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PubMed2006

Phase equilibria and plate-fluid interfacial tensions for associating hard sphere fluids confined in slit pores.

The excess Helmholtz free energy functional for associating hard sphere fluid is formulated by using a modified fundamental measure theory [Y. X. Yu and J. Z. Wu, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 10156 (2002)]. Within the framework of density functional theory, the thermodynamic properties including phase equilibria for both molecules and monomers, equilibrium plate-fluid interfacial tensions and isotherms of excess adsorption, average molecule density, average monomer density, and plate-fluid interfacial tension for four-site associating hard sphere fluids confined in slit pores are investigated. The phase equilibria inside the hard slit pores and attractive slit pores are determined according to the requirement that temperature, chemical potential, and grand potential in coexistence phases should be equal and the plate-fluid interfacial tensions at equilibrium states are predicted consequently. The influences of association energy, fluid-solid interaction, and pore width on phase equilibria and equilibrium plate-fluid interfacial tensions are discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

The importance of plasma colloid osmotic pressure for interstitial fluid volume and fluid balance after elective abdominal vascular surgery.

The relationships between plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COPp) and interstitial fluid volume (IFV) as well as postoperative fluid balance were investigated in a prospective study involving 53 patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic reconstruction. The patients were divided into four groups according to pre- and postoperative blood replacement and fluid therapy programs whereby a continuum of postoperative COPp-values between 33 and 16 mmHg was obtained. Measurements were done before the operation and on days 1 and 4 after surgery. After surgery, COPp below 20 mmHg led to increased IFV. On day 1, COPp was linearly correlated to the total amount of fluid retained during the day of operation. A positive fluid balance of 3 L on this day ensured unchanged extracellular fluid volume (ECV). Of the 3 L, 1.5 L was insensible water loss and 1.5 L had moved into the cells. On day 4 after surgery, COPp below 22 mmHg was associated with increased plasma volume. The authors suggest that COPp be maintained above 20 mmHg after major surgery, and positive fluid balance should not exceed 5 L during the day of operation.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Difference in effect of dog seminal fluid and human seminal fluid and semen on in vitro survival of Trichomonas vaginalis.

The authors examined the ability of dog seminal fluid to serve as an animal model in order to study survival of Trichomonas vaginalis in human urogenital secretions. Two strains were used: SVI-1, a recent isolate from a male patient, and ATCC 30001, a strain that has been cultured for many years. The authors incubated the T. vaginalis strains in dog seminal fluid, human seminal fluid, and human semen, at 37 degrees C for 6, 12, and 24 hrs. For both strains, survival in dog seminal fluid was much poorer than that in human semen and seminal fluid, zero survival being noted at 24 hrs. The SVI-1 strain survived significantly better than ATCC 30001 in all secretions. Data from experiments using isolates from two female patients, but incubated in human seminal fluid alone, agreed with results obtained with SVI-1. Dog seminal fluid may not be a suitable substitute for human secretions in T. vaginalis studies, and long-term culture may decrease the ability of T. vaginalis to survive in the male urogenital tract.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Lupus pleuritis. Clinical features and pleural fluid characteristics with special reference to pleural fluid antinuclear antibodies.

