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PubMed1977

Comparison of gingival health and gingival crevicular fluid flow in children with and without diabetes.

GCF flow measurements and a clinical scoring of gingival health were both recorded for a group of 56 children with diabetes and 41 children without diabets. The children with diabetes had significantly more gingival disease than the children without diabetes when compared with either measure. A small but significant correlation was found between the GCF flow and the clinical scores with the children with diabetes but not with the children without diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Neutrophil elastase and its inhibitors in human gingival crevicular fluid during experimental gingivitis.

The relative concentrations and absolute amounts of neutrophil elastase and its two inhibitors, alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), were determined in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from six dental students who refrained from brushing the upper left or right quadrant during three weeks. Plaque and gingival indices and flow of GCF were measured before, during, and after the three weeks of no brushing. Functional elastase, representing the enzyme complexed with alpha 2-M, was measured by use of a low-molecular-weight fluorogenic substrate. Elastolytic activity in GCF was also assayed by use of elastin as substrate. Antigenic elastase, representing the enzyme complexed with alpha 1-AT, as well as the inhibitors alpha 2-M and alpha 1-AT were measured by ELISA. After three weeks of plaque accumulation, the concentrations of both functional and antigenic elastase increased by a factor of about 3, whereas the concentrations of the inhibitors increased in a much higher proportion. No free elastase could be detected in GCF, as evidenced by the Sephadex G-75 elution profile of GCF, by the negative results obtained when elastin was used as substrate, and by the demonstration that pure enzyme kept its activity against the low-molecular-weight substrate after being saturated by alpha 2-M.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and elevated levels of interleukin-6 and cortisol in gingival crevicular fluid from women with stress-related depression and exhaustion.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate the importance of stress for the development of periodontitis by comparing oral health status, proinflammatory markers, and cortisol in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva in patients with stress-related mental depression and controls. METHODS: The participants consisted of 43 women with stress-related depression and exhaustion (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition [DSM-IV], with a mean age of 42.0 (+/- 9.3 SD) years, and 29 controls, with a mean age of 54.5 (+/- 2.9 SD) years. Clinical examination included the assessment of dental plaque, gingival inflammation (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and number of teeth. GCF was collected with an intracrevicular washing technique from four sites in each subject. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cortisol with radioimmunoassay (125I RIA). Analysis of covariance (one-way covariance analyses) was used to remove the influence of age and smoking. RESULTS: The amount of plaque was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (P<0.003). The patients had an average GI of 1.53 (+/-0.13 SD) compared to 0.89 (+/- 0.10 SD) for the controls (P< 0.001). The levels of cortisol in GCF was significantly higher in patients than in controls, 3.46 nmol/l (+/- 3.25 SD) and 0.30 nmol/l (+/- 0.25 SD), respectively (P<0.001), whereas cortisol in saliva did not differ between groups. The levels of IL-6 in GCF were significantly higher in the patients than in controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Women with stress-related depression and exhaustion had more plaque accumulation, GI and increased levels of IL-6 and cortisol in GCF compared to normal controls, suggesting that depression might affect immune function, which could lead to impaired periodontal health.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

[Calprotectin and total protein in gingival crevicular fluid during experimental gingivitis].

OBJECTIVE: To measure GCF calprotectin and total protein for evaluating whether the calprotectin could be a sensitive marker for the initial inflammation of gingiva. METHODS: Eleven young male subjects with healthy gingiva, who had no systemic diseases, were selected for this study. GCF samples (4 teeth /person) were collected with strips of filter paper at baseline (0 day), on the 7 th, 14 th, 21 st days (without oral hygiene), and 28 th day (7 days after reestablishing oral hygiene) during experimental gingivitis. The amount of calprotectin was measured by ELISA. The amount of total protein was assessed with protein-dye binding assay. RESULTS: The amount of calprotectin increased during the experimental gingivitis, and reached the highest level on the 21 st day. After oral hygiene was reestablished it reduced to the level of baseline. The amount of total protein had the same tendency as calprotectin. CONCLUSION: The amount of calprotectin and the total protein in GCF can reflect the initial inflammation of gingiva.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Gingival crevicular fluid prostaglandins and gingival phospholipids in experimentally-induced periodontitis in the dog.

