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PubMed1997

[Enzymatic analysis of the quality of foodstuffs].

Enzymatic analysis is an independent and separate branch of enzymology and analytical chemistry. It has become one of the most important methodologies used in food analysis. Enzymatic analysis allows the quick, reliable determination of many food ingredients. Often these contents cannot be determined by conventional methods, or if methods are available, they are determined only with limited accuracy. Today, methods of enzymatic analysis are being increasingly used in the investigation of foodstuffs. Enzymatic measurement techniques are used in industry, scientific and food inspection laboratories for quality analysis. This article describes the requirements of an optimal analytical method: specificity, sample preparation, assay performance, precision, sensitivity, time requirement, analysis cost, safety of reagents.

Enzymes↗
PubMed1989

[The contaminated chocolate epidemic of 1987].

The article describes a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection in 1987 caused by contaminated chocolate products from one particular factory. A total of 349 bacteriologically verified cases were recorded. It was estimated, however, that 20,000-40,000 persons became ill during the outbreak. We describe the epidemiological and bacteriological investigations which led to identification of the source of infection, and discuss two epidemiological models for investigation of food-borne outbreaks. The article emphasizes the importance of collaboration between the community health service and the local food inspection laboratories during investigation of foodborne outbreaks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Regulation of Bt crops in Canada.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) regulates environmental releases of plants with novel traits, which include transgenic plants such as Bt crops. Bt crops are regulated in Canada because they express insect resistance novel to their species. Commercialization of crops with novel traits such as the production of insecticidal Bt proteins requires an approval for environmental release, as well as approvals for use as feed and food. Environmental factors such as potential impacts on non-target species are considered. Insect resistance management (IRM) may be imposed as a condition for environmental release of Bt crops to delay the development of resistance in the target insect. Bt potato and European corn borer-resistant Bt corn have been released with mandatory IRM. The CFIA imposes an IRM plan consisting of appropriate refugia, education of farmers and seed dealers, and monitoring and mitigation. Industry, regulators, government extension staff and public researchers provide expert advice on IRM.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Does enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe?

An outbreak caused by salted salmon roe contaminated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 occurred in Japan in 1998. Since about 0.75 to 1.5 viable cells were estimated to cause infection, we presumed that O157 might enter the viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in salted salmon roe and consequently that viable cell numbers might be underestimated. Although patient-originating O157 cells could not grow on agar plates after 72 h of incubation in 13% NaCl, they were resuscitated in yeast extract broth, and more than 90% of the cells were shown to be viable by fluorescent staining, suggesting that almost all of them could enter the VNC state in NaCl water. Roe-originating O157 was resistant to NaCl because it could grow on agar after 72 h of incubation in NaCl water, but about 20% of cells appeared to enter the VNC state. Therefore, germfree mice were infected with O157 to examine the resuscitation of cells in the VNC state and the retention of pathogenicity. O157 that originated in roe, but not patients, killed mice and was isolated from the intestine. However, these isolates had become sensitive to NaCl. O157 cells of roe origin incubated in normal media also killed mice and were isolated from the intestine, but they also became transiently NaCl sensitive. We therefore propose that bacterial cells might enter the VNC state under conditions of stress, such as those encountered in vivo or in high salt concentrations, and then revive when those conditions have eased. If so, the VNC state in food is potentially dangerous from a public health viewpoint and may have to be considered at the time of food inspection. Finally, the establishment of a simple recovery system for VNC cells should be established.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring the mycotoxins in food and their biomarkers in the Czech Republic.

Testing of the presence of toxigenic microfungi and mycotoxins in foodstuffs in the food chain is an important part of the food safety strategy in The Czech Republic. At the national level, control of their presence in the entire food chain is assured by Public Health Protection Agencies, by the Veterinary Administration and by the Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority. This article summarizes surveillance activities of Public Health Protection Agencies and mycotoxins findings in dietary raw materials and foodstuffs from the 1990s to 2004 in the Czech Republic. At present, the health risk from the mycotoxins exposure from foodstuffs is assessed to be relatively low in the Czech Republic, especially as far as the foodstuffs of the Czech origin are concerned. It may result in late toxic effects (e. g., carcinogenic risk) following a single or repeated ingestion of low mycotoxins doses from foodstuffs. Nevertheless, the overall situation may change due to the globalization of the food market. In order to minimize the risk associated with mycotoxins and eliminate their impact on Czech public health, continuous monitoring of the presence of toxigenic moulds, mycotoxins, and their biomarkers is necessary, in conjunction with strict respect to European Union legislation.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1977

[Influence of raw milk processing on the aflatoxin M content of milk products (author's transl)].

