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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Collagen synthesis in rat gingiva during tooth movement.

The response of the gingiva to an increased interdental space was studied by creating a diastema between the central incisors of rats and analyzing autoradiographically the incorporation of H3 proline in the gingiva to detect increased collagen production. In addition, conventional histologic methods were used to determine changes in the gingival architecture. The results indicate that the gingiva responds to an increased space in at least two ways. One is the production of more collagen fibers. The other involves the reorientation of the existing fibers in a horizontal plane as the gingival papilla becomes flattened.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The width of the attached gingiva during orthodontic treatment: a clinical study in human patients.

Studies of the influence of orthodontic movement on the width of the attached gingiva gave conflicting results. Therefore, it was decided to evaluate this parameter in human patients during a full orthodontic movement with fixed appliances. Retrusion of six maxillary anterior teeth was performed in thirteen patients scheduled in a prophylactic program that included a 2-week recall during the entire experiment. Before and after treatment the plaque index, the sulcus bleeding index, the width of the keratinized and the attached gingiva, and the marginal gingiva mobility index were measured. The results indicated that retrusion of the maxillary anterior teeth had no influence on any of the measured parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Changes in nerve supply to aging human gingiva.

The innervation of the gingivae of dentulous and edentulous individuals was studied. There was a decrease in the number of nerves in the gingivae of dentulous individuals. The nerves present showed degenerative changes such as fibrosis, fragmentation, and reticulation. In the edentulous gingivae, there was a marked loss of nerves and terminal endings. Nerves observed were restricted to the base of the lamina propria adjacent to the underlying bone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Metabolism of progesterone by healthy and inflamed human gingiva in vitro.

[4-14C]Progesterone was incubated with homogenate and mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fraction preparations of healthy and inflamed gingiva from human subjects of both sexes. The subcellular preparations were supplemented with an NADPH-regenerating system and incubated for 2 h at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The metabolites were identified by column, multiple TLC and radioautography and quantified with liquid scintillation counting. In inflamed tissue the metabolic activity was higher than in healthy gingiva. On the basis of the identified metabolites it can be concluded that the human gingiva of both sexes contains marked 3 alpha-, 3 beta- and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, delta 4-5 alpha- and delta 4-5 beta-steroid hydrogenase activities, and less 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Physiologic pigmentation of the gingiva in Israeli Jews of different ethnic origin.

The prevalence of gingival physiologic pigmentation in three ethnic groups of a total of 2,465 Israeli Jews were determined. The distribution of this gingival pigmentation, according to anatomic parts and divisions, was examined. Results showed the presence of gingival pigmentation in 57.9% of the Eastern group, 49.3% of the Sephardic group, and 21.1% of the Ashkenazi group. No indication of sex predilection was found. The most common site of pigmentation was the labial part of the gingiva, and the attached gingiva was the most common pigmented anatomic division. The group of Eastern Jews showed the highest prevalence of physiologic pigmentation in each of the anatomic parts and divisions of the gingiva.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on bovine tendon collagen, bovine pulp, and bovine gingiva.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum temperature and concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution required to dissolve bovine tendon collagen, pulp, and gingiva. The 10% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution at 37 degrees C was found to be most effective in dissolving bovine tendon collagen, pulp, and gingiva. Sodium hypochlorite solution was more effective in dissolving bovine pulp or tendon collagen than in dissolving bovine gingiva.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

In vitro metabolism studies of (1, 2, 6, 7-3-H)-cortisol in human gingiva in health and disease.

The major conversion products of incubation of 3-H-cortisol with slices of human clinically normal and inflamed gingiva were identified as 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and cortisone. Reduction of C-20 of cortisol to 20alpha- and 20beta-dihydro metabolites was found only after incubation of cortisol with normal gingiva and not with inflamed tissue. Thus the two major pathways of metabolism of cortisol in the gingiva appear to be the oxidative cleavage of the side chain and the oxidation of 11beta-ol while the reduction of the 20-one appear limited to the normal tissue. The mean rates of conversion of cortisol to its various metabolites in 12 normal and 12 chronically inflamed gingival tissue samples were 147 and 55.2 pmoles hr-1-mg-1 respectively. The less conversion of cortisol in inflamed tissue might explain its effectiveness as a naturally occuring antiinflammatory hormonal steroid.

