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PubMed1989

Mothers' working models of infant feeding: description and influencing factors.

This study examined four aspects of mothers' working models of infant feeding: (1) infant behaviour that cues feeding decisions; (2) infant self-regulative behaviour; (3) importance of infant self-regulative behaviour and maternal effort directed to it; and (4) maternal effort and value given to task-oriented and efficient feeding. The relation of these aspects to maternal experience, age, formal education, family income, and feeding method was also explored. Subjects were 122 mothers of healthy, term infants between 14 and 60 days old. A telephone interview obtained demographic and attribute data and assessed the four aspects with 30 scaled items. Crying before and sleepiness during feeding were relatively compelling cues for maternal action. Most mothers gave only moderate ratings to the importance of infant self-regulative behaviour and to task-oriented and efficient feeding. Parity and feeding method affected response to specific items, with primiparae more concerned about length and regularity of feedings. Mothers who bottle-fed their infants were more concerned about maintaining a feeding once initiated than mothers who breast-fed their infants. Four-factor analysis yielded two item clusters with good internal consistency: Cluster a. Maternal Effort to Accomplish Feeding Goals; and Cluster b. Importance of Infant Self-Regulative Behaviour. Cluster a. and b. were strongly correlated. Feeding method influenced both clusters, and the interaction of parity and feeding method had an effect on Cluster a. Mothers with lower family income had higher scores on Cluster b; multiparae with lower family income on Cluster a. How and when infant self-regulation develops as a goal is a question in need of study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Oral infection of Aedes polynesiensis by Wuchereria bancrofti by using parafilm membrane feeding.

In order to construct a cDNA library from third-stage larvae (L3) of Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica, the Parafilm membrane feeding method is proposed for the oral infection of Aedes polynesiensis. Heparinized blood supplemented with 5.10(-3) M ATP was put in the feeder with carbon dioxide provided as additional phagostimulant. The results of this artificial infection feeding method were compared with those obtained when mosquitoes fed directly on the forearm of a microfilaremic patient. The number of females feeding through the artificial membrane was smaller than on the patient's forearm (32.1 vs. 84.8%). The mean number of L3s obtained per female was not statistically different between the 2 feeding methods; however, the total number of L3s obtained from 100 females allowed to feed in each group was twice as high in the natural feeding method.

Aedes↗
PubMed1978

Spectrophotometric determination of pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds by method of standard additions: collaborative study.

The spectrophotometric method for pyrantel tartrate in swine feeds was collaboratively studied. Twenty-seven laboratories assayed feeds containing 0.0103, 0.0965, and 0.7902% pyrantel tartrate. Repeatability (sigmao) and reproducibility (sigmax) standard deviations were: sigmao = 0.00068%, sigmax = 0.00105% (10% of grand mean) for 0.0103% pyrantel tartrate level; sigmao - 0.0065%, sigmax = 0.0090% (10% of grand mean) for 0.0965% pyrantel tartrate level; and sigmao = 0.0415%, sigmax = 0.0743% (10% of grand mean) for 0.7902% pyrantel tartrate level. The mean theoretical recovery values for feeds containing 0.0103, 0.0965, and 0.7902% were 100, 97, and 96%, respectively. The method was adopted as official first action for feeds or concentrates containing 0.0106-0.8811% pyrantel tartrate.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous feeding tube method for use in children.

Surgical gastrostomy has been a widely accepted method for introducing a percutaneous feeding tube for many years. However, complications are frequent, and many children who need them are not good surgical candidates. This study examines imaging guided percutaneous placement of feeding gastrostomy catheters as a safe and effective alternative to surgery.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1993

Accuracy of expectant mothers' predictions of fathers' attitudes regarding breast-feeding.

