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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Effects of antiseptics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus].

Various antiseptics, commonly used in hospital, were tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at high concentrations (approximately 10(9) CFU/ml) and in short time exposures. The antiseptic solutions of 0.05% alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, 0.05% benzalkonium chloride, 0.2% povidone-iodine gargle and 0.03% dominophen bromide produced 1,000 to 1/100,000 reduction after a 30 sec exposure. 7.5 % povidone-iodine scrub and 0.2% benzalkonium chloride in 83% ethanol were most effective, reducing MRSA under detection limits. (less than 10 CFU/ml) 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate was less effective, producing no evident reduction even after 1 min of exposure. Though 0.2% povidone solution reduced MRSA under detection limits at 37, 24 hrs incubation, colonies of several strains were detected after 48 hrs extended incubation. This suggests the existence of strains resistant to the antiseptic solution of povidone-iodine. We recommend that the disinfection for these strains should be repeated short time disinfection, because repeated short time exposure (15 sec 2 times) of antiseptics was more effective than one long time exposure (30 sec once).

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1971

Alcohol breath tests: gross errors in current methods of measuring alveolar gas concentrations.

Transitory contact of ethanol with the mucous membranes of the mouth or nasal passages, or both, is sufficient to drastically alter measurements of concentrations of ethanol in so-called "alveolar" gas for more than 20 minutes after such contact. Various concentrations of ethanol were taken into the mouth by human subjects and were expectorated. Readings of so-called "blood alcohol" were then taken at short intervals by means of the Breathalyzer(R) and were continued up to 1 hour after exposure. These readings were compared with blood-alcohol concentrations measured by quantitative chemical analysis of venous blood. When true concentrations of blood alcohol were at or close to zero (plus possible error of 0.0001 gram per 100 milliliters), readings of greater than 0.40 gram per 100 milliliters were obtained on the Breathalyzer. Repeated mouth washing and gargling with water, changes in the nature of the solvent, and stomach loading each had only a slight effect in diminishing these errors.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1970

Semiquantitative oropharyngeal culture technique.

A semiquantitative method for determining the concentration of organisms constituting the normal oropharyngeal flora has been developed. Eleven species of organisms were isolated from the 18 subjects studied. The concentration of organisms in multiple samples, taken at 5-min intervals, was quite similar. The concentration of organisms increased slightly at the end of the day. Obtaining specimens on different days of the week did not appreciably affect the concentration or kinds of organisms. Eating had only a minimal effect on the oropharyngeal flora, but brushing teeth reduced the concentration of organisms substantially. When specimens were obtained 6 months after the initial specimens, the concentration of organisms remained the same but the species of organisms isolated varied considerably. The gargle method was compared to a swab method and proved to be superior. This method of obtaining oropharyngeal culture specimens is reliable and useful as a means of monitoring the normal oropharyngeal flora.

Agar↗
PubMed1984

Pathogenesis of herpes simplex labialis: excretion of virus in the oral cavity.

Excretion of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the oral cavity was studied in eight human subjects with a history of herpes labialis. Serial intraoral specimens were obtained by gargling broth and examined for virus by centrifugal inoculation of primary human amnion cells. Forty-seven of 637 specimens (7.4%) contained HSV. The majority of isolates (62%) were found in clusters, and the rate of excretion was significantly increased during the common cold (21%) and after oral trauma (17%) (P = 0.001 and 0.04, respectively). Oral HSV excretion often occurred in parallel with episodes of herpes labialis but could not be attributed to viral contamination from a labial lesion. Each patient excreted only one strain of HSV type 1 as determined by restriction endonuclease analysis with KpnI and BamHI. Unexpectedly, prodromal symptoms of herpes labialis were commonly not followed by development of a lesion (false prodrome). False prodromes were associated with a high rate of oral HSV excretion (60%). Intraoral ulcers on the gingivae and hard palate were frequently associated with oral HSV excretion (31%) and are the most likely source of HSV in the oral cavity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anti-invasive activity of bovine lactoferrin towards group A streptococci.

