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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Effect of soy phytoestrogens on hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, in breast cancer survivors are often worsened by chemotherapy and tamoxifen, and/or the discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy at diagnosis. This study evaluated the acceptability and effectiveness of a soy beverage containing phytoestrogens as a treatment for hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in postmenopausal women with moderate hot flashes who were previously treated for early-stage breast cancer. Women were stratified for tamoxifen use and randomized to a soy beverage (n = 59) containing 90 mg of isoflavones or to a placebo rice beverage (n = 64). Women recorded the number and severity of hot flashes daily with a daily menopause diary for 4 weeks at baseline and for 12 weeks while consuming 500 mL of a soy or placebo beverage. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the soy and placebo groups in the number of hot flashes or hot flash scores. However, presumably because of a strong placebo effect, both groups had significant reductions in hot flashes. Mild gastrointestinal side effects were experienced by both groups but occurred with greater frequency and severity with soy. The mean serum genistein concentration at 6 weeks was significantly higher in women who consumed soy (0.61 +/- 0.43 micromol/L) compared with placebo (0.43 +/- 0.37 micromol/L) (P =.02). Overall acceptability and compliance were high and similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The soy beverage did not alleviate hot flashes in women with breast cancer any more than did a placebo. Future research into other compounds is recommended to identify safe and effective therapies for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Phase III comparison of depomedroxyprogesterone acetate to venlafaxine for managing hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7.

PURPOSE: Vasomotor hot flashes are a common problem in menopausal women. Given concerns regarding estrogen and/or combined hormonal therapy, other treatment options are desired. Prior trials have confirmed that progestational agents and newer antidepressants effectively reduce hot flashes. This current trial compared a single intramuscular dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), depot preparation, versus daily oral venlafaxine as treatment for hot flashes. METHODS: Women with bothersome hot flashes were entered onto this trial, were randomly assigned to treatment, and then had a baseline week where hot flash scores were recorded without treatment. They were then treated and observed for 6 weeks; daily diaries were used to measure hot flash frequencies and severities. There were 109 patients per each arm randomly assigned to receive MPA 400 mg intramuscularly for a single dose versus venlafaxine 37.5 mg per day for a week, then 75 mg per day. RESULTS: During the sixth week after random assignment, hot flash scores were reduced by 55% in the venlafaxine arm versus 79% in the MPA arm (P < .0001). In an intention-to-treat analysis, 46% of venlafaxine patients (50 of 109) compared with 74% of the MPA patients (81 of 109) had a decrease in hot flashes by more than 50% from baseline (P < .0001). Less toxicity was reported in the MPA arm. CONCLUSION: A single MPA dose seems to be well tolerated and more effectively reduces hot flashes than does venlafaxine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Phase III double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of black cohosh in the management of hot flashes: NCCTG Trial N01CC1.

PURPOSE: Hot flashes can cause significant morbidity in postmenopausal women undergoing or finished with breast cancer treatment. Black cohosh has been used to treat hot flashes, but definitive clinical data about efficacy have been equivocal. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial with two 4-week periods, was used to study the efficacy of black cohosh (1 capsule, Cimicifuga racemosa 20 mg BID) for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Participants kept a daily hot flash diary during a baseline week and then during two 4-week crossover treatment periods. Hot flash scores were measured by assigning points (1 to 4 for mild to very severe) to each hot flash based on severity and then adding the points for a given time period. RESULTS: Between October 31, 2003, to March 4, 2004, 132 patients were randomly assigned. Toxicity was minimal and not different by treatment group. Patients receiving black cohosh reported a mean decrease in hot flash score of 20% (comparing the fourth treatment week to the baseline week) compared with a 27% decrease for patients on placebo (P = .53). Mean hot flash frequency was reduced 17% on black cohosh and 26% on placebo (P = .36). Patient treatment preferences were measured after completion of both treatment periods by ascertaining which treatment period, if any, the patient preferred. Thirty-four percent of patients preferred the black cohosh treatment, 38% preferred the placebo, and 28% did not prefer either treatment. CONCLUSION: This trial failed to provide any evidence that black cohosh reduced hot flashes more than the placebo.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Association between hot flashes, sleep complaints, and psychological functioning among healthy menopausal women.

