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PubMed1983

Karyotypes of Brugia pahangi and Brugia malayi (Nematoda: Filarioidea).

Using air-dried preparations of the testis and ovary, karyotypes were analyzed and compared to each other in two species of filarial parasites, Brugia pahangi and B. malayi. Both species had a diploid number of 10 chromosomes and were karyotypically very similar. C-banding analyses disclosed that the sex-determining mechanism of these species was of the XY-XX type, where the X chromosome was the largest, and the Y chromosome was of medium-size.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The action of diethylcarbamazine on the skin-dwelling microfilariae of Monanema globulosa (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in rodents.

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) administered orally to jirds and striped mice (300 mg/kg for five days) was effective against the microfilariae of Monanema globulosa in experimental infections. Based on the small numbers of animals used in this trial, it is questionable whether the drug had significant activity against the adult worms in pulmonary arteries. Densities of microfilariae in the ears (mf/mg) fell by 80-100% of pretreatment levels over a four week period following treatment. There was no apparent action of the developing embryos in utero, and in some rodents densities of microfilariae in the skin returned to 73-88% of pretreatment levels within 70 days. No microfilariae were detected in the blood or urine during treatment. Twenty-four hours after the first dose of DEC, many of the microfilariae in the dermis became surrounded by a local infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils and histiocytes. Cellular reactions were accompanied by an acute pruritus in rodents, as indicated by scratching and distress exhibited soon after treatment: No reactions to microfilariae were seen in untreated rodents. Similarities between this response and the Mazzotti reaction induced by DEC in human onchocerciasis indicate that M. globulosa may be of value as a rodent model to study adverse drug reactions in Onchocerca volvulus infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[New data on the Dipetalonema lineage (Filarioidea, Nematoda)].

The evolutionary line of Dipetalonema can apparently be divided into four groups: I: Australian species; II: paleoendemic South American species; III: the Tetrapetalonema group; IV: the Acanthocheilonema group. Loxodontofilaria at present insufficiently known to be classified and several species belonging to the Acanthocheilonema group are the object of the present study. Descriptions are given of Loxodontofilaria asiatica n. sp., parasite of Elephas indicus in Burma, Cercopithifilaria degraaffi n. sp., parasites of Papio ursinus in South Africa, C. cephalophi n. sp., parasite of Cephalophus dorsalis and C. gabonensis n. sp., parasite of Atherurus africanus in Gabon. Additional morphological data are given on Cercopithifilaria didelphis, C. rugosicauda, Acanthocheilonema pachycephalum, A. viteae, Molinema dessetae, Dipetalonema gracile, Orihelia sp., Skrjabinofilaria skrjabini, Breinlia (B.) spratti, Litomosa sp., Loxodontofilaria hippopotami. Yatesia n. gen. with type species Yatesia hydrochoerus (Yates, 1980), is proposed, distinguished by specialized characters of the posterior extremity. The genus Cercopithifilaria is used to accomodate species considered as specialized Acanthocheilonema. Chenofilaria is placed in synonymy with Acanthocheilonema. Loxodontofilaria includes the three filarid species from elephants, L. loxodontis, L. gossi, L. asiatica n. sp. and the species from the Hippopotamus, L. hippopotami; D. okapiae is considered a species inquirenda. The interpretation given for the neotropical fauna is the following: --Skrjabinofilaria, Orihelia, Dasypafilaria and Dipetalonema may be true paleoendemics in South America. --Molinema and Ackertia on the one hand and Yatesia on the other may be forms of African origin introduced at the end of the Eocene during the migration of African rodents into South America. The cpature in American reptiles (the genus Macdonaldius) could have occurred during this period. --Surprisingly, the two species of Dipetalonema in Didelphis may be late captures of neartic origin: A. pricei from Acanthocheilonema in carnivores and C. didelphis from a Cercopithifilaria in eutherian mammals.

Africa↗
PubMed1982

Tetrapetalonema (T.) colombiensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Colombian primates.

Tetrapetalonema (T.) colombiensis sp. n., a filarial nematode from the subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissues of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and tufted ringtail monkeys (Cebus apella) from central Colombia is described. Tetrapetalonema colombiensis is a very small species (male 8 mm, females 11-21 mm), and within the subgenus most closely resembles T. panamensis and T. saimiri in dimensions and in general appearance. It can be distinguished from these species by the following major features: smoothly rounded profile of the anterior extremity; single pair of lateral caudal petals in the male; vagina vera directed immediately posteriad in the female; and a large (295-335 by 4.3-6.7 micron) microfilaria that assumes a gently curved attitude in 2% aqueous formalin preparations (Knott's technique), and which has a conspicuous inner body.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Survey for heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dipetalonema reconditum (Nematoda:Filarioidea) in dogs from Virginia and North Carolina.

