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PubMed2002

Arabinoxylan-lipids-based edible films and coatings. 2. Influence of sucroester nature on the emulsion structure and film properties.

This work is a contribution to better knowledge of the influence of the structure of films on their functional properties obtained from emulsions based on arabinoxylans, hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO), and emulsifiers. The sucroesters (emulsifiers) have a great effect on the stabilization of the emulsified film structure containing arabinoxylans and hydrogenated palm kernel oil. They improve the moisture barrier properties. Several sucroesters having different esterification degrees were tested. Both lipophilic (90% of di and tri-ester) and hydrophilic (70% of mono-ester) sucrose esters can ensure the stability of the emulsion used to form the film, especially during preparation and drying. These emulsifiers confer good moisture barrier properties to emulsified films.

Absorption↗
PubMed1999

Interactions between aroma and edible films. 1. Permeability Of methylcellulose and low-density polyethylene films to methyl ketones.

This work contributes to the study of aroma transfers through edible and plastic packaging films. Permeability, sorption, and diffusivity of three methyl ketones (2-heptanone, 2-octanone, and 2-nonanone) in and through low-density polyethylene and methylcellulose-based edible films have been determined. Permeability was measured using a dynamic method coupled with a gas chromatograph. The methyl ketone permeability of polyethylene films mainly depends on diffusivity of the penetrant in the polymer. In the case of 2-heptanone, a saturation of the polymer network is observed at high vapor concentrations. The formation of clusters could take place when concentrations are higher in the vapor phase. Physicochemical interactions between aroma compounds and components of the methylcellulose-based film induce structural changes such as plasticization. Therefore, the diffusion step depends on the aroma concentration differential, and permeability is essentially driven by the sorption.

Ketones↗
PubMed2006

Polymer films on electrodes: investigation of ion transport at poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films by scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Electropolymerization, morphology characterization, and ion transport of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films doped with different counterions (chloride, ferrocyanide (FCN), and poly(p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS-)) on a platinum electrode were investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) during both potential step (chronocoulometric) and cyclic voltammetric scans. An ultramicroelectrode (UME) tip was positioned close to the surface of a PEDOT-modified substrate electrode, and the responses of both electrodes to a substrate potential step or linear sweep were monitored simultaneously. Chloride or ferrocyanide (FCN) ejection during PEDOT reduction was shown to be a function of the reduction potential. The nature of the cation in the bulk solution was not found to be important in the kinetics of ion transport in PEDOT+/FCN- films. Direct evidence for the incorporation of cations of Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) in a PEDOT film during its reduction was also obtained by SECM measurements. The adsorption of Ru(NH3)6(3+) in fully oxidized PEDOT+/PSS- films was observed and attributed to ion exchange between the Na+ co-ion of PSS- and Ru(NH3)6(3+) in the bulk solution.

Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic↗
PubMed2003

Selecting films for sex research: gender differences in erotic film preference.

The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in sexual responsiveness to erotic films that had been selected for their differential appeal for men and women. A secondary objective was to identify variables that influence sexual arousal and explore whether these variables differ for men and women. Fifteen men (M age = 26 yrs) and 17 women (M age = 24 yrs) were presented with 20 film clips depicting heterosexual interactions, half of which were female- and the other half male-selected, and were asked to rate the clips on a number of dimensions. Overall, men found the film clips more sexually arousing than did the women. Gender differences in arousal were negligible for female-selected clips but substantial for male-selected clips. Furthermore, men and women experienced higher levels of sexual arousal to clips selected for individuals of their own gender. Cluster regression analyses, explaining 77% of the variance for male and 65% for female participants, revealed that men's sexual arousal was dependent upon the attractiveness of the female actor, feeling interested, and both "imagining oneself as a participant" and "watching as an observer." For women, with all variables entered, only "imagining oneself as a participant" contributed to sexual arousal ratings. The findings suggest that how films are selected in sex research is an important variable in predicting levels of sexual arousal reported by men and women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Migration from plasticized films into foods. 1. Migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate from PVC films during home-use and microwave cooking.

Migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) into a diverse range of foods arising from the domestic use of plasticized PVC films has been determined using a stable isotope dilution GC/MS procedure. Aspects of home use reported in this study include the wrapping and covering of foods such as cheese, cooked meats, sandwiches, cakes, fresh fruit and vegetables; the use of films during food preparation such as marinading; covering during microwave reheating of previously prepared foods, and covering during microwave cooking. Contact between film and foods was for differing temperatures and times, representative of the range of conditions likely to be experienced in practice in the home. Migration increased with both the length of contact time and temperature of exposure, with the highest levels observed where there was a direct contact between the film and food, and where the latter had a high fat content on the contact surface. Highest levels of migration were observed for cheese, cooked meats, cakes and for microwave-cooked foods, whilst lower levels were observed for wrapping of unfilled sandwiches, fruit and vegetables (except avocado), and for food preparation including microwave reheating where there was covering of the food in a container but little or no direct contact.

