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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effect of gloves on prehensile forces during lifting and holding tasks.

The effect of gloves on the spatio-temporal characteristics of prehensile forces during lifting and holding tasks was investigated. Participants (n = 10) lifted a force transducer equipped object (weight = 0.29 N) with various types of gloves and barehanded using a two-fingered precision grip. Rubber surgical gloves of varied thicknesses (0.24, 0.61 and 1.02 mm) were worn to examine the effect of glove thickness on a rayon surface. It was found that grip force increased with thickness because the participants employed a higher safety margin above the minimum force required to hold the object. The safety margin for the barehanded condition was the smallest. The performance time for lifting the object was not influenced by the variation of glove thickness. The findings suggest that glove thickness, which presumably modifies the cutaneous sensation, influences grip force regulation. The effect of glove material (rubber and cotton) was also examined in relation to slippery (rayon) and non-slippery (sandpaper) surfaces. It was found that the participants used a larger grip force with the cotton glove than the rubber glove for the slippery surface, but not with the non-slippery surface. With use of the rubber glove, a relatively low grip force level was maintained for both slippery and non-slippery surfaces. The performance time for the cotton glove was longer than that for the rubber glove. The findings suggest that the rubber glove provides better efficiency of force and temporal control than the cotton glove in precision handling of small objects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Dermatitis and urticaria from rubber and plastic gloves.

The number and nature of allergic occupational glove dermatoses were analysed. 542 cases of allergic contact dermatosis were diagnosed during 1974-1983. Amongst these, 68 (12.5%) were caused by rubber or plastic gloves. 2 patients had contact urticaria due to rubber gloves. Gloves were the main cause of occupational allergic rubber eczema, inducing 63 (58.3%) of 108 rubber eczema cases. 38 of them had positive reactions to rubber chemicals and glove material, 14 to glove material only, and 11 to rubber chemicals. 5 cases of allergic eczema from plastic gloves were diagnosed, all due to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 2 cases of contact urticaria from natural rubber gloves were diagnosed by a provocation test. Epicutaneous testing with material of natural rubber gloves and rubber chemicals was negative. The present study shows that allergy to rubber gloves is usual, while allergy to plastic gloves is rare. Thus, plastic gloves should be used, when possible. Patch testing with protective gloves should always be used when patients develop prolonged hand dermatitis and where the possibility of glove eczema exists.

Clothing↗
PubMed2003

On permeability of methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate through protective gloves in dentistry.

Continuous glove use is more common in dentistry than in most other occupations, and the glove should offer protection against blood-borne infections, skin irritants and contact allergens. Methacrylate monomers are potent contact allergens, and it is known that these substances may penetrate the glove materials commonly used. The aim of this study was to assess the permeability of various types of gloves to methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) with special reference to combinations with ethanol or acetone. The permeation rate and time lag breakthrough (lag-BT) for MMA (neat, or diluted to 30% in ethanol or acetone), HEMA (30% in water, ethanol, or acetone) and TEGDMA (30% in ethanol or acetone) were investigated for different protective gloves. Nine different types of gloves were tested for one or several of these methacrylates. The lag-BT for neat MMA was </= 2 min for all gloves. For 30% MMA in ethanol or acetone, the latex gloves and the polyethene-copolymer glove showed the best protection, but the lag-BTs were short for all gloves. For HEMA and TEGDMA, the lag-BTs were generally longer than for MMA. A neoprene glove seemed to be the best choice for protection against penetration of HEMA and TEGDMA. The decision on which types of gloves to use should also take into account the risks of latex allergy and contact allergy to rubber chemicals and the convenience of the gloves for fine manual work.

Acetone↗
PubMed1999

Biomechanical performance of examination gloves.

