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PubMed1996

Food chain analysis of exposures and risks to wildlife at a metals-contaminated wetland.

A food chain analysis of risks to wetland receptors was performed in support of a baseline ecological risk assessment at the Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund site in Montana. The study area consisted of over 450 acres of primarily palustrine wetland contaminated with metals from mining wastes transported from upstream sources (average of 465 mg/kg for Cu in sediments, and 585 mg/kg in soils). The food chain analysis focused on several species of terrestrial and semiaquatic animals indigenous to montane wetlands of the northern Rocky Mountains. Receptors consisted of mice, voles, muskrats, beaver, various waterfowl species, osprey, bald eagles, and deer. Samples of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, small mammal tissues, fish tissue, aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, soils, sediment, and surface water were collected and analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, and Zn. A linear multimedia food-chain model was constructed to estimate daily intakes of the metals for each receptor, with assumed values for ingestion of aquatic and terrestrial food items, ingestion of local surface water, and incidental ingestion of soils and/or sediments. Evaluation of health risks to the receptors was performed by comparison of exposures expressed as daily intakes to a suite of toxicity values. The range of values consisted of the lower end of chronic toxicity data found in toxicology databases or the literature for the same or similar species, modified to account for extrapolation uncertainties. Daily intakes of chemicals of concern were below or within the range of toxicity values for all receptors. The weight of evidence from the food chain analysis and earlier bioassessment and ecological studies suggest that the health of the wetland receptors is at minimal risk due to the presence of elevated metals in sediments, upland soils, water, or food items at the site.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A method to assess sodium intake in populations.

Dietary sodium measurement in populations has severe limitations whether assessment is based on urinary excretion or on food intake methods. We have validated a simple instrument to determine total dietary sodium intake of populations in a pilot study of 10 women, 20 to 36 years old. Sodium intake determined by means of the sodium measurement instrument was correlated with sodium intake from food analysis, sodium intake calculated from food composition tables, and measurement of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Sodium values obtained with the instrument are based on regression equations, which incorporate information as follows: an average measure of 7 days' actual table salt use, the average sodium contribution of 17 high-sodium foods from a food frequency checklist maintained for 7 days, a calculation of drinking water sodium, and measurements of height and weight to establish 24-hour energy needs, a surrogate estimate of sodium found in all foods not included in the food frequency checklist. Participants were studied for 16 days: 7 consecutive days on either a 2,000-mg or a 3,500-mg sodium diet, 2 days' adjustment, and 7 days' crossover. Participants were allowed to select foods from a diverse menu, eat at fast-food restaurants, and consume alcohol if desired. Mean of 7-day sodium intake obtained with the instrument was significantly correlated with mean of 7-day sodium intake determined by food analysis (r = .80), from food composition tables (r = .62), and from urinary excretion (r = .56).

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Derivative formation in the chromatographic analysis of food additives.

The use of derivatization in the analysis of food additivies by chromatographic means has been reviewed. The large majority of these derivatization techniques are employed to facilitate the gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of various food additives. Silylation, alkylation, acylation, as well as transesterification, saponification, and chemical decomposition techniques are discussed. The review includes procedures for the analysis of emulsifiers and stabilizers, artificial sweeteners, antioxidants, preservatives, gums, and waxes, and draws in part, from work conducted in the authors' laboratory.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1965

Application of replica plating and computer analysis for rapid identification of bacteria in some foods. II. Analysis of microbial flora in irradiated Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus).

This investigation was carried out to determine the nature of the microbial flora shifts in dover sole as a result of irradiation and storage at 6 C. The relationship was determined between the microorganisms which initially survive irradiation and those making up the final spoilage flora. A total of 2,723 isolates were examined by use of the replica-plating and computer analysis method. The spoilage of the unirradiated control samples during storage at 6 C was almost entirely due to the growth of Pseudomonas. This group, which occupied 25% of the fresh flora, grew to nearly 100% in 2 days of storage. In contrast, irradiation doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 Mrad favored the growth of Achromobacter and yeasts. The Micrococcus, which survived radiation, did not grow at 6 C. At 0.5 Mrad, spoilage of fish samples was due entirely to the growth of yeasts.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multielemental analysis of food and agricultural matrixes by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

The suitability of quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for multielemental analysis of food following microwave closed vessel digestion of samples was evaluated in relation to analytical challenges presented by some major food and agricultural matrixes. Fifteen key analytes (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V, Zn) were determined in 9 reference materials representative of 3 major groups of staple foods (cereals, seafood, and meat). For all measurements, the method of external calibration was used and Rh was selected as internal standard. Matrix-induced interferences were evaluated for each material, and suitable methods to overcome them were applied. Spectral interferences caused by C, Cl, and Ca content of digestates were quantitated and corrected by entering a simple system of mathematical correction equations into the instrument software before each analytical run. Full mastering of interferences together with adoption of a series of measures to control the reliability of analytical measurements produced accurate results for all the analytes. A standard analytical protocol is outlined for the benefit of both research and routine high-throughput laboratories that perform ICP-MS analyses of food.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Trienzyme extraction in combination with microbiologic assay in food folate analysis: an updated review.

