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PubMed1983

Susceptibility of northern fowl mites in North Carolina to five acaricides.

The susceptibilities (dosage-response regression curves) of northern fowl mites collected from six poultry farms in North Carolina were determined for five acaricides by exposure of the mites for 24 hr to acaricide residues inside glass pipettes. The residue concentrations were expressed as parts per million on a weight-volume basis of the acaricide-acetone solution in which the pipettes were immersed prior to testing. All of the acaricides, except malathion, were highly toxic to the northern fowl mites. The mean LD50 values (ppm) were: permethrin, .53; tetrachlorvinphos, 4.06; carbaryl, 4.11; and coumaphos, 5.04. For malathion, the mean LD50 for mites from three caged layer flocks was 119.35 ppm while concentrations as high as 500 ppm gave only low mortalities (20% or less) of mites from the other flocks and LD50 values could not be calculated. These data show that northern fowl mites are highly resistant to malathion in North Carolina, as has been reported elsewhere, but there is no evidence of resistance to the other acaricides tested. The effect of temperature on the toxicity to northern fowl mites of the newest acaricide, permethrin, was determined. Permethrin was significantly more toxic at 20 C than at 25, 30, or 35 C.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Avian pox: infection and immunity with quail, psittacine, fowl, and pigeon pox viruses.

Quail, chickens, and turkeys vaccinated with pigeon and fowl pox viruses were not protected against challenge of their immunity with quail pox virus and they developed severe cutaneous lesions of pox. When quail and chickens were vaccinated with quail pox virus and given pigeon and fowl pox challenge viruses, no protection was present. Thus, quail pox virus had no immunologic relationship to pigeon and fowl pox viruses. Psittacine pox virus applied as a vaccine in quail and chickens also failed to protect against quail pox virus challenge. However, quail, chickens, and turkeys vaccinated with quail pox virus were protected against quail pox virus challenge. An isolate of psittacine pox virus, applied as a vaccine, protected chickens against challenge with the same virus isolate and also against challenge with two other psittacine pox virus isolates, confirming a close or identical antigenic relationship with each other. When combined in a multivalent vaccine, quail, psittacine, and fowl pox viruses induced excellent protection in chickens against challenge with the three respective viruses. The presence or absence of "takes" or reactions following vaccination by the wing web route did not necessarily correlate with the presence or absence of immunity noted from challenge by feather follicle virus application. The role of quail and psittacine pox viruses as potential pathogens for poultry was discussed briefly.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Food intake response of genetically selected high and low-weight line cockerels to plasma infusions from fasted fowl.

Two experiments were conducted to determine if food intake of free-feeding chickens could be affected by infusions of plasma from fasted fowl. In the first experiment, chickens from two lines genetically selected for high or low body weight were infused intrahepatically with plasma collected from free-fed and fasted individuals from each line. Food intake of low-weight line birds was increased significantly by infusions of plasma from fasted high-weight line chickens when compared to food intake of low-weight line birds receiving plasma from free-fed low-weight line chickens. Food consumption in high-weight line birds was unaffected by any of the plasma treatments. In the second experiment, plasma from free-fed and fasted high-weight line chickens was infused intrahepatically into Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels. Again the birds receiving the plasma from the fasted fowl consumed significantly more food than those infused with plasma from free-fed fowl. The results of these experiments suggest that some property of plasma from fasted birds stimulates appetite. Selection for increased body weight may have intensified this hunger factor in high weight fowl.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Ovarian follicular growth and maturation in the domestic pigeon and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

Yolks of pigeon and guinea fowl eggs were examined for the number of dichromate-staining rings. Estimates of the time for rapid follicular development using this technique were 5.1 and 5.6 days for pigeons and guinea fowl, respectively. Another measure of follicular development based on the incorporation of Sudan dyes into the yolk yielded an estimate of 6.5 and 8.3 days for pigeons and guinea fowl, respectively. Using one and two-egg clutches, no differences due to clutch position were observed in either species. There was a significant difference (P less than or equal to .01) between results obtained with the two techniques for measuring the period of rapid yolk deposition. The dichromate technique can give valuable data relative to yolk deposition, especially in species where it is impractical to daily catch and administer Sudan dyes. But the tendency to underestimate the period of follicular growth means that caution must be exercised in comparing results obtained with that technique and the more labor-intensive Sudan dye incorporation method. The time from the end of yolk deposition until oviposition is defined as the rest period. This interval was 1.5 days for pigeons and 1.7 days for guinea fowl. This is considerably longer than the rest period of Coturnix quail but similar to that found in turkeys and chickens.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of increased fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys with high environmental temperatures.