The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical performance of new powder-free commercially available synthetic examination gloves to that of commercially available powder-free latex examination gloves. The synthetic gloves were significantly thinner than the latex gloves. Despite the decreased thickness, all three nitrile gloves, as well as the polyvinyl chloride glove, exhibited a greater resistance to glove puncture. The glove donning forces varied considerably among all gloves, and wet donning forces were greater than dry donning forces. Under dry conditions, the donning forces for the synthetic gloves were less than or equal to the forces for the latex gloves. Because of their increased puncture resistance and similar donning forces, synthetic gloves are a safe alternative to latex examination gloves.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of the risk of glove puncture during oral surgery procedures.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of glove puncture during stages of oral surgery procedures. METHOD: One surgeon was requested to wear one type of sterile operating gloves during the treatment of patients who required an oral surgery procedure under outpatient local anesthesia. Each surgical procedure was divided into three modules, namely, (I) administration of the anesthesia and raising of mucoperiosteal flap, (II) bone removal and delivery of the tooth or root, and, (3) soft tissue repair. A total of 450 gloves worn during these modules were examined for punctures with a water inflation method and 200 unused gloves were tested as controls. RESULTS: The results were analyzed statistically with Fischer's exact test. A total of 12 punctures were recorded, indicating that a glove puncture occurred in 16% of the surgical procedures. Gloves from the left hand (the nonworking hand) in module III showed the highest incidence of punctures. One puncture was observed in the 200 gloves tested as controls. Statistical analysis indicated that glove puncture was significantly more likely to occur in gloves worn on the left (nonworking) hand overall as compared with gloves from the right hand (p = 0.02) and that glove puncture was significantly more likely to occur in gloves worn on the left hand in module III as compared with gloves from other modules (p = 0.01). Additional precautions may therefore be indicated during the soft tissue repair part of oral surgical procedures.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2002

Particulate masks and non-powdered gloves reduce latex allergen inhaled by healthcare workers.

BACKGROUND: Although allergy to latex is a well-characterized phenomenon, some hospitals continue to provide staff with powdered latex gloves as an option to low- or non-powdered gloves. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to measure the extent to which inhalation of latex particles could be reduced by the use of protective masks or by replacing powdered latex gloves with non-powdered latex gloves. METHODS: Twenty healthcare workers in a hospital setting wore nasal air samplers (NAS) and Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) samplers for four 20-min periods. Subjects wore powdered gloves, non-powdered gloves and no gloves during three sampling periods, and in the fourth, subjects applied an aerosol barrier face-mask or a particulate face-mask (N95) while wearing powdered gloves. All samples were stained for particles bearing Hev b 5 allergen by the Halogen assay. RESULTS: All subjects inhaled Hev b 5 bearing particles in all sampling periods. IOM samplers collected particles at 70% of the rate of NAS. The number of particles inhaled while wearing powdered gloves was 23.8-fold higher than when not wearing gloves and 9.7-fold higher than when wearing non-powdered latex gloves (P < 0.0001). Wearing an aerosol barrier mask did not significantly reduce the number of particles inhaled (P = 0.108), while use of particulate masks significantly reduced the number of particles inhaled by 17.4-fold (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Use of non-powdered gloves is the most effective method of reducing occupational aeroallergen exposure to latex arising from gloves. However, secondary protection using particulate masks is a valid alternative, and may be helpful for preventing respiratory sensitization.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The thermal insulating effects of five dental gloves.

On occasions within the case reports of the various medico-legal defence organizations mention is made of burns to the oral soft tissues arising from contact with a heated instrument. Good cross infection control dictates that the dentist should be gloved whilst treating patients. No study has to date examined the thermal insulating effect of wearing dental procedure gloves although double gloving is known to blunt temperature perception. It was the purpose of this work to compare the degree of thermal insulation afforded by five makes of gloves (Biogel-D, Featherlite, Healthline, Microtouch and Tru-Touch). Measurement of temperature rises at 15, 30 and 60 s were made when a copper cylinder, at ambient room temperature, containing an iron/constantan thermocouple was placed upon a 2.35 kg aluminium block maintained at 50 degrees C by a thermostatically controlled electrical heating element. This measurement was initially performed, on 10 separate occasions, with the aluminium block and copper cylinder in direct contact (Control). This arrangement was then modified to investigate the effects of the various gloves by placing a circular mat of each glove material, harvested from the palm of each glove, between the block and cylinder. For each glove, 10 sets of observations were made using a different circular mat of glove material whose thickness had been previously determined. An analysis of variance identified highly significant (P<0.001) differences between the temperature rise of the control and experimental groups. The degree of thermal insulation afforded by each glove type appeared related to the glove thickness. This was confirmed by regression analysis but, although correlation coefficients of at least 0.91 were recorded, no single relationship best related these two quantities. Glove thermal insulating properties should be considered when selecting gloves for use in the surgery.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examination gloves affect secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors from human abdominal skin fibroblasts.

Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been observed in chronic, compared to acute, wounds and altered levels might impair healing. During treatment of wounds, examination gloves are routinely used, and the wound environment thus gets exposed to gloves. The aim of this study was to characterize secretion of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in cultured fibroblasts with or without exposure to gloves. Cultures were exposed to glove washings from powdered or powder-free latex examination gloves and compared to untreated controls. MMP-1, -2, -3, -9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and -2 were assayed in conditioned media. Cells exposed to gloves reduced their release of MMP-1, -2, and -3 with no differences between the manufacturers of the gloves. The inhibitor TIMP-1 was reduced to 10-15% of untreated control values (p < 0.001), being less affected by the powder-free than by the powdered glove (p < 0.05). MMP-9 and TIMP-2 were not significantly altered. We therefore conclude that secretion of MMPs and TIMPs from cultured fibroblasts were affected by glove washings. Powdered and powder-free gloves had similar effects, except for a less pronounced reduction of TIMP-1 production by the powder-free glove. Examination gloves might therefore affect wound healing, with the least pronounced effect observed using the powder-free glove.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1993

Leakage of latex and vinyl exam gloves in high and low risk clinical settings.

The purpose of this study was to compare leakage rates of used latex and vinyl examination gloves from high and low risk clinical units. A total of 4838 latex and 1008 vinyl examination gloves were collected and tested by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) watertight leak test: three brands of latex [Brand A: n = 2920; Brand B: n = 284; Brand C: n = 1634; and one brand of vinyl gloves (Brand D: n = 1008]. Seventy percent of latex gloves and 46.7% of vinyl gloves were collected from the high risk units. In general, there were no significant differences in leakage rates for vinyl gloves between high and low risk units. However, latex gloves leaked significantly more often at stress levels 2 and 3 from the high risk units as compared to the low risk units (X2 = 24.6, p < .0001). Regardless of level of stress and duration worn, 85.3% (860/1008) of used vinyl gloves and 18.4% (891/4838) of used latex gloves leaked, p < .001). There were significant differences in leakage rates between the three brands of latex gloves (Brand A, 9.8%; Brand B, 25.1%; Brand C, 30.9%, p < .001). Although latex gloves leaked slightly more frequently as stress level increased, glove material (latex or vinyl) and brand of glove were the most important predictors of leakage.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of cloth gloves used in orthopaedic surgery: a clinical and experimental evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: (a) To compare the effectiveness of five cloth gloves for cut resistance and their ability to prevent inner latex glove perforation. (b) To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and comfort of the outer gloves when reused. SETTING: Tertiary care level I trauma hospital and biomechanics laboratory. METHODS: Laboratory evaluation consisting of assessing cut resistance and fabric deterioration and clinical assessment of all cloth gloves worn as a liner between two latex gloves. RESULTS: Laboratory testing demonstrated significant differences in cut resistance, with gloves divided into three groups: most resistant (Centurion, which required over 3,000 slices or 1,300 chops to failure), resistant (MedArmor, failing at eighty-five slices or 121 chops; Paraderm, failing at thirty-eight slices or ninety-four chops; and Repel, failing at forty-six slices or seventy-five chops), and least resistant (Protek, failing at two slices and less than two chops). Clinically, 3 percent of all the inner latex gloves demonstrated a perforation, with no violation of the skin in any of the five types of cloth gloves used. Only the Protek and MedArmor cloth gloves were positively ranked for comfort. CONCLUSION: All gloves provided equal protection with respect to inner latex glove perforation during all of the orthopaedic procedures, with comfort being the most important variable. Gloves should be selected based on comfort, because it appears that all gloves provide equal protection during surgery regardless of the material woven into the fabric.

Equipment Failure Analysis↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of hand sensibility with single and double latex gloves.

The purpose of this study was to examine hand sensibility of surgeons wearing single and double latex gloves. Evaluation of hand sensibility, including cutaneous pressure thresholds, moving two-point discrimination, and static two-point discrimination, was performed on 25 surgeons (mean age 45 years). The dominant hand index finger was assessed with no glove, single glove, and double glove. The majority of surgeons had a moving and static two-point discrimination of 2 or 3 mm. The lowest cutaneous pressure thresholds were found when measured with no gloves and increased with single and double gloves. Statistically significant differences in cutaneous pressure thresholds using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments were found for gloves versus no gloves (p < 0.0003) and single versus double gloves (p = 0.0003). Statistically significant differences in moving two-point discrimination were found for no gloves versus double gloves (p = 0.05) and single versus double gloves (p = 0.02). In conclusion, we found significant differences in hand sensation when measured with single and double gloves.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

In vivo testing of the protection of gloves against acrylates in dentin-bonding systems on patients with known contact allergy to acrylates.

