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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Different quantities of two commercial liquid diets consumed by weight-losing cancer patients.

Twenty ambulatory, weight-losing patients with advanced cancer of the lung, breast, or ovary were randomized to supplement their diet for 2 months with either of two commercial complete liquid diets, one containing intact milk proteins and the other partially hydrolyzed soy proteins. Both products were prescribed as sip feeds in addition to normal food. The patients consumed more of the hydrolysate-containing product than of that with intact (milk) protein. The difference was significant and was maintained during both months of the study. An increase in total energy and protein was obtained in both groups, but was significant only with the hydrolysate product. At the end of the study there was no group difference in measures of nutritional status, but weight loss was halted in both groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glycemic response to dietary supplements in cystic fibrosis is dependent on the carbohydrate content of the formula.

BACKGROUND: Enteral formula feedings are frequently prescribed to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to boost caloric intake. A substantial number of these patients are glucose intolerant and have severe respiratory compromise. METHODS: To determine the effect of the carbohydrate content on glucose tolerance and respiratory function in glucose-intolerant CF patients with poor lung function, we examined the response to bolus feedings of five dietary supplements; a high-fat formula developed in our Clinical Research Center (CRC), Pulmocare, a high-carbohydrate formula developed in our CRC, Ensure Plus, and sugar-free Scandishake. RESULTS: Glucose excursion in response to the formulas with the lowest carbohydrate content was significantly less than that found in response to formulas with higher carbohydrate content. Insulin levels were also markedly lower in response to the low-carbohydrate high-fat formulas. Glucose excursion, expressed as a percent of the response to the CRC high-fat formula, was 111% +/- 12% for Pulmocare (p = NS), 202% +/- 34% for Ensure Plus (p < 01), 227% +/- 37% for CRC high carbohydrate (p = .001), and 357% +/- 33% for sugar-free Scandishake (p < .001). CO2 production, O2 consumption, minute ventilation, and respiratory rate increased modestly but not significantly in response to all formulas. No significant differences were found between the formulas in regards to these parameters. There were no subjective complaints of dyspnea during any of the five studies. CONCLUSION: The carbohydrate content of liquid dietary supplements appears to be an important determinant of hyperglycemia in glucose-intolerant adult CF patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Exposure-response relationships and drug interactions of sirolimus.

Sirolimus (rapamycin, RAPAMUNE, RAPA) is an immunosuppressive agent used for the prophylaxis of renal allograft rejection and exhibits an immunosuppressive mechanism that is distinct from that for cyclosporine and tacrolimus. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the exposure-response relationships and drug interactions of sirolimus. The various factors affecting sirolimus whole blood exposure included first-pass extraction, formulation, food, demographics, liver disease, assay method, and interacting drugs. Clinically significant effects caused by food, pediatric age, hepatic impairment, and interacting drugs require recommendations for the safe and efficacious use of sirolimus in renal allograft patients. An exposure-response model based on multivariate logistic regression was developed using the interstudy data from 1832 renal allograft patients. The analysis revealed an increased probability of acute rejection for sirolimus troughs <5 ng/mL, cyclosporine troughs <150 ng/mL, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches > or =4, and females. The outcomes suggested that individualization of sirolimus doses immediately after transplantation, based on HLA mismatch and sex, would likely decrease the probability of acute rejections in renal allograft recipients who receive concomitant sirolimus, cyclosporine (full-dose), and corticosteroid therapy. Sirolimus is a substrate for both Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and undergoes extensive first-pass extraction. Drugs that are known to inhibit or induce these proteins may potentially affect sirolimus whole blood exposure. In healthy volunteers, cyclosporine, diltiazem, erythromycin, ketoconazole, and verapamil significantly increased sirolimus whole blood exposure, and rifampin significantly decreased sirolimus exposure. However, sirolimus whole blood exposure was not affected by acyclovir, atorvastatin, digoxin, ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel, glyburide, nifedipine, or tacrolimus. Among the 15 drugs studied, sirolimus significantly increased the exposures of only erythromycin and S-(-)verapamil.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Nutraceutical--definition and introduction.

Dr Stephen DeFelice coined the term "Nutraceutical" from "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" in 1989. The term nutraceutical is being commonly used in marketing but has no regulatory definition. An attempt to redefine nutraceuticals and functional foods is made in this article. The proposed definitions can help distinguish between functional foods, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements. The advantages and disadvantages of nutraceuticals are also briefly discussed.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selection of human isolates of Bifidobacteria for their use as probiotics.