Crystallization↗
PubMed1985

Ampicillin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, mandibular bone, dental follicle, and dental pulp following a single oral dose of talampicillin.

Eighty-one patients who underwent the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in the nonfasting state were given a single oral dose of talampicillin (500 mg) preoperatively. Specimens of venous blood (n = 132), gingiva (n = 70), mandibular bone (n = 78), dental follicle (n = 63), and dental pulp (n = 59) were obtained during the operation and assayed for ampicillin content. The mean peak concentrations in serum (9.64 micrograms/ml), gingiva (4.72 micrograms/mg), mandibular bone (1.77 micrograms/ml), dental follicle (3.46 micrograms/ml), and dental pulp (5.53 micrograms/mg) all occurred at approximately 150 minutes after administration of talampicillin. The ratios of the corresponding serum concentration to the peak concentrations in the various oral tissues when both were plotted as drug concentration curves were: gingiva, 0.50; mandibular bone, 0.16; dental follicle, 0.34; and dental pulp, 0.52. Talampicillin was absorbed well by the intestine, and sufficient concentrations of the resulting metabolite, ampicillin, were found in oral tissues.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone following a single oral administration.

Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone were measured by a paper disk method following a single 500-mg oral dose. The mean peak concentrations in serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone occurred at the identical time, 3 hours, and were 12.92 micrograms/mL, 6.50 micrograms/g, and 2.67 micrograms/g, respectively. Mean cefadroxil concentration ratios of gingiva/serum and mandibular bone/serum at the peak time were 0.54 and 0.21, respectively. Mean concentrations in gingiva and mandibular bone at the peak time exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of clinically isolated strains of a alpha-hemolytic streptococci.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by experimental squamous cell carcinoma of the lower gingiva in rats.

UNLABELLED: We developed a rat model of oral cancer pain by inoculating cancer cells into the lower gingiva. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) derived from Fisher rats, SCC-158, was inoculated into the subperiosteal tissue on the lateral side of the lower gingiva in male Fisher rats. Inoculation of cancer cells induced marked mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral maxillary and mandibular nerve area. Infiltration of the tumor cells into the mandible and the completely encompassed inferior alveolar nerve was observed. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, substance P (SP)-, ATP receptor (P2X(3))-, and capsaicin receptor (TRPV1)-immunoreactive cells strikingly increased in the small-cell group of trigeminal ganglia (TGs) after tumor cell inoculation. The TRPV1-immunoreactive cells also increased in the medium- and large-cell groups. Retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence techniques revealed the increased expression of peptides and the receptors in maxillary nerve afferent neurons. These results suggest that inoculation of SCC cells into the lower gingiva produces mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, indicating the establishment of a novel rat model of oral cancer pain. Increased expression of CGRP, SP, P2X(3), and TRPV1 in the TG may be involved in the behavioral changes in this model. PERSPECTIVE: To clarify the mechanisms of oral cancer pain, we examined the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, ATP receptor P2X(3), and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in trigeminal ganglia. Characterizations of these molecular systems which mediate pain perception are important to develop novel clinical tools for promoting relief of oral cancer pain.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Structure of hamster palatal gingiva and intermolar mucosa after intraperitoneal dosing with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea: a scanning electron microscope study.