Occupational contact allergies to dental acrylates are increasing. Commonly used gloves protect poorly against acrylates. The protective efficacy in vivo of other, newer glove materials is not fully known. In this study, an open chamber system was used for testing the protection in vivo of 6 different gloves (1 vinyl glove, 2 latex gloves, 2 nitrile gloves and the 4H glove) against a commonly used dental adhesive, Scotchbond 1, containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TREGDMA). 8 patients with known contact allergy to 2-HEMA participated. Provocation with 50 microl of the adhesive for 7.5, 15 and 30 min was performed for each glove. The test demonstrated clear differences in the protective efficacy between the gloves. The 4H glove gave by far the best protection, followed by one of the nitrile gloves. One of the latex gloves and the vinyl glove gave a very poor protection against the adhesive. A dose-response relationship was observed between different application times of the acrylate product. The test model promises to be a useful clinical complement to in vitro methods in individual preventive measures against contact sensitization to acrylates.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2004

Optimizing skin protection with semipermeable gloves.

BACKGROUND: Occlusion due to gloves is one important cause of glove irritation. Macerated softened skin gives poor protection against microbes and chemical injuries. The introduction of a breathable protective glove material would represent a significant step toward improved prevention of occupational skin disease. OBJECTIVE: Performance levels of semipermeable and occlusive gloves were examined under conditions typical of the hairdressing profession. In two studies, tests comparing breathable semipermeable gloves to single-use gloves made of occlusive materials were conducted. METHODS: In an initial study, a user survey was carried out in conjunction with bioengineering examinations. Values at baseline and values after gloves were worn were recorded by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin humidity (SH), and skin surface hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in 20 healthy volunteers. In a second study, the gloves were tested for penetrability and permeability with three chemical compounds typically used in the hairdressing profession. RESULTS: Bioengineering examination objectively confirmed users' reports of reduced hand perspiration when semipermeable gloves were worn. The TEWL, SH, and skin surface pH values remained largely stable after 20 minutes of wearing semipermeable gloves, in contrast to the reactions observed with gloves of occlusive materials. Permeability tests indicated that the semipermeable material is effective, with some restrictions. Air leakage testing revealed that all 50 gloves tested were not airtight. CONCLUSION: Following the optimization of manufacturing methods, additional tests of the penetrability of semipermeable gloves will be necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Prospective study of extractable latex allergen contents of disposable medical gloves.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to natural rubber latex medical gloves poses risks to latex-sensitive patients and medical workers. Preliminary studies have shown that the latex allergen contents of these gloves vary widely. OBJECTIVE: To study long-term trends in latex allergen levels of disposable medical gloves prospectively, and to identify lower allergen gloves for purchase by our medical center. METHODS: Extractable total latex allergen was measured by solid-phase inhibition immunoassay. Allergen contents of gloves were expressed in allergy units (AU)/mL relative to a raw latex standard assigned an arbitrary potency of 100,000 AU/mL. RESULTS: For gloves in use during July, 1993, extractable allergen levels ranged from < 10 to 5,500 AU/mL among nine lots of examination gloves, from < 10 to 2,300 AU/mL among 13 lots of surgical gloves, and from < 10 to 1,000 AU/mL among five lots of chemotherapy, autopsy, or utility gloves. Among ten lots of examination gloves purchased on two occasions between July, 1993 and January, 1994, the allergen levels in two of the three private label brands were more variable (6- to 40-fold) than in the other eight brands tested (0- to 2-fold). CONCLUSIONS: Extractable allergen levels in latex medical gloves remain highly variable, particularly among some private label brands. Use of synthetic gloves or lower allergen latex gloves should lessen exposure of latex-sensitized patients and health care workers to latex aeroallergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed1987

Permeability of latex and polyvinyl chloride gloves to fluorouracil and methotrexate.

