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PubMed2005

[The influence of developmental factors on behaviors relevant to shame and guilt in young children].

The present study explored developmental factors that would contribute to individual differences in behaviors relevant to shame and guilt of young children. The children's behaviors relevant to shame and guilt were observed by an experimental procedure. The children were led to happen to destroy an experimenter's doll, and their behavioral variables relevant to shame and guilt were measured. Their mothers answered the questionnaire tapping developmental factors: children' s temperament, the frequency of maternal disciplines, and the frequency of maternal emotional experiences. A factor analysis of children's behavioral variables revealed that there were apologizing traits and repairing traits. Moreover, children who received more physical punishment were likely to apologize to the experimenter for destroying the doll. Children whose mothers experienced more shame were less likely to repair the broken doll rapidly. Boys who were temperamentally more insistent and expressing more positive emotions were likely to apologize to the experimenter for destroying the doll.

Child Development↗
PubMed2006

[Guilt, shame/embarrassment, and empathy].

This study examined the relationship between empathic responsiveness and the proneness to 'zaiakukan' (guilt) and 'shuchishin' (shame and embarrassment). Two hundred and thirty five Japanese undergraduates completed a questionnaire of Situational Guilt Inventory (Arimitsu, 2002), Situational Shyness Questionnaire (Narita, Terasaki, & Niihama, 1990), and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983). As predicted, other-oriented empathic responsiveness, which measured perspective taking and empathetic concern, had a positive correlation with zaiakukan proneness, with shame and embarrassment controlled. On the other hand, self-oriented personal distress had a positive correlation with proneness to 'kihazukashisa', a component of shame and embarrassment, with guilt controlled. Inspection of correlations suggested that zaiakukan emerged from other-oriented empathy, and shuchishin in men from personal distress, because women's experience of shuchishin was less negative than men. Results on private shame were different from those in the previous studies (Leith & Baumeister, 1998; Tangney, 1991), and were discussed in terms of cultural differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt.

Although scholarly traditions assume that shame results more from the public exposure of a transgression or incompetence than guilt does, this distinction has little empirical support. Four studies, using either undergraduate participants' responses to hypothetical scenarios, their remembered experiences, or the coding of literary passages, reexamined this issue. Supporting traditional claims, public exposure of both moral (transgressions) and nonmoral (incompetence) experiences was associated more with shame than with guilt. Shame was also more strongly linked with nonmoral experiences of inferiority, suggesting 2 core features of shame: its links with public exposure and with negative self-evaluation. The distinctive features of guilt included remorse, self-blame, and the private feelings associated with a troubled conscience.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in the manifestation of guilt perception in endogenous depression in advanced age].

The manifestation of endogenous depressions has clearly changed in the last decades. Ideas of guilt and sin have decreased or changed their contents, whereas feelings of insufficiency, physical complaints and hypochondriac ideas have clearly increased. The importance of the experience of guilt in the case of endogenous depressions and transcultural aspects of the guilt phenomenon are pointed out. By means of 301 case-histories of depressive patients at the involutional period the change in the manifestation of the depression within four periods of time is pointed out and its possible causal relationships are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

[Differentiation of existential guilt and compassion in relation to responsibility induction: a film experiment].

Feelings of existential guilt are assumed to depend on the perception of a causal relationship between one's own behavior or (privileged) situation and the disadvantages of others. By contrast, pity should not depend on such perceptions. This hypothesis, which has been supported so far only by correlational studies, was tested experimentally. Eighty students were shown a film about a developing country. The film was provided with four different comments, each representing one experimental condition (between-subjects design). Experimental factors were "amount of misery of the people shown" and "subject's responsibility for these peoples' conditions of life". As expected, subjects in the condition "misery and responsibility" reported higher feelings of guilt, though no more pity than subjects in the remaining three treatment conditions (experiment 1, n = 40). This mean difference, however, was statistically significant for men only. Contrary to our theoretical expectations--and to finding from other experiments on vicarious reparation--the induction of guilt had no effect on willingness to help a third party (experiment 2, n = 40). Possible reasons for this unexpected finding are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Crisis intervention through early interpretation of unconscious guilt.