Self-report data suggest that sleep hot flashes among menopausal women are associated with sleep problems and in turn impaired psychological functioning. However, few studies have examined these relations with physiologic hot flash measures. A total of 41 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with daily hot flashes underwent nighttime sternal skin conductance monitoring to quantify hot flashes. Participants completed sleep diaries; the Sleep-Wake Experience List (van Diest, 1990); and depression, anxiety, and daily stress measures. Participants experienced a median of 2 physiologically monitored and 1 reported sleep hot flash nightly. Although sleep complaints were significantly and positively associated with psychological functioning, neither sleep complaints nor psychological functioning was significantly related to frequency of physiologically monitored sleep hot flashes. Conversely, results indicate an association between reported sleep hot flashes and acute sleep problems. The frequency of physiologically monitored sleep hot flashes, as opposed to reported sleep hot flashes, may be independent of problems with sleep and mood among menopausal women.

Emotions↗
PubMed2001

Prospective evaluation of hot flashes during treatment with parenteral estrogen or complete androgen ablation for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the incidence and frequency of, and distress due to hot flashes after castration therapy with polyestradiol phosphate and complete androgen ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 915 men with metastatic prostate carcinoma enrolled in the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group-5 trial study were randomized to intramuscular injections of 240 mg. Polyestradiol phosphate every 2 weeks for 8 weeks followed by monthly subcutaneous injections or complete androgen ablation, that is bilateral orchiectomy or 3.75 mg. of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog triptorelin monthly combined with 250 mg. of the antiandrogen flutamide 3 times daily. The incidence and frequency of, and distress due to hot flashes were recorded at regular intervals using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 915 men 901 were evaluated at a median followup of 18.5 months. The incidence of hot flashes was 30.1% and 74.3% in the polyestradiol phosphate and complete androgen ablation groups, respectively (p <0.001). In the polyestradiol phosphate group the frequency of and distress due to hot flashes were significantly lower than in the androgen ablation group. There was complete relief from hot flashes in 50% of the men on polyestradiol phosphate during followup compared with none on androgen ablation. The incidence of hot flashes did not differ in men with and without tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS: Endocrine treatment with polyestradiol phosphate induced fewer and less distressing hot flashes than complete androgen ablation. Flashes also disappeared to a greater extent during polyestradiol phosphate than during androgen ablation. The data in this study enable us to provide thorough individual information to patients on the risk and grade of expected distress and duration of hot flashes during polyestradiol phosphate or complete androgen ablation treatment.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1984

Correlation between membrane-localized protons and flash-driven ATP formation in chloroplast thylakoids.

Flash-driven ATP formation by spinach chloroplast thylakoids, using the luciferin luminescence assay to detect ATP formed in single turnover flashes, was studied under conditions where a membrane protein amine buffering pool was either protonated or deprotonated before the beginning of the flash trains. The flash number for the onset of ATP formation was delayed by about 10 flashes (from 15 to about 25) when the amine pool was deprotonated as compared to the protonated state. The delay was substantially reversed again by reprotonating the pool upon application of 20-30 single-turnover flashes and 8 min of dark before addition of ADP, Pi, and the luciferin system. In the case of deprotonation by desaspidin, the uncoupler was removed by binding to BSA before the reprotonating flashes were given. Reprotonation was carried out before addition of ADP and Pi, to avoid a possible interference by the ATP-ase, which can energize the system by pumping protons. The reprotonated state, as indicated by an onset lag of about 15 flashes rather than 25 for the deprotonated state, was stable in the dark over extended dark times. The number of protons released by 10 flashes is approximately 30 nmol H+ (mg chl)-1, an amount similar to the size of the reversibly protonated amine group buffering pool. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the amine buffering groups must be in the protonated state before any protons proceed to the coupling complex and energize ATP formation. Other work has suggested that the amine buffering pool is sequestered within membrane proteins rather than being exposed directly to the inner aqueous bulk phase. Therefore, it is possible that the sequestered amine group array may provide localized association-dissociation sites for proton movement to the coupling complex.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2001

The protein-labeling reagent FLASH-EDT2 binds not only to CCXXCC motifs but also non-specifically to endogenous cysteine-rich proteins.