Group A streptococci (GAS) are able to invade cultured epithelial and endothelial cells without evidence of intracellular replication. GAS, like other facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens, evolved such ability to enter and to survive within host cells avoiding the host defences, and bacterial intracellular survival could explain the recurrence of infections. We report here that 1 mg bovine lactoferrin (bLf)/mL significantly hindered the in vitro invasion of cultured epithelial cells by GAS isolated from patients suffering from pharyngitis and completely inhibited the invasiveness of GAS pretreated with subinhibiting concentrations of erythromycin or ampicillin. One milligram of bLf per millilitre was also able to increase the number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis following GAS invasion, although the number of intracellular GAS in the presence of bLf decreased by about 10-fold. The ability of bLf to decrease GAS invasion was confirmed by an in vivo trial carried out on 12 children suffering from pharyngitis and already scheduled for tonsillectomy. In tonsil specimens from children treated for 15 days before tonsillectomy with both oral erythromycin (500 mg t.i.d. (three times daily)) and bLf gargles (100 mg t.i.d.), a lower number of intracellular GAS was found in comparison with that retrieved in tonsil specimens from children treated with erythromycin alone (500 mg t.i.d.).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A contribution to our knowledge of Leonurus L., i-mu-ts'ao, the Chinese motherwort.

This article deals with the ethnobotanical aspects of the Chinese motherwort. Since time immemorial the Chinese people have used various parts of motherwort to meet different physical needs. By the time a written language was developed and the medical uses were recorded. , motherwort was treated as an article of superior quality. At present, under the name of i-mu-ts'ao, the plant is used for improving bloodflow both by official physicians and herbal practitioners throughout the country as well as by villagers in isolated areas. According to Chinese classical literature on materia medica, the early uses were limited to the parts of the plant which met the most obvious needs of the prehistorical people in their struggle for existence-food and pain reliever. Evidently, in their search for food, the ancient people found that the four nutlets contained in the dry and spinose calyx of the Chinese motherwort resemble the seasame seed in size and oil content. They gathered them and used them for food in similar manner as with the sesame. Consequently, they discovered the good effects to the eyesight, the improvement of strength, and the uplift of spirit. These discoveries led to the use of the seed of the species as an eye medicine for improving the eyesight, and as a tonic for the increase of strength and the elevation of spirit. Contagious skin diseases caused serious problems for the ancient people. The use of the leafy shoot for a bath to release the discomfort of itches and shingles was also recorded in the 42-word first medicinal record of the species in the earliest known Chinese materia medica-the Shen-nung pen-ts'ao-ching. Translators of the Chinese classics have included the records of i-mu-ts'ao. According to my knowledge, these works are all partial translations with the selections of the medicinal properties and the omissions on the methods of preparation. They have the outline and abandon the details. Consequently most of them are not clear. In order to provide complete information on the discoveries of the ancient Chinese people on the uses of i-mu-ts'ao, all the records up to the end of the sixteenth century are organized and translated under the following headings: (1) ecological and morphological observations; (2) preparations; (3) physical and therapeutical properties; (4) special prescriptions for internal and external uses-including pills for pregnant women, for mothers post partum, as an emmenagogue, and as a corrective agent, condensed liquid, powder, fresh juice, baby bath and washes, poultices, charred shoots, gargles, drops and cakes; (5) other economic uses-including cosmetics and food; and (6) etymology. The distribution of i-mu-ts'ao is significant in photogeography and in the nomenclature of the species. I-mu-ts'ao was purposely introduced from South China to Linnaeus in Sweden before the publication of the Species Plantarum in 1753. Linnaeus planted the seed in the botanical garden of the University of Uppsala...

Blood Circulation↗
PubMed1986

Oral hypertonic saline causes transient fall of vasopressin in humans.