BACKGROUND: Breast-feeding plays a well-recognized role in lowering infant morbidity and mortality during the first year of life. Previous research has demonstrated that fathers contribute to the decision of which infant feeding method will be used, and can be effective promoters of breast-feeding. A woman's decision to breast-feed her infant may rest on her assumptions of the father's attitude regarding this feeding method. As the perception of a negative paternal attitude toward breast-feeding may discourage some women from breast-feeding, this study was designed to determine whether a mother can accurately predict the father's attitude on this subject. METHODS: Subjects were 268 pairs of expectant mothers and fathers enrolled in childbirth preparation classes at five private hospitals in Houston, Texas. Participants individually completed pretested surveys assessing their attitudes regarding breast-feeding. Mothers' surveys additionally assessed their partner's attitudes toward breast-feeding. RESULTS: More mothers than fathers reported exclusive breast-feeding as their preferred feeding plan (69% vs 58%), whereas only 54% of partners both responded they preferred breast-feeding. Overall, fathers had more favorable attitudes toward breast-feeding than their partners predicted, but large numbers of fathers harbored misconceptions and negative attitudes toward breast-feeding. Mothers' predictions were little more accurate than random guessing in predicting their partner's response (range: 56% to 83%). CONCLUSIONS: A mother's perception of her partner's attitudes toward breast-feeding influences her choice of infant feeding method. If she perceives that the father has a negative attitude about breast-feeding, she will probably not choose this method. Additional efforts to dispel misconceptions about breast-feeding should be made during childbirth preparation classes and prenatal visits.

Attitude↗
PubMed1984

Clinical and experimental methods for the determination of cholesterol absorption.

The following section summarizes this methodological treatment of cholesterol absorption by considering the advantages and disadvantages of the available methods. As outlined in Table 6, there are certain technical and interpretational disadvantages to all methods which should be weighed in deciding the appropriate method to use for a given experimental protocol. Direct methods are virtually the only ones capable of measuring the total flux of cholesterol between intestinal lumen and lymph. All the other methods allow interpretations relating only to the flux of exogenous cholesterol. On the other hand, the direct methods are invasive--involving surgery--in the case of experimental animals, and intubation, in the case of intestinal perfusion. This could potentially lead to unnatural conditions for the absorptive surface of the gut. Direct methods, balance methods, and the isotopic equilibrium method all measure a mass of cholesterol transferred. Method IV, the plasma isotope ratio method, and the continuous feeding method, on the other hand, only provide an estimate of the percent of an administered dose absorbed, although this can be converted to a mass estimate with an accurate knowledge of intake. The balance methods, continuous feeding, and isotopic equilibrium method all provide an estimate of absorption over time. The plasma isotope ratio method and method IV, however, rely on repeated measurements to measure fluctuations in absorption. In their favor, method IV and the isotope ratio technique have several advantages that make them the methods of choice for human and large-scale animal studies. These are simplicity, low isotope dosage, and the fact that they are readily done on an outpatient basis. In general, then, direct or balance methods are preferable for precise studies where absolute levels of absorbed cholesterol and fluctuations over time need to be assessed. Direct methods certainly provide the greatest interpretational flexibility in this regard by measuring endogenous and exogenous flux. Among balance methods, method II may be the most precise, but method I is the easiest to perform technically, may be used on an outpatient basis, and requires lower isotope dosage. For evaluating differences in percent cholesterol absorption in man and in all animals except the rabbit, the plasma isotope ratio technique is technically the easiest method both for the investigator and the subject. It also appears to compare very favorably with the more tedious balance methods and will undoubtedly be used in more and more experimental studies of cholesterol absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

B6 vitamer content of rat tissues measured by isotope tracer and chromatographic methods.