Eighteen patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) and pleural effusions were evaluated. Fourteen patients had lupus pleuritis and four had pleural effusions of other etiologies. All patients were symptomatic, and the presenting signs and symptoms did not help distinguish between lupus pleuritis and pleural effusions of other causes. The presence of LE cells confirmed the diagnosis of lupus pleuritis in seven of eight patients. In 11 of 13 patients with lupus pleuritis, the pleural fluid antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer was greater than or equal to 1:160, and in nine of 13 patients with lupus pleuritis, the pleural fluid to serum (PF/S) ANA ratio was greater than or equal to 1. In the four patients with LE and a pleural effusion of another etiology, the pleural fluid ANA titer was negative in two and low titer in two (1:40, 1:80); the pleural fluid to serum ANA titer was always less than one. Of 67 patients with pleural effusions of other etiologies, the pleural fluid ANA was negative. The signs and symptoms of lupus pleuritis are nonspecific, however; the findings of LE cells in pleural fluid confirms the diagnosis and a high pleural fluid ANA titer (greater than or equal to 1:160) and a PF/S ANA ratio of greater than or equal to 1 strongly supports the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The sequential effects of human cervical mucus, oviductal fluid, and follicular fluid on sperm function.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sequential effects of human cervical mucus (CM), oviductal fluid, and follicular fluid (FF) on sperm motility, hyperactivation, and the acrosome reaction during 9 hours of incubation in vitro. DESIGN: Spermatozoa from a fertile donor were allowed to penetrate human CM in vitro and then were recovered and incubated in either 30% human oviductal fluid or a simple salt solution for 3 hours before challenge with 20% FF. Thus, the sequential effects of the fluids collected from the female reproductive tract on sperm hyperactivation and acrosome reaction were examined. SETTING: The donor insemination program at the University Clinic within the Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, United Kingdom. PATIENTS: All donors used in this study were involved in the donor insemination program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sperm motility, hyperactivation, and percentage of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa were measured. RESULTS: This study used an in vitro technique to mimic sperm transport in vivo. Spermatozoa sequentially incubated with female reproductive tract secretions in vitro showed a maintenance in the level of FF-induced hyperactivated motility and a decreased response to the FF-induced acrosome reaction when compared with sperm challenged with FF in the absence of prior incubation with human oviductal fluid. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that human oviductal fluid may serve to delay the FF-induced acrosome reaction.

Acrosome↗

PubMed2001

Tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in amniotic fluid and blood plasma: implications for the mechanism of amniotic fluid embolism.

UNLABELLED: Tissue factor (TF) is known to be present in a high concentration in amniotic fluid. The main question of this study is whether tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), a natural inhibitor of TF, is present in amniotic fluid. The study group consisted of 28 women with normal pregnancy course, and at the first stage of termed labour. Fifteen non-pregnant women were the control group. TF and TFPI were studied by an immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). The level of TFPI in amniotic fluid was 38.7% of that in blood plasma (16.81+/-5.34ng/ml versus 43.41+/-18.70ng/ml, P<0.001), while the level of TF in amniotic fluid was 44.8 times higher than in blood plasma (9995.93+/-8533.11pg/ml versus 252.66+/-28.84pg/ml, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: (i) It was found, for the first time, that amniotic fluid contains TFPI (ii) It is reasonable to assume that the intrusion of amniotic fluid into the blood-stream may influence the plasmatic TFPI-TF equilibrium resulting in intravascular blood coagulation.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Application of delayed extraction-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for analysis of sphingolipids in pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid and serum from Gaucher disease patients.

Gaucher disease is a glycolipid storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of glucosylceramide. Using delayed extraction matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DE-MALDI-TOF-MS), we analyzed sphingolipids in pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and serum from two patients with Gaucher disease. Crude lipids were extracted from 1 ml each of pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and serum with chloroform and methanol. After mild alkaline treatment of the crude lipids, a sphingolipid fraction was prepared and analyzed by DE-MALDI-TOF-MS. The results were as follows: (a) in all the specimens, peaks of ceramide monohexoside and sphingomyelin were detected in both the controls and Gaucher disease patients; (b) in pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and serum, the ceramide monohexoside/sphingomyelin ratio was increased in the Gaucher disease patients compared with in the controls. It was indicated that the accumulation of ceramide monohexoside in such samples from Gaucher disease patients can be easily detected with this DE-MALDI-TOF-MS method.

Ascitic Fluid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of moxalactam in serum, bone, tissue fluid, and peritoneal fluid.