An attempt was made to isolate human strains of Bifidobacteria, all together 36, from fecal samples of 15 breast-fed infants ages 1-6 mo. These isolates were checked for their ability to grow in the presence of 1-3% bile, 0.2-0.4% phenol, and low pH (3.0-5.0) in vitro, to evaluate their capacity to grow under hostile and unfavorable conditions of the human digestive tract. Because milk is to be used as a carrier medium, their ability to grow in 10% sterile skim milk was also evaluated. The bifidobacteria count of the cultured milk samples (0, 24, and 48 h) was taken on tryptone yeast extract agar after 48 h of incubation in the presence of 10% CO2 at 37 degrees C. The changes in pH and developed titratable acidity were also recorded up to 96 h of incubation. The results indicated that all the isolates obtained had reasonable resistance to pH, bile, and phenol and were capable of growing well in milk. Among the 36 isolates, Bifidobacterium bifidum (isolates no. 4, 8, and 17) and B. breve (isolates no. 25 and 26) were the most tolerant to unfavorable conditions, and they may therefore be recommended for use in fermented milk or baby food formulations as probiotic dietary adjuncts.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A preliminary information about continuous fermentation using cell recycling for improving microbial xylitol production rates(scientific note).

Xylitol is a sugar-alcohol with important technological properties, such as anticariogenicity, low caloric value, and negative dissolution heat. It can be used successfully in food formulations and pharmaceutical industries. Its production is therefore in great demand. Biotechnological xylitol production has several economic advantages in comparison with the conventional process based on the chemical reduction of xylose. The efficiency and the productivity of this fermentation chiefly depends on the microorganism and the process conditions employed. In this article a simple continuous culture with cell recycling was evaluated to enhance the capability of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 to produce xylitol. The fermentation was initiated batchwise by directly inoculating the grown seed culture in a 2-L bench-scale fermentor. Continuous feeding was begun at a dilution rate (D) of 0.060/h after the xylose concentration had completely consumed and the cell concentration was about 4.0 g/L. At a dilution rate of 0.060/h the xylitol concentration was about 15 g/L and increased by about 35%, whereas the dilution rate decreased by about 58%. Furthermore, the volumetric productivity, Qp, markedly depended on the dilution rate, diminishing by about 37% as D was changed from 0.060 to 0.025/h. These preliminary results show us that continuous fermentation with cell recycling is a good way to study the xylitol production by xylose-fermenting yeasts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional evaluation of caseins and whey proteins and their hydrolysates from Protamex.

Whey protein concentrate (WPC 80) and sodium caseinate were hydrolyzed by Protamex to 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% degree of hydrolysis (DH). WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were then analyzed, compared and evaluated for their nutritional qualities. Their chemical composition, protein solubility, amino acid composition, essential amino acid index (EAA index), biological value (BV), nutritional index (NI), chemical score, enzymic protein efficiency ratio (E-PER) and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) were determined. The results indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC 80 and sodium caseinate by Protamex improved the solubility and IVPD of their hydrolysates. WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were high-quality proteins and had a surplus of essential amino acids compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) reference standard. The nutritive value of WPC 80 and its hydrolysates was superior to that of sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates as indicated by some nutritional parameters such as the amino acid composition, chemical score, EAA index and predicted BV. However, the E-PER was lower for the WPC hydrolysates as compared to unhydrolyzed WPC 80 but sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates did not differ significantly. The nutritional qualities of WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were good and make them appropriate for food formulations or as nutritional supplements.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Addition of potassium supplements to milk-based tube feeds.

For an intragastric tube feeding regimen to meet the complete nutritional needs of the individual patient, it will often require the addition of extra potassium, to commercially available feeds. Potassium supplements in a suitable form can be added to milk-based feeds to concentrations of at least 175 mmol K+ per litre without any apparent coagulation. Supplements in the form of effervescent preparations are not suitable as the citric-acid content can cause severe coagulation of the feed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Bioavailability of iron-milk-protein complexes and fortified cheddar cheese.