The palatal gingiva and intermolar mucosa from normal hamsters and from hamsters that had received N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) intraperitoneally were examined by scanning electron microscopy over a 22-week period. The normal gingiva and rostral two-thirds of the intermolar mucosa were covered by flat polygonal cells that had a regular honeycomb surface pattern of interconnecting micro-ridges, distinct cell boundaries and imprints of cells that had been desquamated. The caudal third of the intermolar mucosa in normal and NMU-treated hamsters was covered by soft-palate type mucosa whose smooth surfaced cells surrounded scattered fungiform-like papillae. In NMU-treated hamsters changes were more common in the rostral two-thirds of the intermolar mucosa than in the gingiva. At 10 weeks there were sessile and conical surface projections and saucer-shaped and conical epithelial-lined depressions. At 16 weeks these projections and depressions were larger and more numerous, and groups of conical projections formed papillomatous-like lesions. At 22 weeks the projections and depressions were further increased in number and size and there were distinct papillomas. At 10 and 16 weeks the entire epithelium showed cells, cell boundaries and cell imprints resembling those in the controls, except that there were defects or dilated intercellular spaces at the base of the conical depressions and some of the cells were thicker. Much of the 22-week epithelial had a similar structure, but in some areas that did not show the projections or depressions the cells varied in size and shape and were covered by elongated micro-ridges. Here the surface was irregular as were the cell boundaries. Examination of sections by light microscopy, both from these irregular areas and from areas that appeared normal by scanning electron microscopy, revealed that the deeper epithelial strata could be either normal, dysplastic or at times malignant. However, scanning electron microscopy failed to reveal dysplastic or malignant epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and prostaglandin E2 on alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured dental pulp and gingiva cells of bovine calf.

The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on alkaline phosphatase activity on cultured dental pulp and gingiva cells of bovine calf were compared. In pulp cells, PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and PGE2 significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, but no increase in the enzyme activity by these factors was observed in gingiva cells. Dibutyryl cAMP also increased alkaline phosphatase activity in both types of cell, but the increase in pulp cells was greater than that in gingiva cells. Treatment of the cultured pulp cells with PTH or PGE2 significantly increased the intracellular cAMP content. These results suggest that calciotropic factors such as PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and PGE2 may be involved in the differentiation of dental pulp cells and that some of these effects (those of PTH and PGE2) are mediated by cAMP.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of collagens in phenytoin-enlarged human gingiva.

The collagen content and composition of human gingivae enlarged due to phenytoin medication were compared to normal and inflamed gingival tissues. Phenytoin-enlarged gingiva contained significantly higher amounts of collagen. The ratio of type I to type III collagen was different in enlarged tissue, with less type I and an elevated amount of type III collagen present. The amount of type V collagen did not differ among normal, inflamed and phenytoin-enlarged gingivae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Immunohistochemical distribution of the collagen types IV, V, VI and glycoprotein laminin in the healthy rat, marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and human gingivae.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the localization of collagen types IV, V and VI as well as the glycoprotein laminin in biopsies of healthy rat, marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and human gingivae. The slices, after the use of indirect immunofluorescence (incubation with antibodies against these extracellular matrix components), showed the same distribution with the anti-type IV and laminin antibodies on the basement membranes of the epithelium, blood vessels and nerves. Collagen type V, as a filamentous, and collagen type VI, as microfibrillar components, were localized in a similar pattern in the different species. In contrast to the other species, collagen type VI could not be found near the basement membranes of vessels and nerves of the marmoset gingiva. This result shows differences between human and monkey tissues, but not between rat and human gingivae, and conforms the heterogeneity of collagen type VI in the various cell and tissue types.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules in the alveolar ridge mucosa, gingiva and periimplant mucosa.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in the alveolar ridge mucosa, the gingiva and the periimplant mucosa in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve partially edentulous subjects were included in the study. In each subject, one soft tissue biopsy was harvested from the edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa, one from a tooth site and one from an implant site. After 3 weeks of undisturbed plaque accumulation, an additional biopsy was obtained from one tooth and one implant site in each subject. The tissue samples were snap frozen and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: In the alveolar ridge mucosa, smaller proportions of endothelial cells expressing ICAM-1, ELAM-1 and VCAM-1 were observed than in the gingiva. ELAM-1-positive cells occurred in lower numbers than in periimplant mucosa. After 21 days of plaque accumulation, ELAM-1 was increased in tooth sites, but decreased in periimplant mucosa. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicated that the proportions of activated endothelial cells and the extravasation of leukocytes is larger in gingiva and periimplant mucosa than in alveolar ridge mucosa. This might be due to the less permeable keratinized epithelial layer in the edentulous ridge mucosa, which offers proper protection against microbial pathogens. The greater expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules during experimental gingivitis, compared to periimplant mucositis, may reflect its longer history of repeated antigenic assaults.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Histomorphometric characteristics and expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor by epithelial cells of normal gingiva and hereditary gingival fibromatosis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the histomorphometric features and evaluate the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transmembranic receptor (EGFr) and the proliferative potential of epithelial cells from normal and hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) gingival tissues. BACKGROUND: EGF is a multifunctional cytokine with a variety of biological effects including stimulation of cell proliferation by binding to its specific EGFr. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure EGF and EGFr expression and the epithelial cell proliferation was determined by measuring proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS: Histomorphometric evaluation indicated that in HGF the mean height of the epithelial papillae was higher compared to the normal gingiva (NG), whereas mean epithelial area and number of epithelial papillae were quite similar in both groups. The EGF and EGFr positive cells were observed in the basal, spinous and granular cell layers of both normal and HGF tissues, with a gradual reduction from the basal layer. Although the expressions of EGF and EGFr in the control group were significantly higher than those from HGF, in HGF the epithelial papilla tips showed increased number of proliferating cells and elevated expression of EGF and EGFr. There was a correlation between the proliferative potential of epithelial cells and the expression of EGF or EGFr only in the epithelial papilla tips of HGF gingiva. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that EGF and EGFr in the oral epithelium of HGF gingiva may stimulate epithelial cell proliferation, with the resultant apical migration of the oral epithelium and formation of the slender deep epithelial papillae; however, without hyperplastic alterations.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Catecholamine contents of rabbit gingiva and dental pulp.