Adipates↗
PubMed1988

A comparison of 35 mm cine film and digital radiographic image recording: implications for quantitative coronary arteriography. Film vs. digital coronary quantification.

To assess potential differences in the intrinsic properties of image recording media and their impact on quantitative coronary arteriography, we used an automatic quantitative arteriography computer program to analyze cine film and digital radiographic images of a radiographic arterial phantom. The phantom consisted of a lucite plate with precision-drilled lumena ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mm in diameter. Film images were digitized at 2048 X 2048 pixel resolution, and digital radiographic images were acquired at 512 X 512 and 1024 X 1024 resolution. Arterial geometric diameter, percent diameter stenosis, densitometric relative cross-sectional area, and densitometric percent area stenosis were measured. All three techniques were equivalent in measuring diameters with a high degree of overall accuracy (R greater than .992). All methods overestimated diameters below 1.0 mm. Both 512 X 512 and 1024 X 1024 digital images were superior to film for densitometric measurement of relative area (R = .995 vs. R = .940, P = .0032). We conclude that automated analysis of digital radiographic images yields results that are similar in geometric precision but greater in densitometric precision than film analysis.

Cineradiography↗
PubMed2004

Discrete film thickness in polyacrylamide-CdS nanocomposite ultrathin films.

A nanocomposite of polyacrylamide, a water soluble polymer, and nanocrystalline CdS has been prepared using a chemical route. Transmission electron microscope observation shows that the particles are attached via the polymer coils. The reduction of viscosity for the composite, despite the increase in concentration, indicates a reduction of interchain entanglement between the composite coils. Ultrathin films were prepared from the nanocomposite and pure polyacrylamide using spin coating on a Si(100) substrate in the speed range of 500 to 5000 rpm. X-ray reflectivity studies of the pure polymer and composite films were carried out in vacuum. The thickness of the composite films varies nonmonotonically with spinning speed and is found to lie in discrete "bands" of thickness separated by "forbidden regions." The power law behavior of the thickness with the spinning speed was also found to be different for the composite films in comparison to the polymer ones. A model has been proposed in terms of discrete numbers of layers composed of CdS-attached polymer coils to explain the phenomena.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Stability of soap films: hysteresis and nucleation of black films.

We study the stability of soap films of a nonionic surfactant under different applied capillary pressures on the film. Depending on the pressure, either a thick common black film (CBF), or a micro-scopically thin Newton black film (NBF) is formed as a (metastable) equilibrium state, with a first-order (discontinuous) transition between the two. Studying the dynamics of the CBF-NBF transition, it is found that under certain conditions a hysteresis for the transition is observed: for a given range of pressures, either of the two states may be observed. We quantify the nucleation process that is at the basis of these observations both experimentally and theoretically.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Human tear film pre-rupture phase time (TP-RPT)--a non-invasive technique for evaluating the pre-corneal tear film using a novel keratometer mire.

A non-invasive method of assessing the stability of the human pre-corneal tear film is described using a novel keratometer mire designed in the form of a grid pattern (HIR-CAL Grid). In a laboratory environment, the technique measures with ease and little variability the time taken for the tear film to loose stability and enter the pre-rupture phase (TP-RPT) before rupturing (BUT). This technique may prove useful in evaluating the stability or otherwise of the pre-corneal tear film of prospective contact lens wearer and the pre-contact lens tear film stability on differing current and new contact lens materials.

Blinking↗
PubMed2005

A liquid film-forming acrylate for peri-wound protection: a systematic review and meta-analysis (3M Cavilon no-sting barrier film).

To undertake a systematic review of all reliable evaluations of the clinical performance and cost-effectiveness of a film-forming liquid acrylate in the protection of the chronic ulcer peri-wound skin. Results from searches were scrutinised by two reviewers to identify possible randomised controlled trials and full reports of these were obtained. Details of eligible studies were extracted and summarised independently by two reviewers using a data extraction sheet. Meta-analysis was used to combine the results of trials where the interventions and outcome measures were sufficiently similar. A total of nine eligible studies were identified. The review reveals that a liquid-film forming acrylate (Cavilon no-sting barrier film, 3M, Minneapolis, MN, USA) is a safe and effective skin barrier to protect the peri-wound area of chronic ulcers. There is no difference between the protective properties of different barrier methods that are used to protect the peri-wound skin around chronic ulcers. Compared with no treatment or a placebo, this liquid film-forming acrylate has a significant impact on the integrity of the peri-wound skin. In addition, it has significant benefits in terms of pain control and patient comfort, and its use may reduce nursing time.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1988

The influence of binder film thickness on the mechanical properties of binder films in tension.

The physicomechanical properties of films of different thicknesses, made from methylcellulose and gelatinized maize starch, have been studied in tension. There was a linear relation between film thickness and tensile strength, toughness, elastic resilence and elongation at fracture. Young's modulus increased with decreasing film thickness particularly with films with a thickness of less than 15 micron.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Crystal growth rates of diblock copolymers in thin films: influence of film thickness.