For decades, the traditional food folate extraction method involved two steps including heat treatment, to release folate from its binding proteins, and folate conjugase treatment, to hydrolyze polyglutamyl folate to monoglutamyl folate. However, a trienzyme-extraction method of food folate was developed in the mid 1990s. This method involves the use of alpha-amylase, protease, and folate conjugase and allows for a more complete extraction of folate trapped in carbohydrate or protein matrices in food than the traditional method. In the last several years, this extraction method became widely used. However, the method is not uniform among various investigators, and it may be difficult for a new investigator to select the most suitable method in his or her laboratory. Therefore, in the review presented here, we summarize a variety of trienzyme-extraction procedures that were used by various researchers and offer a recommended procedure for food folate extraction. It is our hope that the wide use of an appropriate procedure of the trienzyme-extraction method, in combination with a reasonable detection method, help in establishing accurate and reliable food-folate tables and that this, in turn, makes it possible to accurately assess folate intake in the general population.

Enzymes↗
PubMed1996

Artifacts and contaminants in the analysis of food flavor.

The qualitative and quantitative complexity of food flavor makes its complete analysis rather difficult, involving a series of necessary successive steps, from the transport of the samples to the laboratory to the final quantification of the volatiles in the extract. However, because of the minute amounts of most odorous substances in food, these numerous manipulations of the sample are often the cause of alterations of the flavor, and complementary techniques are generally recommended to get a clear idea of its original composition. Arguments and clues, from 95 publications dealing with the analysis of various types of food, demonstrating that some of the volatile substances finally identified could have been in fact contaminants or artifacts arising from the analysis itself are presented. For practical reasons, the logical sequence of treatments successively applied to the sample throughout the flavor analysis is adopted.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1991

Behavioral economic analysis of food choice in obese children.

Behavioral economic analysis has shown food choice in normal weight adults is influenced by both liking and constraints on access to food. The present study assessed the contributions of food liking and environmental constraints to choice of moderately liked, low-calorie foods or highly liked high-calorie foods in obese children. Access to the moderately liked food remained on a VR2 schedule, while response requirements for the highly liked food ranged from VR2 to VR32. Subjects chose to work for the higher-rated food at comparisons up to VR2/VR4, showed no preference at VR2/VR8 and their choice shifted to the lower rated food when response requirements for the highly liked food were increased to VR16. These results show that both subjective and environmental factors contribute to children's choice of foods.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Accreditation in the UK for pesticide residue analysis in foods.

A brief background is provided of the European national bodies which accredit laboratories to the EN 45001 standard and their mutual recognition through the European Cooperation for Accreditation of Laboratories. Some of the requirements for accreditation of a laboratory, for example, the need to demonstrate traceability of measurements, are selectively illustrated with particular reference to the determination of pesticide residues in foods. The costs and benefits of accreditation are discussed.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1994

Future directions in food composition studies.

Food composition studies are essential for many purposes in nutrition, food science, and dietetics. This article reviews uses of food composition information in food labeling, nutrition education, dietary surveys, epidemiological studies, and dietary intervention trials. Research is need to minimize the causes of variation between actual and measured diets. This involves minimizing errors in food sampling, chemical analysis, food composition table construction, nutrient data bases for food groups, and in computations using nutrient analysis systems. Critical knowledge relative to food composition necessary for food science experts, nutrition professionals and other professionals is discussed. Improving the reporting of food composition data will also require more attention by editors of journals: if they demand more documentation, they will get it.

Diet↗
PubMed2003

Microbiological quality of food in relation to hazard analysis systems and food hygiene training in UK catering and retail premises.