The relationship of an increase in fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys with an increase in environmental temperatures during June, July, August, and September between 1959 and 1992 was analyzed. High environmental temperatures were found to be influential in the development of fowl cholera in turkeys. When the average monthly maximum environmental temperatures for 5 mo of July and 7 mo of August during the 13 yr between 1967 and 1979 were above 30.5 C, there was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys for each month than during the same months when the average maximum temperatures were below 30.5 C. To test the hypothesis that an increase in fowl cholera outbreaks was preceded by an increase in temperature, the pre- and postoutbreak temperatures for 46 selected outbreak clusters occurring between 1959 and 1992 were averaged. Both the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the latter 9 days of the preoutbreak period were highly significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of the average cluster outbreak day and the following four postoutbreak days. Also, for the nine individual days of the latter pre-outbreak period, the daily average maximum temperature was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 3 days and partially significantly (P < 0.10) higher for 3 days than that of the average cluster outbreak day, and the daily average minimum temperature was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for 2 days and partially significantly (P < 0.10) higher for 1 day than that for the average cluster outbreak day.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Helminth parasitism of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus L.) in a subtropical high-rainfall area of India.

An investigation into the helminth parasitic infections of domestic fowl in a subtropical area of India, based on an autopsy of 532 chickens, revealed a 90.9% prevalence of infection. 10 species of helminths were encountered, of which Capillaria contorta was recorded for the first time from fowls in India. Ascaridia galli was the most prevalent species, followed by Raillietina spp. and Heterakis gallinae. The infection by trematodes appeared to be very rare. The helminth fauna of fowls in this climatic area was compared with that of fowls in other areas of the world and found to differ in respect of prevalence and incidence of various parasitic species. The role of the climate in the distribution and in regulating populations of parasitic species is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A case of acute pulmonary edema, splenomegaly, and ascites in guinea fowl.

Acute pulmonary edema, splenomegaly, and ascites were observed in a disease outbreak in adult white and pearl guinea fowl. The clinical history and gross and microscopic lesions resembled those described for marble spleen disease of pheasants and avian adenovirus group II splenomegaly of chickens. A small number of intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in liver, spleen, and lung sections of affected guinea fowl. Attempts to isolate virus and serological tests to detect the presence of viral antigens were unsuccessful. Adult female pearl guinea fowl experimentally exposed to pheasant and turkey isolates of type II avian adenoviruses developed gross and microscopic lesions similar to those seen in the field outbreak. The pheasant isolate was the more virulent. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in liver, spleen, and lung sections of pearl guinea fowl inoculated with either of the virus isolates, and direct immunofluorescent examination revealed viral antigen in the spleen and lung.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Artificial feeding of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), through membranes.

A new device and technique are described for the in vitro feeding of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago). The device consisted of a glass cylinder 25 mm in length and in outside diameter, capped with a chick skin membrane at one end and a snap-cap with a wire cloth window at the other end. Maximum feeding by northern fowl mites on warmed heparinized chicken blood occurred after 60 min and at a blood temperature range of 36-42 C. Skin membranes prepared from 1-wk-old chicks gave significantly higher feeding rates than those from 4-wk-old chicks, but unfrozen skins and skins frozen up to 4 wk were equally effective. Also, mites fed equally well through white leghorn and broiler chick skin membranes. About 80% of northern fowl mites fed. The in vitro technique described simplifies the approach to studies of northern fowl mite biology and physiology.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The gastrocnemius tendon of domestic fowl: histological findings in different strains.

Vascular and histological studies were performed on normal gastrocnemius tendons from male birds considered susceptible (broiler breeding) and insusceptible (laying strain) to noninfectious tendon rupture. Structural differences between strains were noted at the site where rupture usually occurs. This site contains a hypovascular region which develops at an earlier age in broiler type fowls. Histological sections revealed that vessel occlusion had occurred in birds with hypovascular tendon segments. Chondrocytes and chondroid cells adjacent to occluded vessels accumulated lipid and died. This finding was particularly apparent in broiler fowls where cartilaginous plaques were larger and thicker than in laying strain fowls. The presence of occluded vessels, cartilage death and chondroid infiltration of collagen bundles in broiler type fowls are interpreted as structural changes which may predispose to noninfectious tendon rupture. Indeed they may also predispose to tendon lesions associated with pathogens.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on plasma histaminase activity in the domestic fowl and the involvement of caeruloplasmin.