Several contracdictory results in the literature lead us to the conclusion, that the influence of raw milk processing on aflatoxin content should be tested under as close as possible practical conditions. Even though storage at 5 degrees C for 1-3 days does not greatly influence aflatoxin content (11-25% reduction), this might still be important for food inspection. Although experiments on exposure to light resp. oxygen were repeated ten times, the results could not be definitely be shown as due to oxidation. Part of the contradictory literature references also in the case of freeze drying in our opinion caused by the way in which aflatoxins was added. The loss was less pronounced when milk was contaminated naturally than when it was added artificially. Heating of milk, depending on the conditions, caused a decrease of the aflatoxin-content of between 12 and 35% when making butter from naturally contaminated cream 23% (18-28%) of the aflatoxin M1 appeared in the butter, whereas the buttermilk contained the major amount of aflatoxin.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2001

Circadian time perception.

The variability of anticipating a meal was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats earned food by inspecting a food source during a 3-hr interval. Food was not available at other times. In Experiment 1, the meal started 3 or 7 hr after light offset in a 12-hr light-dark cycle. Experiment 2 was conducted in constant darkness with 14-, 22-, 22.5-, 24-, 25.5-, 26-, or 34-hr intermeal intervals. Inspections increased before the meal. Rats timed intervals in the circadian range (22-26 hr) with lower variability than that for intervals outside this range (3-14 and 34 hr). Higher precision in timing selected intervals violates the scalar property. Proximity to a circadian oscillator improves timing precision. Variability may be used to identify oscillators with noncircadian periods.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The first Polish animal contagious disease act of 1844].

The Veterinary Control Act of 1844 was the first to regulate in entirety the control of infectious diseases in animals and questions of sanitary inspection of animal food products in the Kingdom of Poland. The act listed explicit procedures regarding diagnostics, control and eradication of diseases as well as concerning animal food product inspection. The act required that animal owners become familiar with symptoms of animal diseases, their methods of control and that they prevent their spreading. The obligations of veterinarians, state physicians and administrative control bodies in the control of animal diseases were specified by the act. Besides the main text on the control of diseases and meat inspection the act also contains elements of food law, some norms concerning public law and order (e.g. requirements concerning dogs) and even some regulations on animal protection.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Thermal inactivation of Pediococcus sp. in simulated apple cider during high-temperature short-time pasteurization.

Prompted by concerns regarding outbreaks of food-borne illness which have occurred due to the consumption of commercial, nonpasteurized fruit juices contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, the US Food and Drug Administration and Canadian Food Inspection Agency are considering several new safety standards to apply to fresh juices, including mandatory pasteurization of all apple cider. In support of these initiatives, a study was conducted to evaluate the pasteurization of simulated cider using a heat-resistant nonpathogenic test bacterium, Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354. Thermal inactivation of the Pediococcus sp. was determined using a pilot scale high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurizer with a plate heat exchanger. The cumulative lethal effect, or pasteurization effect (PE), was obtained by converting times at different temperatures in the various sections of the pasteurizer to the equivalent time at the reference temperature (72 degrees C). PE was then related by a simple linear function to the log(10) of the percentage of viable counts with a power transformation of the PE values to improve linear fit. r(2) values for the four Pediococcus sp. trials varied from 0.921 to 0.981. Intertrial variation was incorporated into the model using @RISK simulation software. Output from simulations confirmed that treatment at 71 degrees C for 16 s can ensure a 5-log reduction of Pediococcus sp.

Beverages↗
PubMed2000

Aerobiology of a high-line speed cattle abattoir.