FLASH-EDT2--4',5'-bis(1,3,2-dithioarsolan-2-yl)fluorescein-(1,2-ethanedithiol)2--has been reported to fluoresce only after binding with high affinity to a specific tetracysteine motif (CCXXCC, "Cys4") and thus to provide a technique for labeling recombinant proteins in vivo (Griffin et al. Science 281:269-272). We have attempted to use FLASH-EDT2 as a site-specific label of the II-III loop of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in skeletal muscle. Upon expression in dysgenic myotubes (which lack endogenous alpha1s), an alpha1s mutated to contain CCRECC in the II-III loop was able to produce L-type calcium currents and to mediate skeletal-type excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, but FLASH-EDT2 labeling revealed no difference from non-transfected dysgenic myotubes. HeLa-S3 cells transfected with Cys4-containing calmodulin were significantly more fluorescent than non-transfected cells, whereas the difference between transfected and non-transfected cells was less apparent for CHO-K and HEK 293 cells. Because the fluorescence of non-transfected cells increased substantially after treatment with FLASH-EDT2, it suggested the possibility that FLASH binds to endogenous cysteine-containing proteins. This finding was confirmed in cuvette experiments in which FLASH-EDT2 fluorescence was observed after FLASH-EDT, was added to protein homogenates from myotubes or cell lines. The enhanced fluorescence was abolished by pretreatment of cells or cell homogenates with coumarine maleimide (CPM), which modifies cysteine residues covalently. Thus, enhanced FLASH fluorescence appears to occur both after binding to an introduced Cys4 motif and to endogenous, cysteine-containing proteins. Therefore, FLASH-EDT2 may be useful only for labeling those recombinant proteins that express at a very high level.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Flash-induced photophosphorylation in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. I. The relationship between cytochrome c-420 content and photophosphorylation.

The content of cytochrome c-420 in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores prepared by grinding with alumina is 5--10% of that in whole cells, and 20--40% in chromatophores by 'French' pressing. Flash-induced phosphorylation of various chromatophores which varied in cytochrome content from 7 to 40% is proportional to the cytochrome content. Extrapolating the cytochrome c-420 content to that observed in whole cells, a ratio ATP/P+X- near 1 is calculated. At low flash intensity the phosphorylation per flash is proportional to flash energy. Photophosphorylation in flashes given after a time of several minutes is only slightly dependent on the number of flashes. If the flashes are spaced from 0.1 to 10 s, relative phosphorylation in the first flash is about 70% and in the second 90+ of that observed in the following flashes. Proton binding is not affected by the cytochrome c-420 content and a ratio of H+/P+x- of 2.3 was found. These results can be explained by a working hypothesis in which charge separation occurring at one reaction centre and the resulting electron transport mediated amongst others by c-420, results in the injection of two protons into an ATPase, this in contrast to a chemiosmotic mechanism, where the protons are released in the chromatophore inner space.

Bacterial Chromatophores↗
PubMed1980

Light intensity saturation properties of O2 yields in a sequence of flashes in Chlorella.