The injection of four-to nine-week-old fowls with Escherichia coli O111:B4 endotoxin (0-1 and 1-0 mg/kg) produced a two to eight fold rise in the histaminase activity of the plasma 24 h afterwards. In some cases this increase was still detectable after 48 h. This activity was strongly correlated with the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin. Electrophoretic studies with 7-5 per cent polyacrylamide gels indicated that fowl caeruloplasmin also was histaminase and putrescinase activity and that the release of this protein from the liver by endotoxin is largely responsible for the increase in the activity of the plasma. In untreated fowls this activity was lower than published values for several mammals and does not explain the relative resistance of the fowl to the acute effects of endotoxins and large doses of histamine.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗

PubMed1980

[Comparison of the diagnostic indices in poultry treated against fowl typhoid pullorum].

A study was carried out on the influence of the treatment with furasolidon and altabactin, alone and in combination with spectam and Esb3, in naturally infected and chronically suffering from typhus-puporosis fowls. It was proved that the treatment leads to a clinical but not to a epizootological recovery. It was also proved that the treatment of fowls against typhus-pulorosis, did not have any effect on the sensitivity, the specificity and the detectability of the allergic reaction, whereas the diagnostic value of the serological reaction always diminished. With all the fowls treated, characteristic pathohistological changes were detected, typical of typhus-pulorosis, which make more complete the results of the serological, the allergic and the bacteriological studies, and contributed to the detection of chronically ill fowls.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1984

Anticonvulsants in epileptic fowl.

The high seizure susceptibility in epileptic fowl is an autosomal recessive trait characterized in homozygotes by seizures that occur spontaneously and in response to photic stimulation or hyperthermia. Both of the latter stimuli can be used to evoke seizures in drug studies. Epileptic fowl have abnormal inter-ictal EEG activity. When exposed to photic stimulation spiking is apparent on the EEG at seizure onset. Phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, and valproic acid reduce seizure susceptibility at plasma concentrations approximating those used to control generalized and focal cortical tonic-clonic seizures in humans. Carbamazepine and the benzodiazepines also reduce seizure susceptibility. These data indicate that epileptic fowl provide a useful model for generalized and focal cortical tonic-clonic epilepsies. Ethosuximide was inactive in epileptic fowl. However, trimethadione had anticonvulsant activity indicating that this model is only relatively specific for the above seizure types. When seizures were evoked by hyperthermia phenobarbital but not phenytoin or valproate reduced seizure susceptibility. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), AOAA (amino-oxyacetic acid) and THPO (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c] pyridin-3-ole, a glial specific inhibitor of GABA uptake) all have anticonvulsant activity against seizures evoked by photic stimulation in young chicks. These data indicate that this model may be particularly useful for studies of the anticonvulsant activity of compounds designed to enhance GABAergic transmission.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity of serotype 1 fowl adenovirus in commercial broiler chickens.

The pathogenicity of a serotype 1 fowl adenovirus (FAV-99ZH), isolated from broiler chickens exhibiting gizzard erosion, was investigated in commercial broiler chickens. Five-, 3-, and 1-wk-old commercial broiler chickens were inoculated with FAV-99ZH by both oral and ocular routes. In the 5-wk-old chickens (trial 1), none of which had the maternal antibody to FAV-99ZH, severe gizzard erosions were observed on days 5, 7, and 10 postinoculation (PI). Among the 3-wk-old chickens (trial 2), which were separated into a control group and three treatment groups according to their maternal antibody titer levels, some chickens showed clinical signs such as depression and anorexia. Compared with the control group, all the treatment groups showed decreased weight gain. One treatment group, moreover, showed significantly decreased (P < 0.05) weight gain on day 10 PI. Severe gizzard lesions, such as erosion or ulcers, were observed from day 4 PI in all treatment groups regardless of their maternal antibody levels. The 1-wk-old chickens (trial 3) were separated into a control group and two treatment groups according to their titer levels of the inoculated virus. In spite of high maternal antibody levels, severe gizzard lesions were observed in both treatment groups, which also showed decreased weight gain. One treatment group, inoculated with the higher dose, showed significantly decreased (P < 0.05) weight gain on days 10 and 14 PI compared with the control group. Fowl adenovirus was recovered mainly from gizzard and rectal (including feces) samples from inoculated chickens but was not recovered from liver samples in any of the trials or in any of the control chickens. Although the reproduced disease was similar to that described in a previous report of experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens with fowl adenovirus, the pathogenicity of FAV-99ZH in commercial broiler chickens was more severe than that in the SPF white leghorn chickens. The results of the present study indicate that FAV-99ZH isolated from gizzard erosion had pathogenicity and produced severe lesions in the gizzards of broiler chickens and that FAV-99ZH could infect and produce illness in broiler chickens with maternal antibodies against this virus.