The author describes an approach to crisis intervention based on the assumption that a crisis reconfirms a patient's unconscious pathogenic beliefs and increases unconscious guilt. The nature of the psychopathology can be understood in terms of the patient's history, current life problems, and testing of the therapist. Treatment involves offering the patient a dynamic evaluation that includes interpretation of the role of pathogenic beliefs and guilt in the crisis. This approach provides symptomatic relief and may lead to incipient personality change. Improvement may be due in part to the greater openness to change characteristic of persons in crisis. However, this approach seems effective primarily because patients are enabled to disconfirm their pathogenic beliefs and thereby reduce unconscious guilt.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Parental guilt experience in diseases of their children].

Parents of sick or handicapped children often exhibit strong guilt feelings. These can be justified but equally can be irrational, based on magic, prescientific thinking. However, quite often they have an emotionally stabilising function for the parents. Using clinical examples possible reasons for, and the importance of these parental guilt feelings in coping with the disease are analysed. Suggestions for dealing with these guilt feelings in a differentiated manner are formulated.

Anger↗
PubMed1979

[The contribution of forensic psychiatry in the determination of punishable guilt].

As part of the consultative discussions between members of the Supreme Court and workers at the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, G.D.R. Institute of Psychiatrists and Neurologists, problems are being dealt here with, which have been discussed by the present authors as early as in 1972. These are questions arising in connection with expert opinions on responsibility and guilt and concerning the offender's personality, the motives, the kind and extent of guilt, the possible exclusion of guilt, as well as urges of passion beyond the limits of paragraphs 15 and 16 in addition to exceptional objective and subjective circumstances.

Crime↗
PubMed1984

Appetite disturbance and excessive guilt in major depression. Use of family study data to define depressive subtypes.

A post hoc analysis of the relationship between depression in first-degree family members (N = 810) and specific patterns of "endogenous" symptoms in 133 probands with nonbipolar major depression revealed that concomitant appetite disturbance and excessive guilt in the depressed probands was associated with increased rates of major depression among family members. The depressed, interviewed relatives of depressed probands with appetite disturbance and excessive guilt were found to be at a 2.5 greater risk for this same subtype compared with the depressed, interviewed relatives of the remaining depressed probands. These findings suggest that this subtype of depression may "breed true" within these families.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Additional validity evidence for the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2): a measure of shame and guilt proneness.

The present study sought to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the Harder (Harder & Zalma, 1990) Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2), a recently revised measure of shame and guilt proneness. Seventy university students, 35 male and 35 female, completed the PFQ2 and scales that assess self-derogation, instability of self-concept, shyness, social anxiety, public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness, and locus of control. The correlation results were generally consistent with validity predictions. As in previous studies, however, the discriminant validity of the shame and guilt scales was supported, but not strongly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of sex education on sexual guilt, anxiety, and attitudes: a comparison of instruction formats.

Previous sex education research has neglected to examine systematically the effects of different types of instruction formats. In the present study, 193 undergraduates were assigned to one of the following conditions: (1) lecture only; (2) small group discussion only; (3) lecture + small group discussion; (4) lecture + extra lecture/review; and (5) no intervention control. Pre- and posttest measures assessed the dimensions of sexual guilt, sexual attitudes, and sexual anxiety. Results revealed significantly greater reductions in sexual guilt for the lecture only, lecture + small group discussion, and lecture + extra lecture/review conditions than for the no intervention control condition. Significantly greater changes in the direction of more tolerant sexual attitudes were found for the small group discussion only and lecture + extra lecture/review conditions than for the no intervention control condition. No other significant results were found. Contrary to expectation, the addition of 9 hours of small group discussion to a semester-long lecture format course did not result in significantly greater positive changes on the dimensions assessed than those achieved by lecture alone. The implications of these findings for the design of sex education courses are discussed. Recommendations for future research include assessment of the long-term effects of sex education on dimensions such as quality of sexual adjustment and consistency of contraceptive usage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The relationship among guilt, dysphoria, anxiety and obsessions in a normal population--an attempted replication.