Using optical and atomic force microscopy we determined the growth rate of polymer crystals in thin films of low molecular weight poly(styrene-ethyleneoxid) block copolymers. We focused in particular on films either thinner or slightly thicker than the thickness of a crystalline lamella (L). At a given temperature, three distinctly different growth rates were observed for i) crystals grown from adsorbed monolayers thinner than L, ii) "primary" compact lamellar crystals in films thicker than L and iii) "secondary" crystals formed from molecules remaining on top of ii). The growth rate of primary crystals did not indicate a dependence on film thickness. Crystals from monolayers grew by a factor of 30 more slowly than primary crystals. Secondary crystals grew faster than crystals from monolayers but slower than primary crystals and the degree of deviation from the growth rate of primary crystals was found to depend on the value of L, which varied with temperature. The mechanisms responsible for the differences in growth rate are discussed in terms of the amount of available polymers and the controlling influence of diffusion towards the crystal front.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of the image quality of 105mm film with conventional film.

The contrast, resolution, geometric, and motion unsharpness, mottle, and overall impression of 105mm film were compared to these quantities in conventional spot film. It is believed that conventional filming is superior for low contrast objects and cooperative patients whereas with uncooperative, obese patients, the 105mm filming modality would decrease motion unsharpness.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Portable chest imaging: comparison of storage phosphor digital, asymmetric screen-film, and conventional screen-film systems.

The quality of chest images obtained with portable radiography was evaluated for a conventional screen-film system, a new asymmetric screen-film chest system, and computed radiography (CR). Sixty chest images were obtained in 20 patients in an intensive care unit. The CR system was ranked by all three evaluating radiologists as substantially better in overall diagnostic quality, interpretability of the lungs, and musculoskeletal detail and by two of the three observers as better for the visibility of catheters and lines. In the upper abdomen and mediastinum, there was not a clear preference. Standard deviations of film density were +/- 0.12, +/- 0.41, and +/- 0.39 for the CR, conventional, and asymmetric systems, respectively. For the same systems, phantom results indicated the relative lung contrast values were 1.2, 1.0, and 0.89, respectively. Similarly, the limiting resolution values in the lung were 2.0, 4.2, and 6.3 line pairs per millimeter. The CR system had twice the root-mean-square noise of the screen-film systems. Overall, the preferred system for portable chest imaging was the CR system.

Electricity↗
PubMed1995

Latent image fading in screen-film mammography: lack of clinical relevance for batch-processed films.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical relevance of latent image fading due to time delays in batch-processed screening mammograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of all 66,667 mammographic examinations performed in a mobile van since April 1985 were retrospectively analyzed. Film was routinely batch processed at the end of the workday. The rate of repeat examination due to poor image quality, rate of abnormal interpretation, and rate of cancer detection were studied. RESULTS: Essentially no differences were found in the rates at which repeat examination was necessary, abnormal interpretations were made, or breast cancers were detected when examinations performed at the beginning, middle, and end of the workday were compared (time delays in film processing ranged from 15 minutes to 8 hours). CONCLUSION: Latent image fading is not accompanied by clinically relevant impairment of results if films are processed at the end of the workday. Latent image fading should not deter the use of batch-film processing.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) films modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone and behavior of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts cultured on the blended films.

A series of composite films of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was prepared by varying the ratio of constituents, and their properties and cytocompatibility were evaluated. The hydrophilicity of the blended materials surfaces increased and the amounts of fibronectin and laminin adsorbed on the materials surface increased remarkably compared with PHBHHx. FT-IR spectra of the blended films showed a new band, implying that a surface physical interpenetrating network structure had formed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there were dense pits and holes on the blended films surface. For the films of PHBHHx with 20 wt% and 40 wt% PVP, MTT assay indicated that PVP enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation, but that the effects were impaired by excessive PVP. The results suggested that proper addition of PVP increased the cytocompatibility of PHBHHx because the material surface had increased hydrophilicity and presented an appropriate morphology.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of the oxidation of TiO2 films during reactive evaporation of Ti3O5 and during exposure of the films to the atmosphere.

A surplus amount of oxygen is needed to produce titanium dioxide film by reactive electron-beam evaporation of Ti3O5. We investigated the ratio of the rates at which oxygen molecules and TiO(x) molecules impinge upon substrates at 25 degrees and 250 degrees C to produce TiO2 filmsthat show no optical absorption in the visible spectral region. On unheated substrates the ratio was 49, and at 250 degrees C it was 26, provided that the substrates had been exposed to air after being coated at the given substrate temperature. Higher ratios were required if the TiOs film was covered with a SiO2 film, which impeded further oxidation. Furthermore, the postdeposition oxidation behavior of these films was studied.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Disability in full-length feature films: frequency and quality of films over an 11 year span.

The purpose of this study was to assess frequency of disabling conditions in feature films and the general quality of these films (as judged by professional film critics reviews and movie going consumer ratings) over an 11-year span. 'Psychiatric disorder' were most frequently depicted. Professional film critics were markedly more negative in their reviews than ratings made by movie going consumers.

Attitude to Health↗