Iron fortification is used to increase dietary iron intake. Dairy products are widely consumed but contain almost no iron. Cheddar cheese was fortified with ferric chloride or iron-casein, ferripolyphosphate-whey protein, and iron-whey protein complexes. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency was determined to evaluate iron bioavailability. Maximal and basal iron bioavailabilities were measured in anemic weanling rats fed low iron diets (about 22 mg iron/kg) and normal adult rats fed high iron diets (about 145 mg iron/kg) of iron density (32 mg iron/1000 kcal) found in some high iron human diets. Maximal iron bioavailabilities for ferric chloride or iron-casein, ferripolyphosphate-whey protein, and iron-whey protein complexes were 85, 71, 73, and 72%, respectively, and for the respective iron-fortified cheeses they were 75, 66, 74, and 67%. Differences were not significant in maximal iron bioavailabilities among iron sources and between fortified cheeses and fortification iron sources. Basal iron bioavailabilities for 10-d feeding of the respective fortification iron sources were 5, 8, 6 and 7%, respectively, and 4, 4, 3, and 3% for 14 d feeding; the differences among the iron sources were not significant. Maximal and basal iron bioavailabilities of ferrous sulfate were 85 and 5%, respectively. Practical implications of these observations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of sodium bentonite or hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on growth performance and tibia mineral concentrations in broiler chicks fed nutrient-deficient diets.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether sodium bentonite (NaB) or hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCA) would affect growth performance and tibia mineral concentrations in chicks fed nutrient-deficient diets. Two identical trials were conducted; each using 240 5- to 19-d-old broiler chicks (4 replicates of 5 chicks each) in a completely random design. A factorial arrangement of treatments consisted of four types of nutrient deficiencies [nutritionally complete basal (C), macromineral-deficient (-MM), trace mineral- and vitamin-deficient (-TMV), and crude protein-deficient (-CP)], and three types of additive (none, .5% NaB, and .5% HSCA). The -MM and -TMV diets reduced (P < .01), gain, feed intake, and gain:feed. The -CP diet decreased (P < .01) gain and gain:feed but did not affect (P > .10) feed intake. Sodium bentonite increased feed intake (P < .01) of all diets; resulting in an increase in gain (P < .09). Sodium bentonite increased gain:feed in chicks fed the -MM diet but did not affect gain:feed in chicks fed the C, -TMV, or -CP diets (NaBx-MM interaction, P < .02). The -MM and -TMV diets decreased (P < .01) tibia ash, but the -CP diet increased (P < .01) tibia ash. The -MM diet decreased (P < .01) tibia Ca but increased (P < .01) tibia P. Neither NaB nor HSCA affected percentage of tibia ash, Ca, or P. Tibia Zn and Mn concentrations were increased (P < .01) by the -MM diet and decreased (P < .01) by the -TMV diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1996

Phosphorus equivalence of microbial phytase in turkey diets as influenced by calcium to phosphorus ratios and phosphorus levels.

Male day-old turkey poults (n = 768) were fed 0, 300, 600, or 900 U of phytase/kg of a corn-soybean diet in combination with four Ca:total P (tP) ratios of 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0:1, and two levels of nonphytate P (nP) of 0.27 and 0.36% in a 21-d trial. Dietary Ca:tP ratios were obtained by varying defluorinated phosphate and limestone at the expense of cornstarch. The calculated dietary percentage of phytate P was 0.266 for all diets. Phytase additions linearly increased (P < 0.05) BW gain, feed intake, gain:feed, toe ash content, and apparent retentions of Ca and P at each Ca:tP ratio and nP level, but the response was influenced by dietary Ca:tP ratios and P levels. The detrimental effect (P < 0.02) of widening the Ca:tP ratio was observed for all measurements at each phytase and P level, and was greatest at lower phytase and P levels. Widening the Ca:tP ratio from 1.4 to 2.0 decreased the phytase efficacy by 7.4 and 4.9%, respectively, for 0.27 and 0.36% nP diets, which was close to the decrease in the phytase activity in vitro by 7.5 and 6.7%, respectively. The largest responses to supplemental phytase were achieved when poults were fed diets with 600 and 900 U of phytase/kg diet, respectively, for 0.36 and 0.27% nP, and for Ca:tP ratios ranging from 1.1 to 1.4:1. Second-order translog equations were generated for the phytase, Ca:tP ratio, and P effect, and nonlinear and linear equations for the phytase and Ca:tP ratio effect. Based on an assessment for the R2 and P values of equations, BW gain, feed intake, toe ash content, and P retention were sensitive measurements of the response to phytase addition. Equivalent equations were developed to determine the P equivalency of supplemental phytase. About 652 and 963 U of phytase were equivalent to 1 g nP, respectively, for 0.27 and 0.36% nP diets in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d of age.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1998

[Definition and evaluation of therapeutic food for severely malnourished children in situations of humanitarian emergencies].