As a function of the light intensity of flash n in a sequence, the O2 yields Yn, Yn+1 and Yn+2 have been measured: n = 1, 2, 3 and 6 in the examples given. It is shown that: (1) No double hit exists in the first saturating flash in Chlorella. (2) the flash saturation curve of the O2 yield Yn+1 as a function of the intensity of flash n exhibits a small sigmoidal shape at weak light. (3) If Yn+1 is detected at different times after the flash n of variable intensity, a well developed lag distinguishes the saturation curve of the O2 yield measured a long time after flash n (200 ms) with respect to that measured at shorter time (300 microseconds). Nevertheless, a large amount of double hits with the transitions S1 leads to S3 cannot occur in each flash, because it would lead to a periodicity of three rather than four in the O2 yield pattern. The saturation curve of the transition S2* leads to S3 is different from the other S-state saturation curves which are close to an exponential function; even with a short flash (0.3 microseconds), this curve shows a small lag at low light intensity, and its saturation intensity is higher than that of the other transitions. The low quantum yield of the transition S2* leads to S3 at low flash light intensity is explained by a product, T, partially inhibiting the formation of S3; at higher intensity, the quantity of formed S2* being larger than that of available T, only a part of S2* is inhibited and the quantum yield is higher than at low intensity.

Chlorella↗
PubMed1988

Ultraviolet flash photolysis of gramicidin-doped lipid bilayers.

We have examined the rate of gramicidin channel conductance inactivation by ultraviolet photolysis using 0.1 millisecond light flashes. The lower limit on the channel photolysis reaction rate has been reduced by four orders of magnitude over previous observations. Monoolein/hexadecane bilayers formed in 1.0 M KCl were doped with (1-3) x 10(6) gramicidin A' channels and exposed to a broad-spectrum light flash. The flash reduced membrane conductance abruptly by approx. 16%. Following the flash, a further slow reduction of approx. 3% was observed followed by a slow recovery of approx. 4%. The post-flash decay and recovery may be due to slow chemical reactions, conformational relaxations, or changes in the equilibrium between aqueous, lipid-bound, and channel-forming dimerized gramicidin. Under our experimental conditions, gramicidin M was insensitive to light flashes compared to gramicidin A', demonstrating that for gramicidin A' the photolysis mechanism depends specifically on the tryptophan side-chain. Flash photolysis of a membrane containing a small population of channels (approx. 30) indicated that the decay is due to the sudden inactivation of several channels. The recovery appears to result from insertion of normal channels into the membrane. Flash photolysis of single-channel membranes showed that the flash causes abrupt, complete channel inactivation.

Electric Conductivity↗
PubMed2002

Effects of inter-stimulus interval on perceived locations of successively flashed perisaccadic stimuli.

We investigated the perceived locations of two stimuli flashed successively near the time of saccade execution in a dark room. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between the flashes ranged from 80 to 240 ms. The results show that when the ISI was 120 ms or shorter, perceived locations of the flashes interacted with each other so that the perceived distance between them was equal to the distance between these flashes on the retina. When the ISI was 240 ms, this interaction was weak. These results suggest two hypotheses. Firstly, the relation of retinal locations of flashes is a strong cue for perceiving the flash locations when the ISI is shorter than about 120 ms.Secondly, the process of perceiving or memorizing a flash location requires some time. Therefore, the perceived location of the succeeding flash affects that of the preceding flash when the ISI as shorter than about 120 ms.

Cues↗
PubMed2003

Determination of flash point in air and pure oxygen using an equilibrium closed bomb apparatus.

The standard closed testers for flash point measurements may not be feasible for measuring flash point in special atmospheres like oxygen because the test atmosphere cannot be maintained due to leakage and the laboratory safety can be compromised. To address these limitations we developed a new "equilibrium closed bomb" (ECB). The ECB generally gives lower flash point values than standard closed cup testers as shown by the results of six flammable liquids. The present results are generally in good agreement with the values calculated from the reported lower flammability limits and the vapor pressures. Our measurements show that increased oxygen concentration had little effect on the flash points of the tested flammable liquids. While generally regarded as non-flammable because of the lack of observed flash point in standard closed cup flash point testers, dichloromethane is known to form flammable mixtures. The flash point of dichloromethane in oxygen measured in the ECB is -7.1 degrees C. The flash point of dichloromethane in air is dependent on the type and energy of the ignition source. Further research is being carried out to establish the relationship between the flash point of dichloromethane and the energy of the ignition source.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed2001

