imaging with its ability to survey the entire body, is especially valuable. Gallium-67 citrate, the most commonly performed radionuclide study for localizing infection in these patients, is most useful for detecting opportunistic infections, especially in the thorax. A negative gallium scan, particularly when the chest X-ray is unremarkable, rules strongly against pulmonary disease. A negative gallium scan in a patient with an abnormal chest X-ray and Kaposi's sarcoma, suggests that the patient's respiratory distress is related to the neoplasm. Diffuse pulmonary parenchymal uptake of gallium in the HIV (+) patient is most often associated with PCP. While there are other causes of diffuse pulmonary uptake, the more intense or heterogeneous the uptake, the more likely the patient is to have PCP. Focal pulmonary uptake is usually associated with bacterial pneumonia although PCP may occasionally present in this fashion. Lymph node uptake of gallium is usually associated with Mycobacterium avium complex, tuberculosis, or lymphoma. When corresponding abnormalities are present on thallium scintigraphy lymphoma is likely. Gallium positive, thallium negative, studies suggest mycobacterial disease. Labeled leukocyte imaging is not useful for detecting opportunistic infections probably because of the inflammatory response incited by these organisms. Leukocyte imaging is, however, more sensitive for detecting bacterial pneumonia. In the abdomen, gallium imaging is most useful for identifying lymphadenopathy, while labeled leukocyte imaging is superior for detecting AIDS-associated colitides. In summary, radionuclide studies are valuable diagnostic modalities in AIDS. Their success can be maximized by tailoring the study to the individual's needs.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