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PubMed2000

Philosophy of science and the foundations of psychotherapy.

The field of psychotherapy rests on a foundation of basic propositions, fundamental starting points or cornerstones, and ideas that are generally taken for granted as fundamental givens or truths. A case is presented that there are ways in which foundational beliefs may be kept essentially immune from careful explication, study, examination, analysis, and challenge, and therefore from constructive improvement and change. Borrowed largely from the neighboring field of philosophy of science, 5 solutions are presented to assist in explicating, challenging, improving, and changing foundational beliefs. The subsequent 2 articles (E. Erwin, 2000; J. F. Rychlak, 2000) illustrate how these philosophy of science methods may be applied to 2 foundational beliefs in the field of psychotherapy.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Degradation and migration of facial foundations.

The surface characteristics of a facial foundation on the skin affect not only photoprotection, but also aesthetic appearance. A 400x video microscope was used to study the movement of facial foundation on the face of 12 female subjects with oily, dry, and normal skin in a controlled environment over 8 hours. This evaluation revealed gradual degradation of the cosmetic film and accumulation of facial foundation pigment particles in the follicular ostia. This cosmetic migration decreases photoprotection and may explain the perifollicular nature of some cutaneous reactions to facial foundations.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Orthrus: Towards Evolutionary and Functional RNA Foundation Models.

In the face of rapidly accumulating genomic data, our ability to accurately predict key mature RNA properties that underlie transcript function and regulation remains limited. Pre-trained genomic foundation models offer an avenue to adapt learned RNA representations to biological prediction tasks. However, existing genomic foundation models are trained using strategies borrowed from textual domains that do not leverage biological domain knowledge. Here, we introduce Orthrus, a Mamba-based mature RNA foundation model pre-trained using a novel self-supervised contrastive learning objective with biological augmentations. Orthrus is trained by maximizing embedding similarity between curated pairs of RNA transcripts, where pairs are formed from splice isoforms of 10 model organisms and transcripts from orthologous genes in 400+ mammalian species from the Zoonomia Project. This training objective results in a latent representation that clusters RNA sequences with functional and evolutionary similarities. We find that the generalized mature RNA isoform representations learned by Orthrus significantly outperform genomic foundation models on mRNA property prediction tasks, and requires only a fraction of fine-tuning data to do so. Finally, we show that Orthrus is capable of capturing divergent biological function of individual transcript isoforms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

School heart health promotion: the National Heart Foundation (Western Australian) approach.

The National Heart Foundation of Australia's commitment to school health promotion expanded progressively since 1983. Following establishment of health education curriculum documents by the state Ministries of Education, the Foundation targeted schoolchildren with primary prevention programs and resources. The Foundation looked beyond instructional settings to examine the influence of the school environment on the health of students and school personnel. This paper describes a school heart health promotion model implemented by the Western Australian Division of the National Heart Foundation, serving one of Australia's eight states and territories. The model incorporates elements of policy, curriculum, environment, health services, and community interaction. Though similar to comprehensive models of school health education, this model limits its application to heart health. The program operates in a nongovernment agency with unmatched potential for national reach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The Foundation Programme and the emergency department: a review of the curriculum and experience of a UK pilot.

The emergency department will have an important role within the Modernising Medical Careers Foundation Programme (FP) in the United Kingdom. Many of the key competencies required of Foundation training relate to acute medical care. However, the Foundation curriculum is a large and complex document. Some of the detail within it has particular implications for emergency medicine. Issues of curriculum content, teaching styles, and assessment have a potentially significant effect upon established working practices in a typical unit. This paper examines the FP curriculum to allow a clearer understanding of its key elements. Problems in relation to delivery of teaching and the quantity of assessment required are highlighted and solutions discussed. Experience from a UK pilot site for Foundation training in emergency medicine which began in August 2004 is used to illustrate how some of these issues have been addressed. The review concludes with a series of practical hints and tips which others may find useful as they prepare to incorporate FP trainees locally.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Foundation-level dyslexia: assessment and treatment.

It is supposed that there is an early, foundation stage in beginning reading during which children acquire basic letter-sound knowledge, a capability for alphabetic processing, and a logographic sight vocabulary. An assessment of foundation processes was administered to Scottish children with reading difficulties (n = 51) and to reading-level-matched controls (n = 56). The results suggested that the foundation is normally in place by the time a reading age of about 7 years has been achieved. Foundation-level dyslexia is identifiable in children with reading difficulty whose reading ages fall below this level. Differing patterns of dyslexia were observed, depending on whether the primary effect was on letter-sound learning (literal dyslexia), the acquisition of the alphabetic process (alphabetic dyslexia), or retention of a sight vocabulary (logographic dyslexia). Balanced dyslexia, in which both alphabetic and logographic functions were impaired, was also found. Some implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Socio-economic differences in foundation-level literacy.

The foundation literacy skills of children from differing socio-economic backgrounds were investigated in a cross-sectional study. The children were aged between 4 and 8 years and attended Nursery or Primary 1, 2 or 3 classes. Low socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with impairments for chronological age in letter knowledge as well as in both logographic and alphabetic foundation components. There was also an effect on metaphonological++ skill. However, once the SES groups were equated for reading age, high and low SES performance was indistinguishable. The results suggest that delayed acquisition of foundation literacy skills is traceable to a delay in acquiring letter-sound knowledge. Implications for intervention are discussed in the context of the foundation literacy framework.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies.