A meta-analysis of eight UK food studies was carried out to determine the microbiological quality of food and its relationship with the presence in food businesses of hazard analysis systems and food hygiene training. Of the 19,022 premises visited to collect food samples in these studies between 1997 and 2002, two thirds (66%) were catering premises and one third (34%) were retail premises. Comparison with PHLS Microbiological Guidelines revealed that significantly more ready-to-eat food samples from catering premises (20%; 2,511/12,703) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality compared to samples from retail premises (12%; 1,039/8,462) (p < 0.00001). Three quarters (76%) of retail premises had hazard analysis systems in place compared with 59% of catering premises (p < 0.00001). In 87% of retail premises the manager had received some form of food hygiene training compared with 80% of catering premises (p < 0.00001). From premises where the manager had received no food hygiene training a greater proportion of samples were of unsatisfactory and unacceptable microbiological quality (20% retail, 27% catering) compared with premises where the manager had received food hygiene training (11% retail, 19% catering) (p < 0.00001). Where the manager of the premises had received food hygiene training, documented hazard analysis systems were more likely to be in place (p < 0.00001). Higher proportions of samples of unsatisfactory and unacceptable microbiological quality (17% retail, 22% catering) were from premises where there was no hazard analysis system in place compared to premises that had a documented hazard analysis system in place (10% retail, 18% catering) (p < 0.00001). Our meta-analysis suggests that the lower microbiological quality of ready-to-eat foods from catering premises compared with those collected from retail premises may reflect differences in management food hygiene training and the presence of a hazard analysis system. The importance of adequate training for food handlers and their managers as a pre-requisite for effective hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) based controls is therefore emphasised.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Carcinogenicity test of polyoxyethylene(10) nonylphenyl ether (NP-10) in female B6C3F1 mice.

A carcinogenicity study of polyoxyethylene(10)nonylphenyl ether (NP-10) to B6C3F1 mouse was performed using 50 females per group of 4 study groups, or 200 mice in total. Diets containing NP-10 at 0, 500, 1500 and 4500 ppm were prepared and orally administered to the animals repeatedly for 104 weeks, and observation of general conditions, body weight analysis, food consumption analysis, hematologic examination, organ weight analysis and pathological examination were performed. The results are summarized as follows. The mean intake of the test substance in the 500, 1500 and 4500 ppm groups for 104 weeks was 81.5, 254 and 873 mg/kg/day, respectively. There were no differences observed in mortality among the groups and the mortality did not exceed the background data in any groups. There were no signs attributable to the administration of the test substance, and various signs which increased in occurrence with aging were observed in all groups at a similar frequency. Body weight gain was suppressed only in the 4500 ppm group throughout the entire administration period. Food consumption was increased in all treated groups around the early stage of administration and, thereafter, in the 1500 and 4500 ppm groups until the mid-stage of administration. Decreased food efficiency was observed in the 4500 ppm group alone. As a result of the hematologic examination, no changes attributable to the administration of the test substance were observed in any groups. As a result of the organ weight analysis, lower absolute weights of the liver and kidney and higher relative weights of the brain, liver and kidney, which were considered to be changes accompanying the suppressed body weight gain, were observed in the 4500 ppm group. The pathological examination revealed no marked changes in the gross findings in the treated groups. As a result of the histological examination, there were no neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions in the treated groups which were unequivocally observed to have increased in occurrence. As the above findings show, NP-10 did not cause any increase in the incidence of neoplastic lesions in the mouse by oral administration for 2 years at 873 mg/kg/day (4500 ppm) and was determined to have no carcinogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Analysis of foods for iodine: interlaboratory study.

An accurate, reproducible method for less than or equal to 1 ppm iodine in foods is required for nutritional labeling. In order to ascertain the current status of iodine analysis in foods, 7 samples, representing different food classes, were analyzed by 8 laboratories. Six laboratories used their modifications of the Ce-As-I catalytic method preceded by alkaline dry ashing. Two laboratories used neutron activation analysis (NAA), with differing radiochemical separations. The study showed wide discrepancy in analytical results. Mean relative standard deviation for all laboratories was 77.9% between laboratories; 19.1% within-laboratories. Laboratories using NAA had only slightly better precision than did laboratories using the chemical method. The lowest level reported on the entire group of samples ranged among laboratories from 0.0089 to 0.65 ppm. Figures reported by a laboratory are, in general, consistently high or consistently low. The only differences in methodology which may possibly correlate with level of iodine obtained are the use of NAA technique and use of manual, rather than automated, colorimetry.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1999

Oral chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity test of polyoxyethylene(10)nonylphenyl ether (NP-10) in female F344 rats.