Flash-induced Fourier transform infrared detection of the structural changes during the S-state cycle of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectra of all flash-induced S-state transitions of the oxygen-evolving complex were measured using photosystem II (PSII) core complexes of Synechococcus elongatus. The PSII core sample was given eight successive flashes with 1 s intervals at 10 degrees C, and FTIR difference spectra upon individual flashes were measured. The obtained difference spectra upon the first to fourth flashes showed considerably different spectral features from each other, whereas the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth flash spectra were similar to the first, second, third, and fourth flash spectra, respectively. The intensities at the wavenumbers of prominent peaks of the first and second flash spectra showed clear period four oscillation patterns. These oscillation patterns were well fitted with the Kok model with 13% misses. These results indicate that the first, second, third, and fourth flash spectra represent the difference spectra upon the S(1) --> S(2), S(2) --> S(3), S(3) --> S(0), and S(0) --> S(1) transitions, respectively. In these spectra, prominent bands were observed in the symmetric (1300-1450 cm(-)(1)) and asymmetric (1500-1600 cm(-)(1)) stretching regions of carboxylate groups and in the amide I region (1600-1700 cm(-)(1)). Comparison of the band features suggests that the drastic coordination changes of carboxylate groups and the protein conformational changes in the S(1) --> S(2) and S(2) --> S(3) transitions are reversed in the S(3) --> S(0) and S(0) --> S(1) transitions. The flash-induced FTIR measurements during the S-state cycle will be a promising method to investigate the detailed molecular mechanism of photosynthetic oxygen evolution.

Amides↗
PubMed1986

The initial response of Limulus ventral photoreceptors to bright flashes. Released calcium as a synergist to excitation.

The leading edge of the response of Limulus ventral photoreceptors to brief flashes was investigated using a voltage clamp. The leading edge of responses increases linearly with flash intensity when dim flashes produce less than one photoisomerization per square micron of cell surface. Brighter flashes accelerate the initial portion of the response, resulting in a fourth-power relationship between the magnitude of the response at brief times after the flash and the flash intensity. The onset of this nonlinearity with increasing flash intensity is determined by the local density of photoisomerizations within the receptor. Responses to bright 10-15-mum-diam spots therefore rise faster than responses to diffuse flashes producing the same number of photoisomerizations within the receptor. Background illumination shortens the response latency and suppresses the initial nonlinearity. These phenomena can be explained by a model of transduction in which light activates two parallel cascades of reactions. Particles released by the first of these cascades open ionic channels, while the second produces an agent that accelerates the rate of production of particles by the first. Injection of the calcium buffer EGTA slows the initial portion of the response to bright flashes and suppresses its nonlinearity, which suggests that the accelerating agent released by the second cascade is calcium.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Effects of Flashes of Red or Blue Light on the Composition of Starved Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Autotrophically grown cells of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (211-8b) were starved 3 to 4 days in darkness, flashes of blue light, or flashes of red light. The blue flashes were sufficient to maintain the maximal rate of light-stimulated oxygen uptake during short term experiments. However, after 24 hours, the respiration rate in red flashes was equal to, or greater than, the rate in blue flashes. Starvation in darkness reduced the chlorophyll content by 11%, altered the blue absorbance of the nonsaponifiable material only 1 to 2%, and reduced the dry weight by 13%. Starvation in the presence of blue or red flashes reduced the dry weight by an additional 11 or 12% respectively. Protein per unit cell volume was not changed significantly during 3 to 4 days starvation in darkness or in blue flashes, even though dry weight per unit cell volume decreased 13% in darkness and 23% in blue flashes. In contrast, cells starved under red flashes showed a 20% decrease in protein per unit cell volume and a 24% decrease in dry weight per unit cell volume.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Smooth anticipatory eye movements alter the memorized position of flashed targets.