Concentration-vs.-time curves in serum, peritoneal fluid, bone, and tissue fluid were determined after 2-g intravenous doses of moxalactam. Serum concentrations were measured in five volunteers (group 1; mean age, 22.8 years). Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations were measured in eight patients (group 2; mean age, 66.5 years). Serum, bone, and tissue fluid concentrations were measured in eight patients (group 3; mean age, 71.5 years). The serum concentrations fitted an open two-compartment model. In groups 1, 2, and 3, the respective serum beta-phase half lives were 134, 169, and 184 min. In group 2, the peak concentration in peritoneal fluid was 43.8 mg/liter after 2.02 hr, with one-quarter of this concentration being maintained for 13 hr. In group 3, the bone concentrations were 19.4 mg/liter after 60 min and 19.1 mg/liter after 120 min; the peak concentration in tissue fluid was 36.1 mg/liter after 2.4 hr, with one-quarter of this concentration being maintained for 15 hr. These concentrations in tissues will inhibit most aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that cause infections.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a restricted intravenous fluid regimen versus a standard regimen on complications after colorectal resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Current fluid administration in major surgery causes a weight increase of 3-6 kg. Complications after colorectal surgery are reported in up to 68% of patients. Associations between postoperative weight gain and poor survival as well as fluid overload and complications have been shown. METHODS: We did a randomized observer-blinded multicenter trial. After informed consent was obtained, 172 patients were allocated to either a restricted or a standard intraoperative and postoperative intravenous fluid regimen. The restricted regimen aimed at maintaining preoperative body weight; the standard regimen resembled everyday practice. The primary outcome measures were complications; the secondary measures were death and adverse effects. RESULTS: The restricted intravenous fluid regimen significantly reduced postoperative complications both by intention-to-treat (33% versus 51%, P = 0.013) and per-protocol (30% versus 56%, P = 0.003) analyses. The numbers of both cardiopulmonary (7% versus 24%, P = 0.007) and tissue-healing complications (16% versus 31%, P = 0.04) were significantly reduced. No patients died in the restricted group compared with 4 deaths in the standard group (0% versus 4.7%, P = 0.12). No harmful adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The restricted perioperative intravenous fluid regimen aiming at unchanged body weight reduces complications after elective colorectal resection.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Developmental changes of free amino acids in bovine fetal fluids with gestational age and the interrelationships between the amino acid concentrations in the fluid compartments.

Thirty ninhydrin-positive compounds were determined in the sera, amniotic fluid, stomach content and allantoic fluid from 29 bovine fetuses of various gestational ages. Fetal serum was found to contain about 3-fold higher concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) than maternal serum, and allantoic fluid contained about 3-fold higher concentration of FAA than fetal serum. Decreasing concentrations of FAA were found in serum as a function of the crown-rump length for the amino acids taurine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, ornithine and lysine. Decreasing concentrations of FAA in allantoic fluid were found for threonine, alanine and ornithine, whereas increasing concentrations were found for phosphoserine and methionine as a function of the crown-rump length. Correlations were found between the concentrations of most amino acids in amniotic fluid and stomach content, but fewer correlations were found between the other fluid compartments. The transport of amino acids between compartments is discussed.

Alanine↗

PubMed1991

Human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein levels in matched samples of amniotic fluid, extraembryonic coelomic fluid, and maternal serum in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Separately identified samples of amniotic fluid and extraembryonic coelomic fluid obtained by high resolution transvaginal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis from 32 women between 7 and 12 weeks of pregnancy were analysed for human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). There was a highly significant difference between the hCG levels in amniotic fluid (median level 6.3 U/ml; range 1.6-310.0 U/ml) and those in extraembryonic coelomic fluid (median level 400.0 U/ml; range 135.0-2250.0 U/ml) (p less than 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test). The levels of AFP were very similar in amniotic fluid (median 26.0 kU/ml; range 10.0-116.5 kU/ml) and extraembryonic coelomic fluid (median level 24.1 kU/ml; range 12.4-94.4 kU/ml).