After dehydration, oral rehydration causes a fall in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) that precedes changes in plasma osmolality. To investigate further the stimulus for this effect, its specificity, and association with thirst, six volunteers were deprived of water for 24 h and given a salt load on two separate occasions. On each study day they then drank rapidly 10 ml/kg of either tap water or hypertonic saline (360 mosmol/kg). There was a significant fall in plasma AVP from 2.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.2 +/- 0.4 pmol/l (P less than 0.05) 5 min after drinking water and from 1.8 +/- 0.3 to 0.9 +/- 0.2 pmol/l (P less than 0.05) after hypertonic saline. Plasma osmolality fell 30-60 min after water and was unchanged after saline. Plasma renin activity, oxytocin, and total protein all remained unchanged. All subjects reported diminished thirst after hypertonic saline. Gargling with water reduced thirst but did not affect plasma AVP. There appears to be a drinking-mediated neuroendocrine reflex that decreases plasma AVP irrespective of the osmolality of the liquid consumed. The sensation of thirst did not correlate with plasma osmolality and was not always related to plasma AVP concentration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of snorers with a volatile oil: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Snoring is a significant problem both for the patient and for the bed partner. Seventy-two male and female heavy snorers and their bed partners participated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on the effects of a volatile oil administered by gargling. The patients were diagnosed as heavy snorers after they underwent overnight polysomnography showing that their apnea indexes were below 5, thus sleep apnea patients were not included in the study. The participants and their partners filled out evaluations concerning snoring intensity, mouth dryness, nasal stuffiness and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale prior to and after using the volatile oil or placebo for 14 consecutive nights. There were no statistically significant decreases in snoring as graded by the bed partner or in mouth dryness, nasal stuffiness, or the Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores graded by the patients who were randomized to use the volatile oil. The results of this study indicate that this volatile oil is not an effective treatment in patients presenting with symptoms of snoring.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Japan and anti-influenza virus activity of povidone-iodine products.

OBJECTIVES: On January 12, 2004, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by the H5N1 strain, occurred in a one-layer flock in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It had been 79 years since the last outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in Japan. By February, 3 additional outbreaks had occurred (1 in Oita Prefecture and 2 in Kyoto Prefecture). Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses and are relatively sensitive to inactivation by lipid solvents, such as detergents. Infectivity is also rapidly destroyed by ether, sodium hypochlorite, povidone-iodine (PVP-I), peracetic acid and alcohol. However, these antiviral effects were only tested against human influenza A viruses. In the present study, the antiviral activity of PVP-I products against H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza A viruses, which had recently been transmitted to humans, were investigated. METHODS: The in vitro antiviral activity of PVP-I products (2% PVP-I solution, 0.5% PVP-I scrub, 0.25% PVP-I palm, 0.23% PVP-I gargle, 0.23% PVP-I throat spray and 2% PVP-I solution for animals) against avian influenza A viruses [a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/crow/Kyoto/T2/04 (H5N1; 10(6.5) EID(50)/0.1 ml), and 3 low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses, A/whistling swan/Shimane/499/838 (H5N3; 10(4.8) EID(50)/0.1 ml), A/whistling swan/Shimane/42/80 (H7N7; 10(5.5) EID(50)/0.1 ml) and A/duck/Hokkaido/26/99 (H9N2; 10(4.8) EID(50)/0.1 ml)] were investigated using embryonated hen's eggs. RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Viral infectious titers were reduced to levels below the detection limits by incubation for only 10 s with the PVP-I products used in this study. These results indicate that PVP-I products have virucidal activity against avian influenza A viruses. Therefore, the PVP-I products are useful in the prevention and control of human infection by avian influenza A viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics.

Inactivation of a range of viruses, such as adeno-, mumps, rota-, polio- (types 1 and 3), coxsackie-, rhino-, herpes simplex, rubella, measles, influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses, by povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and other commercially available antiseptics in Japan was studied in accordance with the standardized protocol in vitro. In these experiments, antiseptics such as PVP-I solution, PVP-I gargle, PVP-I cream, chlorhexidine gluconate, alkyldiaminoethyl-glycine hydrochloride, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzethonium chloride (BEC) were used. PVP-I was effective against all the virus species tested. PVP-I drug products, which were examined in these experiments, inactivated all the viruses within a short period of time. Rubella, measles, mumps viruses and HIV were sensitive to all of the antiseptics, and rotavirus was inactivated by BAC and BEC, while adeno-, polio- and rhinoviruses did not respond to the other antiseptics. PVP-I had a wider virucidal spectrum, covering both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, than the other commercially available antiseptics.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1995

Controlled exposures of young asthmatics to mixed oxidant gases and acid aerosol.