Several previous studies have suggested that basic decoding skills may develop less effectively in English than in some other European orthographies. The origins of this effect in the early (foundation) phase of reading acquisition are investigated through assessments of letter knowledge, familiar word reading, and simple nonword reading in English and 12 other orthographies. The results confirm that children from a majority of European countries become accurate and fluent in foundation level reading before the end of the first school year. There are some exceptions, notably in French, Portuguese, Danish, and, particularly, in English. The effects appear not to be attributable to differences in age of starting or letter knowledge. It is argued that fundamental linguistic differences in syllabic complexity and orthographic depth are responsible. Syllabic complexity selectively affects decoding, whereas orthographic depth affects both word reading and nonword reading. The rate of development in English is more than twice as slow as in the shallow orthographies. It is hypothesized that the deeper orthographies induce the implementation of a dual (logographic + alphabetic) foundation which takes more than twice as long to establish as the single foundation required for the learning of a shallow orthography.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Why we should not legalize euthanasia. The foundational ethical principle obliging us to protect life must be translated into a concrete norm.

The euthanasia debate is really the backdrop for a discussion within our society about the very nature of human life and meaning. Because the origin of life is in God, human beings do not have dominion over life but are stewards of life. The powerful combination of sanctity and stewardship is expressed in the foundational ethical principle. This principle says that no person has the right to directly take innocent human life and in fact there is a positive obligation to nurture and protect life. In our secular society there is a need to develop a "natural" metaphysic of sacredness. Such a metaphysic can serve as bedrock from which a foundational principle can be developed and then applied in concrete moral norms. It can show that life contributes to the full dignity of the human person. For this perspective to be effective in countering the movement to legalize euthanasia, this sense of integral wholeness of human personhood must be demonstrated in a convincing manner. It can be because a dualistic philosophical bias has been found wanting by Western culture. We must arrive at what ethicists would call concrete norms that guide individual choices. At issue is how we translate our foundational principle--Do not directly attack innocent human life--into a concrete norm when confronted with the possibility of death. Some persons question whether the concrete norm opposing euthanasia should be a matter of public morality. To answer this question, we must turn to our foundational principle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Catholicism↗
PubMed2026

A Foundation Model Based CT Biomarker for Non-Invasive Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Immunochemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Predicting pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is clinically important yet remains challenging. Here, we introduce a foundation model-derived computed tomography (CT) imaging biomarker established from a multi-center cohort of 702 patients. Specifically, we developed and validated a non-invasive baseline CT-based model for risk stratification of pathological response. To address scanner and protocol heterogeneity, we first built a 3D Vision Mamba-based CT super-resolution model trained on 2494 cases for image standardization. We then fine-tuned a lung cancer-specific CT foundation model from a pretrained 3D model (VoCo) using 6643 chest CT scans. Finally, we constructed a multi-task Swin Transformer that jointly performs risk stratification and segments tumors to generate the imaging biomarker. Across five centers, the model achieved consistently strong generalization (AUC: 0.75-0.87) for pCR prediction. Genomic analysis revealed that the biomarker was independent of tumor mutational burden but significantly associated with TP53 mutations, suggesting an association with a radiogenomic phenotype related to this alteration. Together, these results demonstrate a generalizable and biologically meaningful foundation model-based biomarker for non-invasive risk stratification of pathological response in NSCLC.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Measuring process of arthritis care: the Arthritis Foundation's quality indicator set for rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the scientific evidence that supports each of the explicit process measures in the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Rheumatoid Arthritis. METHODS: For each of the 27 measures in the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator set, a comprehensive literature review was performed for evidence that linked the process of care defined in the indicator with relevant clinical outcomes and to summarize practice guidelines relevant to the indicators. RESULTS: Over 7500 titles were identified and reviewed. For each of the indicators the scientific evidence to support or refute the quality indicator was summarized. We found direct evidence that supported a process-outcome link for 15 of the indicators, an indirect link for 7 of the indicators, and no evidence to support or refute a link for 5. The processes of care described in the indicators for which no supporting/refuting data were found have been assumed to be so essential to care that clinical trails assessing their importance have not, and probably never will be, performed. The process of care described in all but 2 of the indicators is recommended in 1 or more practice guidelines. CONCLUSION: There are sufficient scientific evidence and expert consensus to support the Arthritis Foundation's Quality Indicator Set for Rheumatoid Arthritis, which defines a minimal standard of care that can be used to assess health care quality for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1996

George A. Savoy, visionary benefactor of Canadians with epilepsy, and the history of the Savoy Foundation for Epilepsy.