Prostaglandins are known to be mediators of inflammation in many tissues. Their fluctuations in gingival crevicular fluid during experimentally induced periodontitis were investigated, together with the possible role of phospholipids, which were measured in normal gingiva and gingiva associated with the chronic periodontitis. Periodontitis was induced in 5 dogs in the lower premolar quadrant; the opposite quadrant was used as a control. A small amount of inter-radicular bone was removed and then a cotton-wrapped stainless steel ligature was placed around each of 3 premolar teeth below the gingival margin to provide an inflammatory irritant. Pocket depth was measured by periodontal probe; crevicular fluid was collected on absorbent paper points. PGs were analysed by HPLC and the results expressed as ng PG/microliter crevicular fluid. Measurements were taken in both quadrants at 1, 3 and 6 weeks after placement of the ligatures; PGI2, 6 keto-F1 alpha, F2 alpha, E2, E1 and D2 were detected in the crevicular fluid. At 1 week, there was no difference in PG levels between experimental and control sides. During week 3, PGI2 and PGE2 increased in the experimental crevicular fluid [214.1 +/- 49.3 (SEM) vs control 87.0 +/- 39.7; p less than 0.05 and 350.0 +/- 115 vs 162.0 +/- 14.7; p less than 0.05, respectively]. At week 6, only PGE2 was elevated in crevicular fluid (207.7 +/- 68.1 vs 99.2 +/- 45; p less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Permeability of gingival sulcular epithelium in the development of scorbutic gingivitis.

Young adult nonhuman primates were initially fed an ascorbic-acid free diet and, subsequently, a diet with a suboptimal level of the vitamin. Following approximately 12 weeks of this dietary regime, five of seven experimental animals of the gingival sulcular epithelium to 3H-inulin, but not to 14C-butyric acid or 14C-urea, had increased significantly (+86%, P less than 0.01) in the experimental group as compared to ad libitum or pair-fed controls. This defect in the intercellular permeability barrier of the sulcular epithelium could have contributed to the pathogenesis of scorbutic gingivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

PDGF-B producing cells and PDGF-B gene expression in normal gingival and cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth.

It has been proposed that healthy gingiva is in a continuous state of wound repair. Thus, one might expect to find cells in normal gingiva producing growth factors associated with wound healing such as platelet-derived growth factor B chain (PDGF-B). One might also expect to find increased numbers of these cells or increased amounts of these growth factors in conditions which involve increased tissue volume such as drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DGO). The purpose of this study was to quantify PDGF-B gene expression and identify cells producing PDGF-B in normal gingiva and DGO. Cyclosporine A (CSA) was selected as a prototype of the overgrowth condition. Twelve patients with clinical CSA DGO and 12 patients with no DGO or history of drugs known to cause DGO were selected for study. Frozen sections of gingival specimens from these patients were subjected to in situ hybridization for PDGF-B mRNA. Positive cells were counted and expressed as mean +/- SEM cells/mm2 of lamina propria. Morphometric analysis revealed 6.2 +/- 1.9 cells/mm2 for control gingiva and 10.3 +/- 3.4 cells/mm2 for CSA DGO samples. There was no statistically significant difference between groups. PDGF-B gene expression was measured in these cells and expressed as mean +/- SEM silver grains/cells. There was a significant upregulation of PDGF-B gene expression in cells from the CSA DGO group (39.5 +/- 14.7 silver grains/cell for normal gingiva vs. 255.3 +/- 77.1 silver grains/cell for CSA DGO samples; P < 0.001). The presence of PDGF-B in these cells was confirmed in all cases by immunocytochemical localization. Additionally, PDGF-B producing cells were identified as macrophages in sections taken from an additional patient with CSA DGO by double immunofluorescence labeling of the CD51 membrane marker for macrophages and intracellular PDGF-B. These findings are consistent with the concept that healthy gingiva is in a continuous state of wound repair and support the hypothesis that CSA DGO is associated with enhanced macrophage PDGF-B gene expression rather than an increase in the number of PDGF-B producing macrophages.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2000

The association of calprotectin level in gingival crevicular fluid with gingival index and the activities of collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase in adult periodontitis patients.

BACKGROUND: Calprotectin, a major cytosol protein of leukocytes, exists in plasma and other body fluids of healthy human subjects. Since the calprotectin concentration rises markedly in some inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, this protein has been thought to be a marker of inflammatory disease. Recently, we identified calprotectin in human dental calculus and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and found that the calprotectin concentration in GCF from patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in GCF from healthy subjects. In the present study, the association of GCF calprotectin level with GCF volume, gingival index (GI), and levels of biochemical markers including collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in GCF was investigated to clarify the relationship between GCF calprotectin level and periodontal inflammation. METHODS: Ninety GCF samples collected from periodontal pockets with a probing depth of more than 4 mm in 54 patients with adult periodontitis were used for these assays. The GCF volume was measured, and GI in each site was recorded. The calprotectin content in GCF samples was determined by ELISA using a specific antibody. The activity of collagenase or AST was measured by a respective assay kit. RESULTS: The total amount of calprotectin and GCF volume showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.64, P <0.0001), whereas the calprotectin concentration had no correlation with the GCF volume (r = 0.01, P= 0.924). The mean calprotectin concentration in GCF increased with the degree of GI, and the concentration in individual samples was significantly correlated with the GI score (r = 0.56, P<0.0001). Significant positive correlations were observed in GCF calprotectin versus collagenase (r = 0.57, P <0.0001) and GCF calprotectin versus AST levels (r = 0.40, P <0.005). CONCLUSIONS: From the present results and our previous findings, it is shown that the GCF calprotectin level significantly correlates not only with clinical indicators but also with current biochemical marker levels and that calprotectin may be a useful marker for periodontal inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Heat changes in the gingival region of both upper and lower incisor-bicuspid and molar teeth: comparative study of healthy persons and patients who have gingivitis].