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of polyoxyethylene(10)nonylphenyl ether (NP-10) to Fischer 344 rats were investigated using 70 females per group in 4 study groups, or 280 rats in total. Diets containing NP-10 at 0, 1000, 3000 and 9000 ppm were prepared and orally administered to the animals repeatedly for 52 weeks for a chronic toxicity study and for 104 weeks for a carcinogenicity study. Observations of general condition, body weight analysis, food consumption analysis, hematologic examination, blood chemistry examination (only at Week 52 of administration), urinalysis (only at Week 52), ophthalmologic examination (immediately prior to administration and at Week 52), organ weight analysis and pathological examination were performed. The results are summarized as follows. The mean intake of the test substance was 60.5, 182 and 559 mg/kg/day in the chronic toxicity study for 52 weeks and 55.2, 166 and 520 mg/kg/day in the carcinogenicity study for 104 weeks in the 1000, 3000 and 9000 ppm groups, respectively. Mortality decreased approximately in a dose-related manner, with 28% in the control group, 26% in the 1000 ppm group, and 14% each in the 3000 and 9000 ppm groups. In general condition, there were no signs attributed to the treatment with NP-10. Body weight gain was suppressed in the 9000 ppm group throughout the administration period and in the 3000 ppm group during Weeks 21-88. Food consumption decreased in the 9000 and 3000 ppm groups. Food efficiency was lower in the 9000 and 3000 ppm groups. As a result of the hematologic examination, hematocrit value, hemoglobin value, red blood cell count, platelet count and MCV were lower and MCH and MCHC higher in the 9000 ppm group at Week 52 of administration. At Week 104, the neutrophil ratio was higher and lymphocyte ratio lower in the 3000 and 9000 ppm groups, and furthermore, hematocrit value, hemoglobin value, MCV and MCH were slightly lower in the 9000 ppm group. In the blood coagulability tests, prothrombin time was slightly shortened in the 9000 ppm group at Week 52. As a result of the blood chemistry examination, total protein and albumin values were higher and total bilirubin, uric acid and trygliceride value lower in the 3000 ppm and higher dose groups. Furthermore, the free cholesterol value was higher and the values of potassium, cholesterol ester ratio, GOT, GPT, ALP and cholinesterase were lower in the 9000 ppm group. As a result of the urinalysis, the specific gravity of urine was higher and urine pH acidic in some animals. As a result of the ophthalmologic examination, no abnormal animals were found in the 9000 ppm group. As a result of the organ weight analysis, absolute and relative weights of the liver and adrenals were higher in the 3000 and/or 9000 ppm groups as changes which were considered attributable to the test substance and, in addition, organs with a lower absolute weight and higher relative weight with the suppressed body weight gain were observed in the 9000 ppm group. The histopathological examination revealed no marked findings in necropsy observation or histology in the treated groups in the animals killed at Weeks 52, 104 as well as those killed moribund and dead animals. In the histological findings, bile duct hyperplasia of liver in the animals killed at Week 52, proliferative duct of pancreas in the animals killed at Week 104, pigment of deposit in pituitary and angiectasis of adrenals in the animals killed at moribund and dead animals were observed in a slightly larger number in the treated groups, but none of these changes were different in degree from the control and were not considered to be specific lesions. As a result of the overall study of the neoplastic lesions of all animals killed on schedule and of moribund and dead animals, no tumors were found in the treated groups which had increased in occurrence. Based on the above findings, it was determined that the no-adverse-effect level in the chronic toxicity study was 1000 ppm (

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Recent applications of stereoselective chromatography.

Some recent applications of stereoselective chromatography in the fields of clinical pharmacy, drug analysis, food, and natural products are reviewed. The review is documented with up-to-date literature, which will assist further expansion of research in these areas.

Biological Products↗
PubMed2004

Factors causing variations of lead and cadmium accumulation of feral pigeons (Columba livia).

In order to understand the factors causing variation of lead and cadmium accumulation in tissues of feral pigeons in Seoul and Ansan, Korea, we investigated their age, food items (crop and gizzard contents) as well as environmental factors such as soil, atmosphere, and local traffic density. The results indicate that concentrations of Pb and Cd were highly increased in the order of eggs < chicks < adults. In food analysis, supplementary foods (rice, small stones, domestic scraps, cements, hairs, Styrofoam, etc.) could be considered as factors considering the Pb concentration differences. Concentrations of Cd in foodstuffs, the proportion of crop contents as their major foods could have an influence on the difference of Cd levels from a nutritional viewpoint. The Pb levels in gizzard contents and soil had an effect on the tissue accumulations, these were associated with the volume of vehicular traffic. However, we could not find any differences of Cd concentrations in gizzard contents and soil, although there were significantly different Cd accumulations in target organs of adult pigeons between the study areas. The Pb and Cd levels in tissues did not correspond to atmospheric metal levels.

Animals↗