George A. Savoy was born in Cohoes, New York, in 1873. He left the U.S.A. in 1921 to manage the Canadian branch of a large manufacturer of ledgers and looseleaf registers. This company was asked to supply Professor Jasper's laboratory with rolls of plain unlined paper and it was George Savoy who later developed fanfolded and lined EEG paper, which was first used at the Montreal Neurological Institute. He also had personal contacts with Wilder Penfield concerning their mutual interest in the needs of patients with epilepsy. He was a successful industrialist involved with several charitable organizations funding programmes for people with epilepsy. He was opposed to the sectarianism then prevalent in Quebec, which was unfamiliar to him, and in reaction built his own institution, Dieppe House, a home for people with epilepsy, later renamed < >. It was to operate without regard to race, language or religion. In 1971, his son Harold and other generous donors decided to create a foundation to support research in epilepsy. The Foyer Savoy was sold in 1988 and the proceeds used to increase the endowment of the foundation. His grandson George M. Savoy is the current president. The fourth generation is also represented by Caroline Savoy, daughter of the president, who joined the board of directors in 1992. The foundation will distribute from $300,000 to $400,000 yearly to researchers from many different countries working in the field of epilepsy in universities and hospitals throughout Canada.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

Strategies to advance geriatric nursing: the John A. Hartford Foundation initiatives.

This article chronicles the efforts of the John A. Hartford Foundation to improve the health care of older adults by strategically investing $34 million in geriatric nursing programs nationally. It includes a brief background of the Foundation followed by a description of the Foundation's geriatric nursing programs and the lessons learned that could be relevant to a variety of audiences.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The social determinants of health: is there a role for health promotion foundations?

ISSUE ADDRESSED: If they are to respond effectively to health inequities, organisations involved in health promotion need to refocus on the social determinants of health (SDH) and the distribution of resources for health. METHODS: This paper examines the potential of health promotion foundations (HPFs), a semi-autonomous arm of the state, to act at several policy and program intervention points to address the SDH and reduce health inequities. CONCLUSION: The public purpose, enterprise and innovation potential of health promotion foundations provides them with unique capacity to respond to SDH. In the complex and contested policy environment surrounding action on the determinants of health, the role that foundations can most usefully play is that of a change agent in a broader social movement seeking health equity.

Australia↗
PubMed1981

Foundation funding for clinical research.

Foundation managers view themselves as catalysts rather than instigators of change. As clinical researchers, physical therapists must become instigators in determining the direction of change for patient care and physical therapy services. Foundations offer monetary support to make those determinations, and the approach can be as simple as that outlined in this article. "The right person with the right project approaching the right foundation faces only one problem. That problem is not lack of sympathy or lack of understanding or lack of interest. The problem is simply: Is there enough money?"

Foundations↗
PubMed1997

History of the Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery.

ALL NEUROSURGEONS RECOGNIZE the worldwide importance of top-level neurosurgical technology, education, and treatment. Many, however, may be unaware of the formation of a charitable educational foundation, the Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery, to promote these ideologies and concepts. It was founded more than 25 years ago through the auspices of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, supported by all of the national American neurosurgical societies. This article provides the background data of the formation of the Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery and will serve as a reminder to all neurosurgeons of the organization's existence and its continued global influence on neurosurgery.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2004

Public health foundations and the tobacco industry: lessons from Minnesota.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether private foundations can be created in a way that will insulate them from attacks by the tobacco industry, using the Minnesota Partnership for Action Against Tobacco (MPAAT) as a case study. DESIGN: Information was collected from internal tobacco industry documents, court documents, newspapers, and interviews with health advocates and elected officials. RESULTS: The creation of MPAAT as an independent foundation did not insulate it from attacks by tobacco industry allies. During 2001-2002, MPAAT was repeatedly attacked by Attorney General Mike Hatch and major media, using standard tobacco industry rhetoric. This strategy of attack and demands for information were reminiscent of previous attacks on Minnesota's Plan for Nonsmoking and Health and the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST). MPAAT was ultimately forced to restructure its programme to abandon effective community norm change interventions around smoke-free policies and replace them with less effective individual cessation interventions. Neither MPAAT nor other health advocates mounted an effective public response to these attacks, instead relying on the insider strategy of responding in court. CONCLUSION: It is not possible to avoid attacks by the tobacco industry or its political allies. Like programmes administered by government agencies, tobacco control foundations must be prepared for these attacks, including a proactive plan to educate the public about the principles of community based tobacco control. Public health advocates also need to be willing to take prompt action to defend these programmes and hold public officials who attack tobacco control programmes accountable for their actions.

Financing, Organized↗
PubMed1990

Form and function of mental health authorities at Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program sites: preliminary observations.

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on Chronic Mental Illness provides support for broad change in the organization, financing, and delivery of services in public systems of care for chronic mentally ill persons. To address the lack of an organizational locus of responsibility in these systems, the foundation proposed that each of the nine cities participating in the program create a mental health authority that would centralize administrative, clinical, and fiscal oversight. The authors present site-by-site observations of the developing mental health authorities at the end of the program's two-and-a-half-year planning phase. They conclude that although the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation grant represented a significant incentive for innovation, at this relatively early stage in the demonstration authorities at only a few sites had achieved direct clinical responsibility for chronic mentally ill persons. Although services had expanded, no site had yet developed a comprehensive system of care that included inpatient services as well as a full range of ambulatory, housing, and social welfare services.

Ambulatory Care↗