Adenoviridae Infections↗

PubMed1998

Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor on the motility and ATP concentrations of fowl spermatozoa.

The possible role of tyrosine kinase in the regulation of fowl sperm motility was investigated by using a stable analogue of erbstatin, methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (2,5-MeC), a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase. This inhibited the motility of intact spermatozoa at 30 degrees C in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the motility of demembranated spermatozoa was not inhibited by the same concentrations of 2,5-MeC. At 40 degrees C, both intact and demembranated spermatozoa were almost immotile with or without 2,5-MeC. Additionally, intact spermatozoa, stimulated by the addition of Ca2+ or calyculin A, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases, lost their motility with the subsequent addition of 2,5-MeC at 40 degrees C. However, unlike the motility, the ATP concentrations of spermatozoa were maintained in about 30-35 nmol ATP/10(9) cells during these incubation periods. The activity of tyrosine kinase of spermatozoa at 30 degrees C, estimated by measuring the phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide substrate, RR-SRC, was 0.17 pmol/min per milligram of protein. This activity was lower than that of fowl testes or chick brain but higher than that of chick liver. These results suggest that tyrosine kinase activity, which is not retained in the axoneme and/or accessory cytoskeletal components, may be involved in the maintenance of flagellar movement of fowl spermatozoa at 30 degrees C.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2000

In vitro effects of beta-carotene for the motility, ATP, and intracellular free Ca(2+) concentrations of fowl spermatozoa.

The motility of intact fowl spermatozoa was vigorous at 25 degrees C, but decreased gradually following the addition of 0-100 microM beta-carotene in a dose-dependent manner. Even in the presence of stimulators of fowl sperm motility, such as Ca(2+) or calyculin A, the motility of intact spermatozoa at both 25 and 40 degrees C remained inhibited following the addition of beta-carotene. Under all of these circumstances, sperm ATP concentrations were not reduced by the addition of beta-carotene. Moreover, the motility of demembranated spermatozoa was not inhibited by the addition of the same concentrations of beta-carotene. No changes in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentrations, measured by means of a fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator, fura-2, were observed in intact beta-carotene -treated spermatozoa. These results suggest that beta-carotene is involved in the inhibition of the flagellar movement of fowl spermatozoa without change in energy production, and that the target of beta-carotene might be present in the cytoplasmic matrix and/or the plasma membrane, but not retained in the axoneme and/or accessory cytoskeletal components.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2001

Hyperpigmentation in the Silkie fowl correlates with abnormal migration of fate-restricted melanoblasts and loss of environmental barrier molecules.