To help assess short-term respiratory responses to summertime air pollution, we exposed 24 asthmatic volunteers aged 11-18 in a chamber to respirable acid aerosol (mass median aerodynamic diameter 0.66 micron) plus 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) plus 0.2 ppm ozone (O3). The aerosol contained available hydrogen ions (H-) at an average concentration of 2.6 mumol/m-, equivalent to 127 micrograms/m3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4); some H+ probably was in NH4HSO4 rather than H2SO4. The volunteers were exposed separately to O3/NO2 without acid and to clean air. Exposures lasted 90 min, including three 15-min exercise sessions with ventilation averaging 32 L/min, at 21 degrees C and 50% relative humidity. Asthma medications were withheld before and during exposures. Subjects gargled lemonade to minimize acid neutralization by oral ammonia (NH3). Exercise-induced bronchospasm was evident in all exposures. Differences in group mean lung function response among H2SO4/O3/NO2, O3/NO2, and clean-air exposures were not statistically significant. Individuals' measured oral NH3 concentrations or estimated inhaled doses of H2SO4 did not significantly predict their lung function changes. A few subjects showed unfavorable function changes during pollutant exposures, which might be chance occurrences or might indicate the existence of an acid-pollution-susceptible subgroup among young asthmatic subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Obstructive sleep apnea following topical oropharyngeal anesthesia in loud snorers.

Previous studies support the presence of an upper airway reflex mechanism that contributes to the maintenance of upper airway patency during sleep. We investigated the possibility that interference with this reflex mechanism contributes to the development of obstructive sleep apnea. Eight otherwise asymptomatic snorers (seven male and one female), age 39 +/- 5.3 yr (mean +/- SEM), underwent overnight sleep studies on three successive nights. An acclimatization night was followed by two study nights randomly assigned to control (C) and oropharyngeal anesthesia (OPA). On the OPA night topical anesthesia was induced using 10% lidocaine spray and 0.25% bupivacaine gargle. A saline placebo was used on night C. All subjects slept well on both study nights (mean sleep duration was 6.2 h on both study nights), and sleep stage distribution was similar on both nights. Obstructive apneas and hypopneas (OAH) rose from 114 +/- 43 during C to 170 +/- 49 during OPA (p less than 0.02). Central apneas and hypopneas (CAH) were unchanged between the two nights (8 +/- 4.9 versus 7 +/- 3). The duration of OAH was similar on both study nights (20 +/- 1.9 s during C versus 20 +/- 1.5 s during OPA). The frequency of movement arousals terminating OAH tended to be higher during OPA (7 +/- 2.9/h) than during C (3 +/- 0.7); P = NS. The frequency of oxyhemoglobin desaturations was also higher during OPA (5 +/- 2.1/h) than during C (3 +/- 1.4), p less than 0.07.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Topical oropharyngeal anesthesia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Topical oropharyngeal anesthesia (TOPA) increases obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) frequency in both normal subjects and loud snorers. The effects of TOPA in established OSA were assessed in six male patients with a mean age (+/- SEM) of 50 +/- 5.3 yr. Following an acclimatization night, each subject underwent two overnight sleep studies, randomly assigned to TOPA (10% lidocaine spray and 0.25% bupivocaine gargle) and control (C) (saline placebo). Patients demonstrated sleep efficiencies of 93 +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SEM) during C and 88 +/- 2.9% during TOPA. Overall apnea-hypopnea (AH) frequency, using inductance plethysmography, showed little change: 21.2 +/- 3.6 on C versus 25.1 +/- 3.5 events/h on TOPA nights (p = 0.12). There was no significant increase in AH duration with TOPA, and oxygen desaturation (> or = 4%) frequency was similar: 21.1 +/- 3.9 per hour during TOPA versus 23.6 +/- 5.9 during C. However, obstructive AHs showed a change in thoracoabdominal motion from C to TOPA nights, with an increase in events with abdominal paradox from 3.1 +/- 1.1 to 10.3 +/- 3.1 per hour (p = 0.03), and a reduction in events with ribcage paradox from 13.1 +/- 1.6 to 8.2 +/- 2.4 per hour (p = 0.08). Central and mixed AHs demonstrated similar frequencies on both nights. These data support an impairment of upper airway (UA) protective reflexes among patients with OSA.