Feeding [14C]pyridoxine to growing rats for 146 days produced uniform labelling of the total vitamin B6 pool, thus permitting the radioactivity to be used as an absolute standard for evaluating the accuracy of vitamin B6 analyses. The results demonstrated that trichloroacetic acid extraction followed by cation exchange chromatography accurately measures the B6 vitamers. It is essential to homogenize tissues in a protein-denaturing agent in order to avoid shifts in the vitamer content, particularly in liver. In rats approximately 80% of the radioactivity was found in carcass and 8-9% each in liver and skin. Pyridoxamine phosphate equalled or exceeded the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in heart, brain and kidney. The total vitamin B6 pool in weanling and adult rats averaged about 16 nmol/g body wt. Meta-phosphoric acid extraction followed by reverse phase chromatography gave good agreement with the cation exchange method in rat liver but with cat plasma yielded pyridoxal phosphate values below those of the cation exchange or enzymatic methods. The discrepancies encountered between different homogenization techniques and chromatographic methods emphasize the need for constant vigilance and continual verification of results by independent methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Breast-feeding and bottle-feeding of twins, triplets and higher order multiple births.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine the rates of breast-feeding and/or bottle-feeding in mothers of twins, triplets and higher order multiple births compared to those in mothers of singletons, and identify factors associated with decision as to breast-feed or bottle-feed. METHODS: The subjects were 1,529 mothers of twins aged 6 months-6 years and 258 mothers of triplets and higher order multiple births (higher multiples) aged 6 months-6 years (234 mothers of triplets, 20 mothers of quadruplets, 4 mothers of quintuplets). Also, 1,300 subjects were recruited as a control group from mothers of singletons aged 6 months-6 years. Information regarding feeding methods, including exclusive breast-feeding, mixed-feeding and bottle-feeding with formula milk only, and duration of breast-feeding (in months) was collected. RESULTS: There were significantly higher rates of bottle-feeding in mothers of twins and higher multiples than in mothers of singletons. Duration of breast-feeding in mothers who chose exclusive breast-feeding or mixed-feeding for twins and higher multiples was significantly shorter than those for the singletons. The feeding methods for the twins or higher multiples were not associated with prematurity or low birth weight. However, after adjusting for each associated factor using logistic regression analysis, the decision to bottle-feed was significantly associated with non-cooperation of the husband in childrearing and degree of anxiety that mothers felt when informed of a multiple pregnancy. The odds ratio indicated that mothers who received no cooperation from the husband for childrearing were 1.83 times more likely to choose bottle-feeding as those who received cooperation. Further, the odds ratio indicated that mothers who felt greater anxiety when informed of a multiple pregnancy were 1.73 times more likely to choose bottle-feeding as those who did not feel much anxiety. CONCLUSION: This study found that establishment and continuation of breast-feeding for twins, triplets and higher order multiple births are much more difficult than for singletons. Further, cooperation of the husband in childrearing and the degree of maternal anxiety when informed of a multiple pregnancy are significant factors affecting the decision to breast-feed or bottle-feed for twins, triplets or higher order multiple births.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Why women decide not to breastfeed.

The reasons for the low frequency of breastfeeding at an urban medical center were evaluated in a study in which 81 women were interviewed concerning the factors affecting their choice of infant feeding method and attitudes toward breastfeeding. One-half of the women made their decision during pregnancy, and 41 percent did so before conception. They received information on infant feeding methods from health care providers, family, and friends. In addition to their own thoughts and feelings, family members had the most influence on the feeding method. The influence of health care providers was minimal, yet most women received early and comprehensive prenatal care. Although they thought that breastfeeding was better for the baby, the majority chose to bottle feed due to negative attitudes toward breastfeeding, conflicting responsibilities or schedules, convenience, negative breastfeeding experiences, and health or medical reasons.

Attitude↗
PubMed1999

Isolation of respiratory bacterial pathogens from the throats of healthy infants fed by different methods.

Most bacterial infections are caused by organisms that have already colonized the host. Bacterial attachment to pharyngeal cells and proliferation may be necessary to infect the lower respiratory tract or middle ear. We investigated the incidence of pathogenic bacteria isolated from the throat of healthy infants with different feeding methods. The protecting role of breastmilk is also discussed. The incidence of respiratory bacterial pathogens isolated from the oropharynx of 113 normal infants with different feeding methods was investigated. Group A beta haemolytic Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were selected as respiratory bacterial pathogens. No respiratory bacterial pathogens were detected in breastfed and mixed-fed infants. Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were isolated from the oropharynx of formula-fed infants. The incidence of respiratory bacterial pathogens did differ among infants with different feeding methods. These results suggest that breastmilk may inhibit the colonization by respiratory bacterial pathogens of the throat of infants, by enhancing mucosal immunity against respiratory tract infection.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Risk factors associated with the incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats on California dairies.

Incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) was determined for 1,194 goats on 11 dairies, using 2 repeated annual herd tests for CAEV. Current life table methods were used to compare age-specific incidence of seroconversion for pasteurized milk-raised and unpasteurized milk-raised goats. Logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors associated with CAEV seroconversion, and to estimate odds ratios for seroconversion for various factor levels. Goats raised by unpasteurized milk-feeding methods were 2.5 to 6.7 times more likely to seroconvert than were goats raised by pasteurized milk-feeding methods, depending on the method of comparison. Similarly, 61.6 to 85.0% of seroconversions in yearling goats possibly were attributable to unpasteurized milk feeding. Among yearling goats, CAEV seroconversion was associated with feeding method, breed, and source of goat (herd of origin) when the effect of dairy was considered. In addition to the 6.7 times greater risk of seroconversion for unpasteurized milk-raised goats, yearling goats of the Saanen and Toggenburg breeds were 2.2 and 3.3 times, respectively, more likely to seroconvert than were Alpine yearling goats. Yearling goats purchased from another source were less likely to seroconvert than were yearlings raised on the dairy where they were studied. Among goats > 1 year old, age was associated with risk of seroconversion. Goats that were 3 years old or were > or = 4 years old were 1.7 and 3.2 times, respectively, more likely to seroconvert than were 2-year-old goats, when adjusted for effect of dairy. The effects of dairy were significant (P < or = 0.001) in yearling and older goats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Influence of method of feeding on stress ulcer development in the rat.

Maintenance of rats on total parenteral nutrition for 10 days increased the susceptibility of these animals to gastric ulceration and death due to cold-temperature restraint stress. Animals fed the identical diet orally were much less susceptible. Serum gastrin concentrations were increased by stress in both groups of animals despite initially low serum levels. Glucosamine synthetase specific activity was not altered by the method of feeding but tended to be decreased by restraint. These results suggest that orally administered food protects the animal from stress-induced damage by a mechanism(s) involving neither dietary composition nor gastrin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of 2 methods of managing gastric residual volumes from feeding tubes.

BACKGROUND: Research-based standards do not exist for the management of gastric residual volumes from feeding tubes. Withdrawing and returning residual volumes can lead to clogged tubes and exposes patients to possible contamination of the feeding system. However, discarding residual volumes may place patients at risk for electrolyte imbalance and may alter fluid or nutritional balance. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of discarding versus returning gastric residual volumes on body weight, serum electrolyte levels, and the rate of complications associated with tube feeding. METHODS: Thirty-five subjects receiving enteral feedings were recruited from intensive care units at 3 Midwest hospitals and randomized to a discard group or a return group. Eighteen sets of usable data were obtained. RESULTS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between the 2 groups for any of the variables. Complications related to enteral feedings were more common in the return group (n = 8), which had 2 episodes of tube clogging and 1 episode of diarrhea and nausea. None of these complications were experienced by patients in the discard group (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS: Both groups had significant numbers of complications, including a total of 15 episodes, 7 in the discard group and 8 in the return group, of feeding delays due to high gastric residual volumes. Although serum electrolyte levels did not differ significantly between the 2 groups, potassium levels tended to be lower in the discard group. Considerations for the care of critically ill patients with feeding tubes are discussed in light of these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological responses of preterm infants to breast-feeding and bottle-feeding with the orthodontic nipple.

