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PubMedDate not supplied

[Protein and amino acid digestibility in different sections of the intestines in the pig. I. Protein sources of animal origin].

Growing pigs were provided with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae to make it possible to investigate the protein and amino acid flow in various parts of the digestive tract. The three animal protein sources casein, dried skimmed milk and fish meal were tested. Information is given on the values of the crude protein and amino acid flow in the digestive tract as well as the apparent and true digestibility of the crude protein and the amino acids for the individual sections of the intestines (small and large intestine). After rations far surpassing the amino acid requirement an increased excretion of endogenous amino acids in the small intestine has to be expected. Digestion studies have to take more account of this circumstance.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of a supplement of partly hydrolized straw meal to a diet of fish meal and horse beans on N balance and amino acid excretion in the feces of swine].

2 test pigs each (male castrated pigs) of an average live weight of 51-71 kg received either a wheat/fish meal diet (Ia) or a wheat/horse bean diet (IIa). Due to a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal the crude fibre content was increased from 3.0% (= Ia) to 10.1% (= Ib) and from 5.2% (= IIa) to 12.1% (= IIb) in the dry matter. This straw meal supplement decreased the apparent digestibility of the crude protein in I from 92.5 to 85.7% and in II from 89.0 to 79.0%. N-excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake followed the regression line: y = 228 + 31.2x(r = 0.98) y = mg N/100 g DM-intake x = % crude fibre in the DM of the diet The excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake of 15 investigated amino acids, too, in each case showed a significant increase with the rising crude fibre content of the diet. The widest growth angle (tan alpha) of all the essential amino acids investigated was shown by lysine and those amino acids with branched chains. The conclusion is that in the presence of a fermentable crude fibre source and a good N-supply those 4 amino acids show a suitable bacterial synthesis rate and a low decomposition rate.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Metabolism of protein supplements studied by the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec).

Long-term experiments were made with the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec) with hay diet and with three different protein supplements (casein, fish meal and soyabean meal). Soyabean meal made the greatest contribution to the output of end-products of fermentation and casein made the smallest contribution. The supplements did not have any marked effect on the metabolism of the basal diet of hay. The experiments showed that rumen microorganisms destroy a large proportion of protein (measured as total alpha-NH2 groups) and that this loss of protein was increased by supplementation with high protein compounds. The degradation of protein in soyabean meal and fish meal appeared to be considerably greater in the model system than the reported results of measurement in vivo and in situ.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Development of monoclonal antibodies to gizzerosine, a toxic component present in fish meal.

This study is the first report of the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against gizzerosine (GZ), one of the causative agents of black vomit, a serious poultry disease. Balb/c mice were immunized with different GZ conjugates; the most immunogenic conjugate in experimental animals was determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISA). Somatic fusions were carried out using splenic lymphocytes from GZ-immune mice and the NSO/2 myeloid cell line. Primary selection of hybridomas secreting antibodies to GZ was done using a direct ELISA, with GZ bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA), GZ directly bound to maleinimide preactivated plates and histamine bound to BSA, a GZ related biogenic amine present in fish meal. Four MAbs--3H4, 3H10, and 5B1 of the IgG1 isotype, and 8G7 of the Ig2a isotype-were specific to GZ and did not cross-react with histamine. Only monoclonals 3H4 and 8G7 bound GZ in solution by means of a competitive ELISA. Finally, to determine the performance of the competitive ELISA developed with the MAbs, experiments were conducted with GZ in solution (0 to 10 microg/ml) and with GZ labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the tracer; the antibody complex was captured by using rabbit anti-mouse IgG preactivated ELISA plates. These experiments showed that monoclonal anti-GZ-3H4 generates a more sensitive assay close to linearity in the range about of 0.1 to 10 microg/ml of GZ. No cross-reaction was observed with histamine, histidine, or lysine at all concentrations tested.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

Effects of dietary proteins from a variety of sources on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of rats.

Five experiments were conducted to study the effect of various protein sources on fasting blood lipids and lipoproteins in the rat. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and total triglyceride, as well as weight gain, food intake protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization were measured over 28-day test periods with male Sprague-Dawley rats. The purified proteins studied included casein, egg albumin, lactalbumin, soy and alfalfa. Crude proteins studied included yeast, fish meal and blood meal. Diets low in methionine were supplemented with this amino acid to insure that all diets were nutritionally adequate. Although the plasma total cholesterol levels varied by 40-50% and HDL-cholesterol by 90% among the various diets, the changes were not associated with any particular dietary protein source or level. Plasma total triglyceride levels varied independently of the dietary source and level of protein. Plasma HDL-cholesterol accounted for approximately 70% of the plasma total cholesterol. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations correlated positively (R = 0.72) with plasma total cholesterol and negatively (R = -0.34) with plasma triglyceride levels. These results clearly show that the pure and crude plant proteins did not have a hypocholesterolemic effect compared with pure and crude animal proteins in rats. Plasma HDL-cholesterol levels were the same in rats fed plant and animal proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of a low-cost food on the recovery and death rate of malnourished children.