The contents of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) in rabbit gingiva and dental pulp were approximately 15-fold greater than either adrenaline (A) or dopamine (DA). Whereas catecholamine contents of maxillary incisor pulps were similar to those in mandibular incisor pulps, variations existed between gingiva excised from different regions. Both reserpine pretreatment and chronic sympathetic denervation greatly decreased the NA contents. These findings support the view that NA is the sympathetic neurotransmitter in dental pulp and gingiva.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific serum IgG and IgA antibodies originate from immunoglobulin-secreting cells in inflamed gingiva.

Patients with adult periodontitis (AP) exhibit elevated serum antibody levels to Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis; however, it is not known whether these antibodies originate from plasma cells in the local disease site or from peripheral lymphoid tissues. We studied the isotype and subclass levels and origin of antibodies to P. gingivalis fimbriae, since elevated serum anti-fimbriae responses were seen when compared with sera of healthy controls. IgG anti-fibriae titres were dominant and the subclass response was IgG3 much greater than IgG1 greater than IgG2 much greater than IgG4; however, some IgA anti-fimbriae antibodies were also seen. The IgA subclass fimbriae-specific response was mainly IgA1; however, significant IgA2 anti-fimbrae antibodies were seen. We also assessed numbers of anti-fimbriae antibody producing cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) and from either healthy or inflamed gingiva of AP subjects. Gingival mononuclear cells (GMC) of AP patients exhibited high numbers of immunoglobulin-producing (spot-forming) cells (SFC) including fimbriae-specific antibody secreting cells in a pattern of IgG greater than IgA greater than greater than greater than IgM. However, low numbers of SFC were seen in GMC from healthy gingiva; further, no anti-fimbriae SFC responses were noted in healthy GMC. Although no fimbriae-specific immunoglobulin-producing cells were seen in PBMC, low numbers of antigen-specific SFC were found in pokeweed mitogen-triggered PBMC from AP subjects. Treatment of AP patients for plaque and surgical removal of inflamed gingiva resulted in significant reductions in serum anti-fimbriae responses. These studies show that AP patients exhibit brisk serum IgG and IgA subclass anti-fimbriae antibodies, whose origin appear to be the plasma cells present in the localized inflamed tissues.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