The permeability of latex surgical and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) examination gloves to fluorouracil and methotrexate was studied using a radiotracer method. Drug-tracer solutions for both drugs were prepared by combining tritiated fluorouracil or methotrexate with fluorouracil or methotrexate injection, respectively. Drug-free solutions were also prepared to be as similar as possible to the vehicles of the commercial injections. Each half of a total of 40 equilibrium-dialysis cells (20 for each glove type) was filled with either the drug-tracer solution or the drug-free solution. The cell halves were then sealed with glove membranes cut from each type of glove and fastened together so that the drug-tracer and drug-free solutions of each respective drug were opposite one another. Samples were collected after 5 to 45 minutes from each dialysis-cell well and analyzed for drug using liquid scintillation counting techniques. Microgram levels of both drugs were detected in the drug-free dialysis wells for both glove types at each sampling time. Except for the methotrexate drug-labeled well sealed with the PVC glove membrane, the amount of drug in the dialysis wells was significantly different at different sampling times. The variability in results using gloves from different lots was also significantly different for both types of gloves. Overall, latex gloves were significantly less permeable than PVC gloves to fluorouracil, and PVC gloves were significantly less permeable to methotrexate than latex gloves. The latex and PVC gloves used in this study both exhibit time-dependent permeability to fluorouracil and methotrexate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dialysis↗
PubMed1994

Barrier protection with examination gloves: double versus single.

In a series of experiments, the barrier integrity of single and double vinyl and latex examination gloves were tested for dye and water leaks after being placed under stress. A total of 886 examination gloves (385 vinyl: single, 199; double, 186; and 501 latex: single, 290; double, 211) were tested with a standardized clinical protocol designed to mimic patient care activities. Leakage rates for single or double gloving were significantly higher for vinyl than for latex gloves. Single vinyl gloves were significantly more likely to leak than were double vinyl gloves (51.3% and 19.7%, p < 0.0001). However, there were essentially no differences in leakage rates for single or double latex gloves (4.1% and 3.8%, p = 1). Significantly higher rates of leakage were identified with the water leak test than with the dye test for vinyl (p < 0.001) but not for latex (p = 0.22) gloves. For vinyl but not latex gloves, there were significant differences in leakage rates by brand. We conclude that double gloving offers little advantage during routine procedures associated with minimal stress to the gloves or when latex gloves are worn.

Gloves, Protective↗
PubMed1997

The permeability of dental gloves following exposure to certain dental materials.

OBJECTIVES: This investigation sought to study the permeability of three commonly used clinical gloves when exposed to chemical agents. METHODS: A total of 35 gloves of each type were selected at random and were assigned to one of seven equally sized treatment groups. The effective barrier properties were investigated following treatment for 15 min with one of: acid etchant, Trim, cavity varnish, Hibiscrub, Hydrex and Vitremer using a dye permeability test. Following the chemical insult a 0.02% solution of erythrosine dye was introduced into each glove and the outer glove surface was washed with 10 ml of distilled water at intervals of 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The percentage absorption of the collected washings, at 530 nm, was determined using a spectrophotometer. The results were compared with those values obtained from untreated gloves. RESULTS: Acid etchant and Hydrex had little effect on any of the gloves. Trim caused an increase in permeability of the vinyl gloves but had little or no effect upon those made of latex. Cavity varnish increased the permeability of both Biogel D and Tru-Touch but had no effect on Featherlite. The integrity of the latex gloves was diminished by Hibiscrub but little effect was observed in the case of the vinyl based glove. The permeability of all three gloves was increased by exposure to Vitremer liquid. CONCLUSIONS: Manufacturers should provide details of potential glove chemical interactions to assist dentists in glove selection.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Damage to physicians' gloves during "routine" cardiac catheterization: an underappreciated occurrence.

Recently, concern for the protection of health care employees and health care recipients has led to increasing awareness of transmitted infections. However, it is evident that damage of barrier methods of controlling infection can occur and go undetected. In a prospective study conducted from January 13, 1989 through February 15, 1989, 100 sequential pairs of gloves (200 gloves) worn during routine pediatric cardiac catheterizations were evaluated for punctures. A control group of 25 pairs of unused physicians' gloves was also evaluated for the presence of spontaneous leakage. In the 25 pairs of unused gloves (50 gloves), no punctures were detected, whereas in the 200 gloves worn during the catheterization procedures, punctures were found in 38 gloves or 19% (p less than 0.001). When comparing the frequency of punctures with respect to the digits, 81% of the punctures were detected within the thumb and index finger of the gloves. In the majority of instances, physicians describe stopcock manipulation as the cause of the punctures. Implication of the stopcock as a possible mechanism for glove damage can be isolated to the stop mechanism on the stopcock pivot. Although surgeons' gloves are worn in many procedures besides surgery, no previous studies have defined the incidence of glove punctures during these procedures. Recommendations include a redesign of the stopcock as a protective measure and immediate change of latex surgeons' gloves whenever damage is suspected.

Cardiac Catheterization↗