Bupivacaine↗
PubMed1983

The effects of airway anesthesia on magnitude estimation of added inspiratory resistive and elastic loads.

The effects of airway anesthesia on the magnitude estimation of added inspiratory loads were studied in 5 healthy normal subjects. The subjects assessed the magnitude of a given load by means of a handgrip dynamometer; 5 suprathreshold resistive loads. (range, 2.9 to 21.0 cmH2O/L/s) and 7 suprathreshold elastic loads (range, 4.6 to 24.0 cmH2O/L) were used. Anesthesia of the upper and lower airways was obtained by gargling and inhalation of 4% lidocaine solution; the adequacy of airway anesthesia was assessed by the inhalation of 20% citric acid solution. Studies were performed in the control state and during the airway anesthetized state. The relationship between log added load and log handgrip response, represented by the regression coefficient between these two variables, was in accord with the psychophysical power law of Stevens in all the studies. The regression coefficient during the control state of resistive loads (mean = 0.566) and elastic loads (mean = 0.516) did not alter significantly (p greater than 0.05) during the airway anesthetized state. These results indicate that the magnitude estimation of added inspiratory loads is not primarily mediated through receptors in the upper or lower airways.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparative evaluation of benzydamine oral rinse in children with antineoplastic-induced stomatitis.

This nonblinded, crossover study was undertaken to compare the extent and duration of analgesia after administration of benzydamine 0.15% oral rinse and Hospital for Sick Children (HSC) mouthwash for pain (nystatin 7000 U/ml, lidocaine viscous 0.58 ml/ml in NaCl 0.9%) in pediatric patients with antineoplastic-induced stomatitis. Each mouthwash was administered as a paint or a gargle q2h while the child was awake on two consecutive days. Patients older than three years were asked to describe their pain by means of a pictorial or a visual analog scale. Pain was assessed by the investigator, parent, or nurse caring for the patient as well as the patient whenever possible before each dose and 10, 30, and 60 minutes after the first three doses each day for four days. Stomatitis severity was graded daily. Four patients completed the study protocol; an additional three patients dropped out of the study due to severe stinging when benzydamine oral rinse was administered. The case histories of the patients who completed the study are presented. Both preparations reduced pain for at least one hour in most instances but not for two hours. Three of four patients elected to continue treatment with HSC mouthwash for pain. Study recruitment was halted due to the ethical concern of continuing with the knowledge that benzydamine oral rinse causes oral pain and stinging, especially in patients with severe stomatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Lidocaine absorption and metabolism after oropharyngeal application in young and young-elderly adults.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of age on lidocaine absorption and metabolism after application to the oropharynx and vocal cords in a manner similar to preparation for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Five healthy volunteers were studied in each of two age groups: from 25 to 37 and 60 to 68 years of age. Each volunteer had a total of lidocaine 300 mg administered as a gargle, gel, or directly to the vocal cords. Blood samples and expectorant were collected to determine concentrations of lidocaine and its metabolites, monoethylglycinxylidide (MEGX) and glycinxylidide (GX). No differences in peak plasma lidocaine concentrations, 2.09 +/- 1.28 mumol/L (1 microgram/mL = 4.27 mumol/L) in young subjects, and 2.35 +/- 0.85 mumol/L in young-elderly subjects, or lidocaine AUC were seen between the two age groups. Lidocaine recovered in expectorant ranged from 96 to 168 mg. This study suggests that, over the age range studied, increased age does not impair lidocaine absorption from the oropharynx or lidocaine metabolism when topical lidocaine is used during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

Absorption↗
PubMed1982

A controlled study of benzydamine oral rinse ("Difflam") in general practice.

Fifty-two patients suffering from presumed viral pharyngeal infection or tonsillitis were treated with either benzydamine or placebo oral rinse as a gargle at 3-hourly intervals in a randomized double-blind study. Patients on the active preparation experienced faster resolution of pain and dysphagia and at 7 days 88% were symptom-free compared with 38% on placebo.

Administration, Oral↗