Abortion, Therapeutic↗

PubMed1986

Altered function of synovial fluid granulocytes in patients with acute inflammatory arthritis: evidence for activation of neutrophils and its mediation by a factor present in synovial fluid.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) a chronic inflammatory state exists in which the synovial fluid is periodically filled with large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Oxygen radicals produced by these cells have been implicated as mediators of tissue damage and may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of RA. We examined the production of oxygen radicals by synovial fluid PMNs (SF-PMNs) and peripheral blood PMNs (PB-PMNs) by measuring chemiluminescence (CL) as well as superoxide anion (O2-) release. Increased spontaneous CL in the presence of luminol and increased CL in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was observed in SF-PMNs when compared to PB-PMNs. When zymosan was used as the stimulus in the absence of luminol, a slightly lower CL response was observed in SF-PMNs as compared to PB-PMNs. No significant differences were observed in the generation of O2- generation with any stimulus. Preincubation of normal PB-PMNs in 10% synovial fluid enhanced the luminol-dependent spontaneous and PMA-stimulated CL as well as zymosan-stimulated CL. When O2- release from normal PB-PMNs pretreated with 10% synovial fluid was compared to untreated controls, enhancement of spontaneous O2- release was observed. PMA- and zymosan-stimulated responses did not differ significantly from controls. Increased spontaneous and PMA-stimulated release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was also observed in normal PB-PMNs pretreated with synovial fluid. These findings may explain the increased luminol-dependent CL since this type of CL requires the presence of MPO. Our findings suggest that the enhanced chemiluminescence observed in normal PMNs treated with synovial fluids may be related to increases in spontaneous O2- generation and myeloperoxidase release. Increased MPO release may account for enhanced CL observed in SF-PMNs.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Penetration of ofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid.

The penetration of ofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid was measured by a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method after intravenous infusion (60 min) of 400 mg in six healthy male volunteers. The median concentration of ofloxacin in prostatic fluid was about one-third and that in ejaculate and seminal fluid about twice that in corresponding plasma. The results of the study indicate good penetration of ofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid. Ofloxacin should thus be of value for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and vesiculitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Immediate diagnostic criteria for bacterial infection of ascitic fluid. Evaluation of ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte count, pH, and lactate concentration, alone and in combination.

We prospectively evaluated the ascitic fluid (AF) polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) count, pH, and lactate concentration in single ascitic fluids from 60 patients to determine their relative predictive values for the immediate diagnosis of ascitic fluid infection. Nine of the 60 ascitic fluids were malignant. Of the remaining 51 samples, nine from cirrhotic patients were infected. The mean AF pH, lactate concentration, and PMN count in the infected group were 7.20 +/- 0.19, 80 +/- 51 mg/dl, and 18,199 +/- 19,650 cells/mm3, respectively, and all were significantly different from the corresponding values in noninfected ascites. Mean arterial blood-ascitic fluid (B-AF) pH and lactate gradients in the infected group were 0.23 +/- 0.17 and -46 +/- 31 mg/dl, respectively, and were significantly different from the corresponding values in noninfected ascites (p less than 0.05). Significant differences were not found between infected and malignant ascites, except for the AF PMN count (p less than 0.001). In cirrhosis with ascites, an AF pH less than or equal to 7.34 was the most specific single test (100%) and had the highest diagnostic accuracy (98%). In the larger group of patients with ascites of diverse etiology, a B-AF pH gradient greater than or equal to 0.10 or an AF PMN count greater than or equal to 500 cells/mm3 were the single tests with the highest diagnostic accuracy (92%). Combining an AF PMN count greater than 500 cells/mm3 with any of the other diagnostic criteria increased the specificity and diagnostic accuracy (up to 98%) compared to the best single criterion. Although our data support the use of a number of different combinations of AF measurements for the immediate diagnosis of infection, the simplest and most readily obtainable measurements are the pH and PMN count. Therefore, in the clinical setting we recommend the use of either an AF pH less than or equal to 7.34 or a B-AF pH gradient greater than or equal to 0.10 in combination with an AF PMN count greater than 500 cells/mm3 to obtain the highest degree of accuracy in the immediate diagnosis of ascitic fluid infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The role of synovial fluid filtration by cartilage in lubrication of synovial joints--I. Mixture model of synovial fluid.