Nowadays, median case fatality rate of severely malnourished children treated in hospitals is 23.5%, a rate which has not changed for the last 50 years. This is probably related to the use of inappropriate or even unsafe treatment protocols. This work aimed at reducing case fatality rates of severe malnutrition by developing a treatment protocol and assessing its effectiveness during humanitarian crises. A therapeutic food was designed from pathophysiologic studies and its use adapted to therapeutic feeding centres. This food (F100) contains 100 Kcal/100 ml, with 10% of its energy derived from proteins; it has a low sodium and iron content but is fortified with vitamins and minerals. It can be prepared either at the treatment centre or at an industrial level. Industrial production, which started in 1993 reached 1,500 MT in 1997. In refugee camps, F100 was used according to a strict protocol adapted to local conditions. Intakes started at 100 Kcal/kg/day and reached 200 kcal/kg/day once appetite was restored. A model to assess the risk of death according to weight, height and oedema was developed. First results show that mortality was often below 5%. Hence, it is possible to standardise and evaluate a nutritional treatment in such unfavourable conditions as a refugee camp. Standardised use of F100 can markedly reduce mortality of severely malnourished children.

Child↗
PubMed1977

New food mixtures.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1976

The role of technology in modern nutrition.

The three basic nutritional problems facing the world today are the over-intake of foods by individuals or population segments, nutrient deficiencies in the diet of population groups, and food shortages. In all three cases the food scientist has a role to play but it is stressed that close co-operation between the nutritionist, the agricultural scientist and the food technologist is essential. To alleviate the problem of food shortages, consideration should be given to unconventional food resources. The shortage of trained food scientists in South Africa detrimentally affects research and development and could also affect quality control.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of fiber supplementation of liquid diet on cecal bacteria and bacterial translocation in mice.

Liquid Isosource was supplemented with soy fiber (Isosource-soy) or guar fiber (Isosource-guar) to study the effects of fiber supplementation of a liquid diet on the composition of mouse cecal flora and on the incidence of bacterial translocation, quantified as the number of mice with viable intestinal bacteria recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes. Mice fed chow, Isosource, Isosource-soy, or Isosource-guar had similar concentrations of cecal bacteria and similarly low incidences of bacterial translocation. In separate experiments, mice were given parenteral metronidazole or parenteral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce cecal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation. Compared with mice treated with diet alone, metronidazole- or LPS-treated mice had high numbers of cecal bacteria and high incidences of bacterial translocation. However, among the dietary groups of LPS-treated mice, the incidence of translocation was significantly less in mice fed Isosource-soy or Isosource-guar compared with mice fed unsupplemented Isosource. These results suggest that soy or guar supplementation of Isosource might be beneficial in some circumstances.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of nutritional supplementation on treatment delay and morbidity in patients with head and neck tumors treated with irradiation.

Twenty-three patients with head and neck cancer were randomly allocated, regardless of pretreatment nutrition status, to receive either radiotherapy alone (12 patients) or radiotherapy plus nutritional oral supplementation (11 patients) with high-protein nutritional powder of balanced nutrient content (Ensure). Nutrition status was assessed subjectively and objectively for all patients before and at weekly intervals during the course of irradiation. All patients who received nutritional supplementation experienced an increase in body weight and in triceps skin-fold thickness, whereas 58% of the other group had weight loss (p = 0.001). Irradiation had to be suspended in 5 of the 12 patients who received no nutritional support because of severe mucosal reaction and/or poor performance status. All patients who received nutritional supplementation during radiotherapy had their course of irradiation without interruption.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Performance of a canine weight-loss program in clinical practice.

Two canine studies evaluating the effectiveness of a specific computerized weight reduction program in two different clinical settings are summarized to give an overall assessment of an obesity management software program. The weight loss program utilizes a low calorie food formulation (dry, canned and treat) and software to suggest daily calorie intake for weight loss. The software utilizes current body weight and a desired weekly rate of weight loss to predict the dog's body weight in 30 days. The dietary product and software were used in a 3- and 6-month weight loss regime for 60 overweight adult dogs in two different clinical settings. On average, the dogs in this summary lost 0.75% per week regardless of more aggressive rates set by the nutritionist. Accuracy in predicting future weights by the software was dependent upon the desired rate of weight loss selected, the equation used to estimate maintenance energy requirement, and owner compliance. Over time, accuracy in predicting future canine weights improved. All healthy, overweight or obese dogs summarized in these two studies did lose weight and reached an optimal or at least lower body condition score with the aid of this software program and diet.

Animals↗