OBJECTIVES: Nutritional rehabilitation in Africa relies mainly on imported skim milk enriched with a sugar and salt mixture. We evaluated whether milk plus porridge made from local ingredients improves the outcome of childhood nutritional rehabilitation versus milk alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in a nutritional unit in Lacor (Northern Uganda). The porridge, made from cheap locally available ingredients (maize flour, dried fish or meat, peanut butter and oil) supplemented with proteins and fats, provides 1.1 energy units, 4.4 kJ/g. We randomly sampled the files of 100 cases discharged in October, November and December 2001 (preintervention), in 2002 (soon after intervention onset) and in 2003 (more than 1 year after intervention onset). We recorded the average hospital days and average oedema-free weight gain at discharge in the 3 groups. RESULTS: Average oedema-free weight gain increased from 21 g/d (95% confidence interval [CI], 12-29) in 2001 to 35 g/d (95% CI, 25-45) in 2002 and reached 59 g/d (95% CI, 51-65) in 2003. Mortality decreased from 22% to 7.8%, and nutritional failures (insufficient weight gain) decreased by greater than 50%. CONCLUSIONS: The low-cost porridge supplement (2640 euros/yr per 100 children) was effective in treating malnutrition. Widespread use of the porridge, which resulted in better outcomes than milk alone, could produce a savings in the medium- to long-term, thereby releasing resources for other uses. A high-energy porridge that is made from locally available ingredients and does not require imported foods seems to be appropriate for supplementary feeding after mother's milk in this setting.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Performance and plasma amino acids of growing calves fed corn silage supplemented with ground soybeans, fishmeal and rumen-protected lysine.

A 100-d growth study was conducted to evaluate performance and plasma amino acid (AA) responses of 96 crossbred beef calves (220 kg) with ad libitum access to corn silage and supplemented with ground soybeans (GSB) with or without added fishmeal (FM) and (or) rumen-protected lysine (Lys). Calves were allotted by breed, sex and weight to four treatments with three replicate pens of eight calves per pen. The treatments were: GSB, GSB + Lys, GSB + FM and GSB + FM + Lys. The isonitrogenous supplements were top-dressed on corn silage once daily at a level of 2.27 kg/hd, with FM providing one-half of the supplemental N in FM-containing supplements. The Lys-containing supplements provided a daily intake of 6.0 g/hd of rumen-protected Lys. Dry matter intake was similar (P less than .10) for all treatments. Overall ADG and feed efficiency of GSB calves averaged .83 kg/d and 7.39 kg feed/kg gain, respectively, and were 14% lower than the mean of calves fed supplements containing FM and(or) Lys. Lysine was not the principal factor limiting growth because the inclusion of Lys alone in the GSB-containing supplements did not improve (P greater than .10) ADG, feed efficiency or plasma AA concentrations. In contrast, FM supplementation increased (P less than .05) ADG, feed efficiency and plasma concentrations of total AA, total essential AA and total nonessential AA. The inclusion of Lys in the GSB + FM-containing supplement resulted in no further improvement (P greater than .10) in performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

Therapy and prevention of hypertension of M-SHRSP.

M-SHRSP rats appear to be a useful animal model for studying juvenile human malignant hypertension. Using M-SHRSP, the present study was conducted. Drugs selected for use were captopril, SQ 29,852 and hydralazine hydrochloride. The rats were also fed a 33% fish meal diet. When given separately, all three drugs were shown to be anti-hypertensive. However, using the fish meal diet combined with hydralazine was more effective than were any of the drugs given separately, while the effect of hydralazine combined with captopril or SQ 29,852 was even greater than that of the combined fish meal diet and hydralazine treatment. Some rats treated with captopril or SQ 29,852 separately were resistant to treatment, however even for these rats life spans were significantly prolonged and hypertensive vascular lesion incidence rates were drastically lowered. It was also found that even such vascular lesions as angionecrosis seemed to disappear with captopril or SQ 29,852 treatment.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1985

Protein sources evaluated for ruminating Holstein calves.

Fifty calves were fed a basal diet of 11.6% crude protein or one of four diets (15.5% crude protein) containing added soybean meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, or fish meal. Diets were calculated 75% total digestible nutrients. Body weight gain increased an average of 17% with added protein. Fish meal and soybean meal generated highest rates of gain. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen was higher for soybean meal and cottonseed meal than other diets, indicating greater rates of degradability. Molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids were not different among diets, but concentration was lower for fish meal. Serum urea nitrogen was lowest for the basal and fish meal diets. Microbial nitrogen in the abomasum was 33.6% of total nitrogen for corn gluten meal and 42.8% for soybean meal. Apparent dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities were greater for corn gluten meal and fish meal diets than for soybean meal or cottonseed meal diets. Rumen degradability of feedstuffs, as determined by dacron bag technique, ranged from 38.1% for corn gluten meal to 71.3% for soybean meal. Degradability of mixed diets reflected those of the protein supplement present in each diet except for diet containing cottonseed meal. Fish meal and soybean meal were better protein sources for growth of ruminating calves than were corn gluten meal or cottonseed meal.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1986

Effect of protein source in calf milk replacers on morphology and absorptive ability of small intestine.