The results of a previous study indicated that guilt as rated on the Perceived Guilt Index (PGI), predicted unpleasant intrusive thoughts, but self-reported anxiety and depression did not. In the present investigation, subjects indicated whether or not they experienced both pleasant and unpleasant intrusive thoughts, their frequency and a rating of how pleasant or unpleasant these thoughts were. They also completed self report ratings of depression, anxiety, obsessional ritualizing, and the PGI. Results of a regression analysis indicate that the best standardised questionnaire predictor of unpleasant intrusive thoughts is depression as rated on the BDI, and anxiety as rated on the BAI. The best standardised questionnaire predictor of pleasant intrusive thoughts is low anxiety. The PGI does not independently predict pleasant or unpleasant intrusive thoughts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shame, guilt, and depression in men and women in recovery from addiction.

Men and women in recovery from addiction were compared on levels of depression and self-conscious affect including proneness to shame, guilt, externalization, detachment, and pride. The sample consisted of 130 subjects (88 men and 42 women; mean age 33.04), 90 of whom were active participants in a 12-step recovery program, and 40 of whom were in a residential treatment community. Subjects completed The Beck Depression Inventory and The Test of Self-Conscious Affect. Significant differences between the sexes were found for proneness to shame, detachment, and depression. Women were significantly higher on shame and depression; men were significantly higher on detachment. The subjects were compared to subjects who were not chemically dependent. It was found that these recovering drug-addicted subjects scored significantly higher in proneness to shame and externalization and significantly lower on proneness to guilt. Treatment implications of proneness to shame in the drug-addicted population, and particularly in women, are discussed. The use of confrontational drug treatment strategies may be contraindicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Mothers' causal explanations for their son's schizophrenia: relationship to depression and guilt.

This study investigated the relationship between mothers' causal explanations for their son's schizophrenia and the depression and guilt mothers experience. Thirty-three mothers who were primary caregivers to a schizophrenic son were interviewed using the Causal Dimension Scale and the Multiscore Depression Inventory. Twenty-nine mothers generated 50 causal explanations for their son's schizophrenia. The most frequently cited causal category was physiological/biological factors. Guilt was associated with causal explanations characterized as internal, whereas depression was unrelated to causal dimensions. The findings support the need to assess mothers' causal explanations for their son's schizophrenia and to research the health consequences of causal explanations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Fear of guilt from behaving irresponsibly in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Previous cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that inflated responsibility plays a key role in the maintenance of symptoms (Behav.Res.Ther. 28 (1985) 571). In this manuscript, we propose that this thesis may be improved by emphasizing that instead, OCD may be characterized by a fear of guilt that would result from behaving irresponsibly and/or from not behaving responsibly. We believe that this concept provides a better explanation for the anxious and fearful nature of OCD than do more traditional conceptualizations of inflated responsibility. We support this idea with empirical evidence and propose that OCD symptoms are consistent with patients acting in a prudential mode because of their fears of guilt.

Fear↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"It isn't fair": postoperative depression and other manifestations of survivor guilt.

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate and explain an array of phenomena, clinical and social, that share a common dynamic although they seem to be quite disparate. These experiences range from combat neuroses to postoperative depressions. Situations and case histories demonstrating this dynamic are presented, namely, the guilt of getting more than one's share of life, material possessions, or physical gifts than the people one loves. The relationship of this getting more and the concept of the "zero-sum game" is discussed. Suggestions are presented for the treatment of depressions resulting from this conflict. Survivor guilt is a common theme, running through our society in both dramatic and subtle ways. An awareness of this can help us explain certain phenomena and deal with some types of depression in our psychiatric work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Antidepressant treatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt, and spiritual awakening.

A patient with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had a major depressive episode that was responsive to treatment with the antidepressant fluoxetine. In contrast to the remission of other symptoms of depression, the associated feature of survivor guilt became more dramatically obvious. Individualized treatment of survivor guilt may be needed for patients with PTSD and major depression.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1983

Depression, guilt, and self-management of pleasant and unpleasant events.

The relation of subjects' depression and guilt to their choice to delay unpleasant and pleasant events was examined. Ninety-one college students chose to receive punishments and gratifications immediately or a week later. Depression, primarily in males, was related to a present orientation rather than a future orientation, namely, the choice of delayed punishments over immediate punishments and of immediate small rewards over large delayed rewards. This result supported the hypothesis that depressed individuals will attempt to correct a current aversive state rather than maximize long-term gains. High guilt in males was related to the choice of immediate punishment. The results are consistent with the view that behavior choices are determined in part by anticipated internal affective consequences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