In this research, total of 12 persons, 7 women and 5 men, 21-24 ages were tested. Gingival index, Greene and Vermilion simplified oral hygiene index and sulcus depth measurements were determined for both groups, local heat changes were measured in upper and lower vestibular, lingual and or palatinal keratinized gingival mucosa. According to the results, in the patient group, upper heat levels were found higher than lower levels. But only in the anterior region, the difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Local heat changes were found higher in the patient group than the control group for all areas but the difference was not statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Free gingival grafts in muco-gingival surgery: presentation of clinical cases].

Several indications of the free gingival graft have been reviewed. When utilized alone, this procedure allows to increase the height of the attached gingiva, to stabilize a recession or to prepare a sufficient zone of attached gingiva before placing a prosthesis. To cover one or several recessions, the gingival graft has to be placed in a first step and then a flap is repositioned coronally.

Dental Abutments↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pedicle flaps, gingival grafts, and connective tissue grafts in aesthetic treatment of gingival recession.

Gingival recession leading to exposure of crown margins or extensive areas of the tooth root can cause significant aesthetic difficulties. Surgical innovations over the last decade have enabled the periodontist to correct such problems with greater predictability and improved aesthetics. The current surgical procedures for treatment of gingival recession are described and illustrated, and criteria for selection of the appropriate procedure are presented. The learning objective of this article is a review of the surgical procedures and an increased predictability in implementation.

Connective Tissue↗
PubMed1977

Gingival fluid and serum in periodontal diseases. II. Evidence for cleavage of complement components C3, C3 proactivator (factor B) and C4 in gingival fluid.

1. C3 activation products C3c and C3d can be demonstrated in gingival pocket fluid from patients with severe periodontitis. 2. Quantitatively, C3d levels in GF are comparable to levels attained consequent to immune-complex and tryptic activation of human serum. 3. The alternate pathway of complement activation occurs in the periodontal pocket, as demonstrated by conversion of C3 proactivator (Factor B) to C3-activator Bb. 4. C4 is present in an altered form in some, but not all, GF's. This form is electrophoretically similar to that generated from serum by C1s and several proteolytic enzymes.

Complement C3↗
PubMed2001

Hepatocyte growth factor secreted by periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts is a major chemoattractant for gingival epithelial cells.

To ascertain whether periodontal fibroblasts could be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal pocket formation, the chemotactic activity of periodontal ligament fibroblast-conditioned medium (PLF-CM) and gingival fibroblast-conditioned medium (GF-CM) for gingival epithelial cells was examined using a modified Boyden chamber assay. Both PLF-CM and GF-CM possessed significant chemotactic activity, which was decreased markedly by treatment with anti-human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, the chemotactic activity of PLF-CM and GF-CM was well correlated with HGF content. These results show that PLF and GF secrete an HGF-like factor, and suggest that such a factor derived from periodontal fibroblasts might play a role in epithelial apical migration in periodontitis.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1994

Cystinosis and gingival hyperplasia: demonstration of cystine crystals in gingival tissue and unusual aspects of management.

A patient with nephropathic cystinosis developed gingival hyperplasia secondary to cyclosporine-A therapy for his renal allograft. The typical crystals described on electron microscopic examination of other organs of patients with cystinosis were seen in the resected gingiva of this patient. These crystals have not been previously described in this location. Unusual aspects of the management of this patient are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The problem of the taxonomy of the fusiform bacillus of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Vincent's gingivitis).

The characteristic microscopic appearance of the fusospirochaetal complex in smears from patients with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis has long been regarded as virtually pathognomonic of the disease. Unfortunately there is considerable confusion surrounding the taxonomy of the fusiform organism in the fusospirochaetal complex. The conflicting views appear to be irreconcilable and a re-evaluation of the taxonomy of oral fusiforms is urgently required.

Bacteroidaceae↗
PubMed1980

Human gingival collagenase in periodontal disease: the release of collagenase and the breakdown of endogenous collagen in gingival explants.

Collagen degradation in different stages of gingival inflammation was examined. Higher collagenolytic activity and nonspecific protease activity were found in the severely inflamed gingiva, as compared to mildly inflamed or healthy gingiva. This was shown by electrophoretic studies and measurement of peptide-bound hydroxyproline in the culture.

Collagen↗