Briefly flashed visual stimuli presented during smooth object- or self-motion are systematically mislocalized. This phenomenon is called the "flash-lag effect" (Nijhawan, 1994). All previous studies had one common characteristic, the subject's sense of motion. Here we asked whether motion perception is a necessary condition for the flash-lag effect to occur. In our first experiment, we briefly flashed a target during smooth anticipatory eye movements in darkness and subjects had to orient their gaze toward the perceived flash position. Subjects reported to have no sense of eye motion during anticipatory movements. In our second experiment, subjects had to adjust a cursor on the perceived position of the flash. As a result, we show that gaze orientation reflects the actual perceived flash position. Furthermore, a flash-lag effect is present despite the absence of motion perception. Moreover, the time course of gaze orientation shows that the flash-lag effect appeared immediately after the egocentric to allocentric reference frame transformation.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Pilot evaluation of hypnosis for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.

This single arm, pilot study investigated the use of hypnosis to reduce hot flashes in 16 breast cancer survivors. Each patient provided baseline data and received 4 weekly sessions of hypnosis that followed a standardized transcript. Patients were also instructed in self-hypnosis. Throughout the clinical care, patients completed daily diaries of the frequency and severity of their hot flashes. Patients also completed baseline and post-treatment ratings of the degree to which hot flashes interfered with daily activities and quality of life. Results indicated a 59% decrease in total daily hot flashes and a 70% decrease in weekly hot flash scores from their baselines. There was also a significant decrease in the degree to which hot flashes interfered with daily activities for all measures including work, social activities, leisure activities, sleep, mood, concentration, relations with others, sexuality, enjoyment of life, and overall quality of life. This pilot study suggests that clinical hypnosis may be an effective non-hormonal and non-pharmacological treatment for hot flashes. A randomized, controlled clinical trial is planned to more definitively elucidate the efficacy and applicability of hypnosis for reducing hot flashes.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Centrally active nonhormonal hot flash therapies.

Given the problems associated with hormonal therapy, and the prominent problem of hot flashes in menopausal women, there is a need for nonhormonal agents to alleviate hot flashes. Several compounds that appear to act on the central nervous system have been investigated. Potential mechanisms for their effects on hot flashes have been described. Bellergal (no longer available on the US market, where it was known as Bellergal-S), a combination preparation sedative that consists of low-dose phenobarbital, ergotamine tartrate, and levorotatory alkaloids of belladonna, is an old agent that was popular approximately 20 years ago; however, there is limited suggestion of efficacy for this agent. Clonidine, an older antihypertensive drug, is another centrally active agent that has been studied. Randomized trials have demonstrated that it clearly works for reducing hot flashes, but the magnitude of efficacy is somewhat limited. Toxicity from this agent limits its utility in the clinic. Methyldopa is another centrally active agent that has been studied but to a more limited degree. It appears to have minimal efficacy and too much toxicity to make it clinically useful. Anecdotal observations from a number of sources suggested that newer antidepressants can alleviate hot flashes. This led to pilot trials of venlafaxine and paroxetine, with results suggesting benefit from both drugs. Subsequently, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials of venlafaxine, paroxetine, and fluoxetine were conducted. All 3 of these clinical trials demonstrated statistically significant reductions in hot flashes with these newer antidepressants compared with placebo. Pilot trials of citalopram and mirtazapine, 2 other newer antidepressants, have also suggested efficacy. Toxicity evaluations have suggested that these agents are, again, well tolerated by the majority of patients. A recent trial, however, was unable to demonstrate any benefit for fluoxetine or citalopram over a placebo. Anecdotal observations also suggested that gabapentin was helpful for alleviating hot flashes. This led to pilot trials that again suggested efficacy. Subsequently, 2 large placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials were conducted. Both of these demonstrated statistically significant efficacy for gabapentin compared with a placebo. This drug is relatively well tolerated by most patients. Thus, centrally active nonhormonal agents clearly do decrease hot flashes in women. The most efficacious and clinically appropriate agents for use are newer antidepressants and gabapentin. Continued evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of these agents is ongoing.

Amines↗