BACKGROUND: Although the orthodontic nipple has been recommended for many years to supplement breast-feeding infants, it is not known if this nipple is suitable for hospitalized preterm infants whose mothers wish to breast-feed. OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare short-term physiologic responses of preterm infants serving as their own controls for two feeding methods, breast-feeding and bottle-feeding with the orthodontic nipple. METHOD: The sample consisted of eight preterm infants, mean birth weight of 1,370 grams and mean gestational age at birth of 30.2 weeks' gestation, who served as their own controls for breast- and bottle-feeding sessions. The dependent variables, sucking, breathing, and oxygen saturation, were measured noninvasively throughout breast- and bottle-feeding sessions and recorded on a polygraph. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively for 14 breast-feeding sessions and 15 bottle-feeding sessions. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in that infants breathed more during sucking bursts for breast-feeding sessions when compared to bottle-feeding sessions and had fewer episodes of oxygen desaturation during breast-feeding. A characteristic sucking waveform associated with organized breathing was observed for some infants during bottle-feeding with the orthodontic nipple. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the orthodontic nipple is appropriate for supplementing breast-feeding for some preterm infants. Further research is needed to examine long-term outcomes.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1977

Improved growth of in vitro colonies in human acute leukemia with the feeding culture method.

Bone marrow cells freshly aspirated from the 10 consecutive untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were cultured by 2 different methods: the conventional agar culture method for myeloid colony formation and its modification by daily feeding with culture medium. In 5 patients, colonies grew in much higher numbers (4.7-to 330-fold) with feeding than without. Three patients grew colonies only with feeding. Two of these 3 patients required L-ascorbic acid in the fed medium for colony growth. Colonies did not grow from the remaining 2 patients by any method. In 7 patients the number of colonies grown with feeding were much higher, up to 170 times higher, than were those from normal control marrows, which grew the same number of colonies regardless of feeding or L-ascorbic acid. Peroxidase and Wright's stains indicated the myeloid differentiation of the cells in the leukemic marrow colonies. The leukemic origin of the colonies was proven by chromosomal analysis. The wide range of linearity between the number of cells plated and the number of colonies grown permits quantitative assay of colony-forming leukemic cells. This assay should be valuable for studies of chemotherapy, growth regulation, and differentiation of leukemic cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Risk factors associated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats on California dairies.

Log-linear methodology was used to examine relations among caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) seroreactivity and host/management factors in a cross-sectional study of 2,826 goats on 13 California dairies. The CAEV serologic status was associated with age and feeding method (pasteurized/unpasteurized milk), but not with breed. Data from a prevalence survey of 321 goats from 2 additional dairies demonstrated very good fit of the selected log-linear model (P = 1.00), indicating that the model was very appropriate to describe the relations. Odds of seropositivity and odds ratios were generated by use of a logit model derived from the log-linear model. Goats raised by the unpasteurized feeding method were estimated to have been 3.3 times more likely to be CAEV-seropositive than goats fed by the pasteurized method, when adjusted for the effects of age. Goats aged 2, 3, 4, and 5 or greater years were estimated to have been 1.7, 2.6, 4.5, and 5.7 times, respectively, more likely to be CAEV-seropositive than were yearling goats when ratios were adjusted for pasteurization status. Breed, gender, and herd of origin were not associated with CAEV seroreactivity when the effects of other factors were considered. Estimated odds of CAEV seroreactivity and the associated odds ratios for combinations of factor levels are reported. In this study, the magnitude and direction of the associations among CAEV serologic status, age, and pasteurized feeding methods were demonstrated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Self-selection of histidine and arginine intake and the requirements for these amino acids in growing rats.

The regulation of histidine and arginine intake in rats was investigated using the self-selection feeding method. The usefulness of the self-selection feeding technique for the determination of amino acid requirements is also discussed. When weanling rats were offered a choice of two diets differing only in histidine or arginine content for 2 weeks, they chose diets to support maximal growth, with the exception of some groups that did not grow to the maximum level. Histidine and arginine intake of the self-selecting rats ranged from 0.25% to 2.22% and from 0.43% to 2.43% of the diets ingested. These results demonstrate clearly that rats have the ability to consume a minimum amount that satisfies histidine and arginine needs for maximal growth. Previous and the present results suggest that the self-selection feeding method is a useful technique for the determination of amino acid requirements in growing rats.

Animals↗