The operation of the high-line speed cattle abattoir studied follows a plant-created hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) plan that is recognized by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Measurement of bioaerosols is not a part of this plan. In this study CFUs in air of selected abattoir processes were enumerated after impinging air onto tryptic soy agar plates with a slit air sampler for 10 to 20 min. The total viable count (TVC) per liter of air was calculated for each sample following incubation at 30 degrees C for 24 h. Monthly samples were collected on the hide removal floor and the carcass dressing floor from March 1998 to April 1999. Mud tag, dirt, and wetness of incoming hides were scored subjectively on the hide removal floor. The other processes were sampled in 3 separate months. The TVC at two locations on the hide removal floor (center of hide removal floor [CHF] and top of hide puller [THP]) had a strong association to each other (r = 0.84; P < 0.001). The mean TVC at the CHF and THP was 10.0 and 11.5, respectively, and the TVC for individual samples ranged from 2 to 42 at these locations. The TVC means for all the other processes ranged from 0.01 to 0.7. Tag and TVC on the hide removal floor had a different seasonal distribution with TVC being highest in the warm months (April to October 1998) and lowest for November to April 1999. No significant relations between TVC and the dirt and wetness variables were evident for the CHF and THP locations on the hide removal floor. It was concluded that the control of aerosols in the hide removal floor should be treated as a critical control point in the HACCP plan.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Contexts and behavioral correlates of trill vocalizations in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus).

Primate vocalizations that appear to occur independently of specific contexts typically are considered to be contact calls. However, results from several recent studies indicate that these calls function to facilitate social interactions. White-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) emit a high-frequency vocalization, termed a "trill," in social interactions and during travel. In this study, immatures emitted most trills, but adult females also trilled; by contrast, adult males rarely trilled. Infants emitted the majority of trills, and they trilled at significantly higher rates than adult females. Infants trilled most when approaching other individuals. Furthermore, infants emitted proportionately more trills than other age classes when approaching other individuals. I therefore focused on the detailed context and immediate behavioral correlates of trilling by infants. Infants that trilled when approaching others tended to interact affiliatively with them subsequently (i.e., climbing on, touching, receiving grooming, and performing food inspection) more than infants that did not trill when approaching. Therefore, infant trilling may have had an immediate effect on the recipient's behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. III. Review of flies and foodborne enteric disease.

Forty-seven species of flies have been reliably associated with filthy conditions that might allow the spread of foodborne pathogens. These are categorized as "filth flies." Of that 47, only 21 species represent a potential threat to human health as scientifically proven causative agents of foodborne myiasis or as carriers of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and other foodborne pathogens. These 21 species are categorized as "disease-causing flies" based on strict scientific criteria. The criteria are association with E. coli, Salmonella, AND Shigella; synanthropy; endophily; communicative behavior; attraction to both excrement and food products; and recognition by authorities as a potential health hazard. Within Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point and other U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory frameworks, disease-causing flies are contributing factors to the spread of foodborne disease that require preventive and corrective actions as appropriate under Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures, Good Manufacturing Practices, or pest control programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Application of "subjective gustometry and olfactometry" for determination of reaction kinetics during sensorical changes in technological processes (author's transl)].

Under special conditions the "subjective gustometry and olfactometry" (SGO) allows to combine the concentration with the intensity of flavour components by theoretical means. In this way it can be used for quantitative determination of flavour concentrations as well as for kinetic measurements of sensorical changes. Thus the equations of chemical reaction kinetics (reactionorder, speed and temperature dependancy) can be used for calculation of sensorical changes as theoretically demonstrated for the formation and decomposition of different flavour components. The requirements for indicators, aroma indices, technological processes and storage conditions for a special quality criterium can also be calculated. By using the formation of cooked flavour in apple juice as a practical example the correctness of the theoretical calculations is demonstrated.

Food Inspection↗
PubMed2005

Rapid PCR-RFLP method for discrimination of imported and domestic mackerel.

With the ever-decreasing domestic fishery catch of Japanese mackerel Scomber japonicus, alternative Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus has been increasingly imported and currently accounts for approximately 34% of mackerel consumption in Japan. As there is no morphologic difference between the species after removal of their skin, not only fresh and frozen fillets but also processed seafood of S. scombrus are frequently marketed with mislabeling as S. japonicus. In this study, a rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was developed to discriminate imported mackerel S. scombrus and domestic mackerel S. japonicus. PCR amplification for the nuclear 5S ribosomal DNA nontranscribed spacer was performed using Scomber-specific primers. Direct digestions of the PCR products using either PvuII or HaeIII restriction enzymes generated species-specific profiles, indicating that both enzymes enable the accurate identification of S. scombrus and S. japonicus. This robust and reproducible method can serve as molecular-based routine food inspection program to enforce labeling regulations.

Animals↗