In most homeothermic vertebrates, pigment cells are confined to the skin. Recent studies show that the fate-restricted melanoblast (pigment cell precursor) is the only neural crest lineage that can exploit the dorsolateral path between the ectoderm and somite into the dermis, thereby excluding neurons and glial cells from the skin. This does not explain why melanoblasts do not generally migrate ventrally into the region where neurons and glial cell derivatives of the neural crest differentiate, or why melanoblasts do not escape from the dorsolateral path once they have arrived at this destination. To answer these questions we have studied melanogenesis in the Silkie fowl, which is a naturally occurring chicken mutant in which pigment cells occupy most connective tissues, thereby giving them a dramatic blue-black cast. By using markers for neural crest cells (HNK-1) and melanoblasts (Smyth line serum), we have documented the development of the Silkie pigment pattern. The initial dispersal of melanoblasts is the same in the Silkie fowl as in Lightbrown Leghorn (LBL), White Leghorn (WLH), and quail embryos. However, by stage 22, when all ventral neural crest cell migration has ceased in the WLH, melanoblasts in the Silkie embryo continue to migrate between the neural tube and somites to occupy the sclerotome. This late ventral migration was confirmed by filling the lumen of the neural tube with DiI at stage 19 and observing the embryos at stage 26. No DiI-labeled cells were observed in the sclerotome of LBL embryos, whereas in the Silkie embryos DiI-filled cells were found as far ventral as the mesentery. In addition to this extensive ventral migration, we also observed considerable migration of melanoblasts from the distal end of the dorsolateral space into the somatic mesoderm (the future parietal peritoneum), and into the more medioventral regions where they accumulated around the dorsal aorta and the kidney. The ability of melanoblasts in the Silkie embryos to migrate ventrally along the neural tube and medially from the dorsolateral space is correlated with a lack of peanut agglutinin (PNA) -binding barrier tissues, which are present in the LBL embryo. The abnormal pattern of melanoblast migration in the Silkie embryo is further exaggerated by the fact that the melanoblasts continue to divide, as evidenced by BrdU incorporation (but the rate of incorporation is not greater than seen in the LBL). Results from heterospecific grafting studies and cell cultures of WLH and Silkie neural crest cells support the notion that the Silkie phenotype is brought about by an environmental difference rather than a neural crest-specific defect. We conclude that melanoblasts are normally constrained to migrate only in the dorsolateral path, and once in that path they generally do not escape it. We further conclude that the barriers that normally restrain melanoblast migration in the chicken are not present in the Silkie fowl. We are now actively investigating the nature of this barrier molecule to complete our understanding of melanoblast migration and patterning.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Glomerular size and volume distributions for cranial, medial, and caudal divisions of domestic fowl kidneys.

Separate renal arteries and renal portal veins supply the three divisions of domestic fowl kidneys, leading to uncertainty concerning the structural and functional homology of the different divisions. To assess the degree of anatomical similarity, separate glomerular size and volume distribution profiles were constructed for cranial, medial, and caudal divisions from the left and right kidneys of male and female domestic fowl. There were no significant differences between left and right divisions (intradivision comparisons) or between cranial, medial, and caudal divisions (interdivision comparisons) when the total number of glomeruli or total glomerular volumes were compared on a per gram kidney weight basis. Glomerular size distribution profiles were unimodal in shape, with the peaks for all divisions falling in the 0.15-0.22 mm circumference range in males and in the 0.19-0.26 mm circumference range in females. There were no significant differences in glomerular size distribution profiles for intradivision (left vs. right) comparisons. Interdivisional comparisons revealed that medial divisions had significantly lower values than caudal divisions in one of 11 glomerular circumference categories. For all remaining comparisons, there were no significant differences in glomerular size distribution profiles, nor were there any significant interdivisional differences when glomerular volume distribution profiles were compared. These data indicate that the three divisions of domestic fowl kidneys are structurally homologous on a per gram kidney weight basis, suggesting the separate divisions also are functionally homologous.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Plasma hormones (arginine vasotocin, prolactin, aldosterone, and corticosterone) in relation to hydration state, NaCl intake, and egg laying in fowls.

This review surveys our latest research dealing with the involvement of arginine vasotocin (AVT), the avian antidiuretic hormone, and other hormones in the regulation of water and salt balance in fowl. We examined the effect of dehydration, salt loading, high- and low-salt diets, and oviposition on plasma hormone levels and analyzed them in light of our knowledge of avian osmoregulatory responses to changes in water and salt balance. Gradual dehydration and hyperosmotic loading in domestic fowl revealed consistent differences in the AVT response between groups adapted to low- and high-NaCl diets. In birds on a low-NaCl diet the sensitivity of the AVT release was significantly higher than in birds on a high-NaCl diet. These results support the concept that the link between osmotic and volume regulation is established via varying sensitivity of the AVT release. We determined the half-life of the AVT in fowls (6.3 min), a value similar to that of ADH in mammals. We found that during oviposition, plasma AVT increases by a factor of four over the normal level, a magnitude consistent with the maximal responses revealed in osmotic stimulations. We have shown that as long as drinking water is available, heat exposure has no effect on the plasma osmotic constituents and the regulatory hormones. However, combined dehydration and heat exposure resulted in pronounced osmoregulatory responses integrated with the thermoregulatory responses to maintain water and salt balance without jeopardizing the birds' ability to cope with the thermoregulatory demands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aldosterone↗