Holstein calves were fed milk or one of four milk replacers with one-third of the total protein supplied by casein, soy protein concentrate, soy flour, or fish protein concentrate. The remainder of the protein in each replacer was from milk sources. Milk and milk replacers (13% solids) were fed at 10% of body weight daily. No dry feed or bedding was provided. Absorptive ability of small intestine was evaluated by xylose absorption test at 2-wk intervals. With calves under general anesthesia, a biopsy of small intestine was taken after each xylose test to examine morphological changes in mucosa by scanning electron microscopy. Villi were long, tapering, and uniform in calves fed milk. Calves fed casein had greater variation in size and conformation of villi. Gradual deterioration in villous integrity was seen in calves fed soy proteins. Calves fed fish protein concentrate performed poorly and had abnormal villi. Diets were changed to milk to test for reversal of effects after marked alterations in intestinal structure had been observed. Atrophy was reversed as villi returned toward normal size and shape within 2 wk after milk feeding began. The surgical procedure apparently did not cause harmful effects of villi. Absorption of xylose and daily gain were greater, and feces firmer, in calves fed milk than in those fed milk replacers.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows.

Four early lactation multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to investigate the effects of source of protein (fish meal or soybean meal) and carbohydrate (corn or barley) on ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and animal performance. The treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 (protein x carbohydrate) factorial were: 1) corn plus soybean meal; 2) corn plus fish meal; 3) barley plus soybean meal; and 4) barley plus fish meal. Dry matter and starch intakes were greater when corn was fed than when barley was fed. Barley-based diets were more extensively degraded in the rumen than corn-based diets and therefore provided more energy for microbial growth. However, passage of amino acids and starch to the duodenum was greater for corn-based diets than barley-based diets, because of the greater intake and lower ruminal degradability of the corn-based diets. Microbial protein constituted a larger portion of the total N and had a greater influence on the pattern and quantity of amino acids that passed to the duodenum than did protein from fish meal or soybean meal, which escaped ruminal degradation. Feeding corn-based diets increased production of milk and milk protein compared with feeding barley-based diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

In vitro degradation of choline from selected feedstuffs and choline supplements.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the extent of in vitro degradation of choline from barley, corn, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal, soybean meal, alfalfa hay, timothy hay, choline chloride, and choline stearate. During four individual fermentation runs, samples were incubated in vitro for .25, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h with an inoculum mixture containing rumen fluid obtained from a rumen-fistulated dairy cow fed 17.5% corn silage and 28.7% grass silage and 53.8% concentrate diet. Because of their low choline content (less than .68 mg/g) corn, corn gluten meal, alfalfa hay, and timothy hay gave erratic values for choline disappearance for different fermentation runs and times of incubation although disappearance tended to increase with time. Data for the rest of the feeds and choline supplements were analyzed using nonlinear regression procedure to obtain estimates of potentially degradable choline, rapidly degradable choline, and the rate of choline degradation in vitro. The mean estimates of rumen degradable choline (%) were 79.4, 84.7, 82.9, 83.8, 98.0, and 98.6 for barley, cottonseed meal, fish meal, soybean meal, choline stearate, and choline chloride, respectively. The results suggest that incorporating choline-rich feedstuffs in diets can only marginally increase the postruminal flow of choline in dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Dietary cellulose, wheat bran, and fish meal in relation to hepatic lipids, serum lipids, and lipid excretion in laying hens.

Isonitrogenous diets supplemented with 10% cellulose, 10% wheat bran, or 10% fish meal were fed to White Leghorn hens from 245 to 322 days of age. Neither body weights nor egg production of the hens fed these diets differed significantly from those of controls fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Supplemental fish meal and wheat bran did not significantly affect liver weight or liver lipids, although serum lipids of the hens fed the diet containing fish meal were significantly lower than those of the hens fed the basal diet. The hens fed the cellulose-supplemented diet, however, exhibited significantly decreased liver weights, serum lipids, and liver lipids, which were accompanied by a significant increase in excreta lipid. It is speculated that lipid excretion may be involved in some dietary induced alterations in the hepatic lipid concentration of laying chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of several dermatitis preventing agents on foot pad dermatitis in dwarf and normal sized single comb white Leghorn layers.

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of increased dietary levels of vitamin and trace mineral mixtures, methionine, meat and bone meal, fish meal, and safflower oil on foot pad dermatitis in dwarf and normal size Single Comb White Leghorn layers. All layers were maintained in individual wire cages throughout a 40-week experiment period. Individual birds were scored for the incidence of foot pad dermatitis and production parameters were recorded. No significant decrease in the incidence of dermatitis was observed from the following dietary supplements: a 50% increase in a vitamin or a complete trace mineral mixture; a 50% increase in an iron, copper, iodine, and cobalt or a manganese and zinc mixture; .05% methionine; 5% meat and bone meal; 3% herring fish meal; or 2% safflower oil. It was concluded that these mixtures or supplements containing such dermatitis preventative agents as pantothenic acid, zinc, and linoleic acid appeared without effect in minimizing expression of the condition in dwarfs.

Animals↗