A mathematical model of lubrication of human synovial joints under squeeze-film conditions is presented in this several-part paper. Squeeze-film action leads to a concentration of hyaluronic-acid-protein macromolecular complex in the synovial fluid between the approaching cartilage surfaces as a result of the diffusion of water and low molecular weight substances through the cartilage surfaces or along the gap. Increasing viscosity of synovial fluid delays the approach of these surfaces and the formation of stable gels then protects cartilage, if sliding motion ensues, before fluid film lubrication is restored. In Part I of the present paper synovial fluid is considered as a mixture of two incompressible fluids. The material parameters of this mixture of fluids are found using previously published experimental results. Squeeze-film analysis is carried out for the axially symmetric synovial film.

Cartilage, Articular↗

PubMed2004

A randomized clinical trial of the intrapartum assessment of amniotic fluid volume: amniotic fluid index versus the single deepest pocket technique.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether an intrapartum assessment of amniotic fluid identifies a pregnancy that is at risk for an adverse outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Parturients who were admitted for delivery were assigned randomly to have the amniotic fluid assessed either by amniotic fluid index or by the presence of a 2 x 1 pocket. RESULTS: The amniotic fluid index was obtained in 499 pregnancies, and the 2 x 1 technique was performed in 501. Oligohydramnios was diagnosed in 25% of amniotic fluid index pregnancies versus 8% with the use of the 2 x 1 pocket technique (P <.001). Both techniques failed to identify patients who underwent an amnioinfusion for fetal distress (P=.864) or who experienced variable (P=.208) or late decelerations (P=.210) that influenced delivery, fetal distress in labor (P=.220), caesarean delivery for fetal distress (P=.133), and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (P=.686). CONCLUSION: Neither the amniotic fluid index nor the 2 x 1 pocket technique that was undertaken as a fetal admission test identifies a pregnancy that is at risk for an adverse outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of gram stain, leukocyte esterase activity, and amniotic fluid glucose concentration in predicting amniotic fluid culture results in preterm premature rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare three rapid and inexpensive tests that have been proposed as predictors of amniotic fluid culture results in preterm premature rupture of membranes. STUDY DESIGN: Amniocentesis was performed on 117 patients < or = 34 weeks' gestational age with premature rupture of membranes and no clinical evidence of infection. Amniotic fluid was sent for Gram stain and aerobic, anaerobic, and Mycoplasma cultures. Leukocyte esterase activity and glucose concentration were also determined on the amniotic fluid. RESULTS: Amniotic fluid cultures were positive in 56 patients (47.8%). Leukocyte esterase activity of 1+ or 2+ and an amniotic fluid glucose concentration < or = 16 mg/dl were significantly more sensitive (p < 0.005) than Gram stain in detecting positive amniotic fluid cultures (73%, 68%, and 41%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although each of these rapid tests is useful in assessing for subclinical intraamniotic infection, none of them have sufficient accuracy to make clinical decisions solely on the basis of their results.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed1993

Prenatal diagnosis of a placental cyst: comparison of postnatal biochemical analyses of cyst fluid, amniotic fluid, cord serum, and maternal serum.

A 4 x 4 cm placental cyst was diagnosed prenatally by ultrasonography. At delivery, simultaneous samples of cyst fluid, amniotic fluid, cord blood, and maternal blood (collected 3 hours before delivery) were obtained. Biochemical measurements of cyst fluid, amniotic fluid, cord serum, and maternal serum suggest that the solutes of cyst fluid do not originate exclusively from a single source. In addition, X-cell synthesis and secretion into the cyst fluid may occur.

Adolescent↗