Random-source dogs (n = 100) in Virginia and North Carolina were surveyed for the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis. Microscopic examination of fresh thin-films and modified Knott preparations were made. Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum were found in 19% and 6% of the animals, respectively. There was no animal that harbored both species. Prevalence was significantly higher in North Carolina (28.6%) than in Virginia (13.6%) (P less than 0.025). Mean PCV was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in infected vs noninfected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Oswaldofilaria medemi n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea), from the smooth-fronted caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus from Colombia.

A filarial worm, Oswaldofilaria medemi n. sp., obtained from the thoracic wall of an adult colombian caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider, 1801) is described. The new filaria differs from all other species of the genus by the long oesophagus and by differences in size and shape of the spiculae in the male. Microfilariae could not be found in the blood of six P. trigonatus.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1993

Turnover of microfilariae in small mammals. 1. Disintegration of microfilariae (Litomosoides sigmodontis) (Filarioidea: Nematoda) after intravenous injection into Sigmodon hispidus, the cotton rat.

After i.v. injection of 833 x 10(3) microfilariae (mf) per animal (150 g) into naive recipient cotton rats, at autopsy 15 min thereafter 30.4% of them could be recovered as a total: 19.1% were proved in the peripheral circulating blood (PCB) completely intact. 6.5% were recovered by perfusion of the lungs, of which 3/5 were associated with adherent macrophages and neutrophils or partly disintegrated. By perfusion of the liver only 3.8% were obtained, in spite of the four times greater volume of blood, of which 2/3 had adherent cells or were partly disintegrated. 0.7% and 0.3% were recovered from kidneys and spleen, respectively. In patent animals with adult worms the permanently delivered mf were distributed as follows: 41.6% were proved in the PCB; by perfusion 19.1% were obtained from the lungs and 32.9% from the liver; the rest of 6.4% were found in kidneys and spleen. In the capillary systems of lungs as well as the liver the proportion of normal mf (1/3), with adherent cells (1/3), partly disintegrated ones (1/5) and fragments (1/20) were quite similar. In long term mf injection experiments using the same dosage the autopsy was done 30 min and 1, 2, 3 and 28 days p. inj. of mf into naive animals. 30 min p.inj. 56% of the mf injected could be recovered as a total: 28.6% were obtained from the PCB, 16.0% from the lungs and 7.1% from the liver as normal mf (no perfusion), the rest of 4.1% from heart muscle, kidneys and spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Brugia timori sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia.

Brugia timori sp. n. from experimentally-infected Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) is described. The adult male differs from other Brugia species, except Brugia malayi, in having a spicular ratio of 3 : 1; it differs from B. malayi in having greater numbers of subventral adanal papillae (up to 5 on each side) that are loosely spaced and irregularly positioned about the cloaca, a greater diameter of the capitulum of the left spicule, greater lengths of the proximal- and midsections of the left spicule, and a greater length of the proximal section of the right spicule. The adult female has an ovejector of greater length and width than that of B. malayi. Microfilariae in the blood of persons from whom the parasite lines of this study originated were typical of the Timor type, having a greater total body length than other Brugia spp., a length to width cephalic space ratio of about 3 : 1, and a sheath which did not stain when processed in the usual manner with Giemsa.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

In vitro antifilarial activity of Sencio nudicaulis Buch. Ham. Effect on Setaria cervi (Nematoda Filarioidea).

The effect on aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of Sencio nudicaulis Buch. Ham. was studied on the spontaneous movements of the whole worm and nerve-muscle preparation of Setaria cervi and on the survival of micro-filariae in vitro. Aqueous as well as alcoholic extracts caused inhibition of spontaneous motility of the whole worm and nerve-muscle preparation of S. cervi characterized by decreased amplitude, rate and tone of contractions. The concentration required to inhibit the movements of n.m. preparation was 1/3rd for aqueous and 1/20th for alcoholic extract suggesting a cuticular permeability barrier. The effect of S nudicaulis extracts was different than that produced by calcium channel blocker nifedipine on the whole worm and n.m. preparation. While nifedipine blocks the stimulant effect of Ach the extracts of S. nudicaulis fails to do so. While the response bears similarity with DEC which also does not block Ach response. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibited microfilaricidal action in vitro LC50 and LC90 being 10 and 15 ng/ml for aqueous extract, 5 and 12 ng/ml for alcoholic extract.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Emended description of Litomosoides silvai (Nematoda:Filarioidea) of Akodon cursor (Rodentia:Muridae).

The emendation of the description of Litomosoides silvai Padilha and Faria, 1977 was based on results obtained by light and scanning electron microscopy. The filarioids were obtained from Akodon cursor (syn. Akodon arviculoides) found at the Catimbau Grande site in Rio Bonito, Brazil. Some features that are added to the original description include the en face view of the cephalic end, the width of the buccal capsule, the nerve ring, and the pattern of cuticular striations for both sexes. Also included are the morphologic characteristics of the spicules, the number of papillae, the area rugosa, the lateral line of the male, the shape of the buccal capsule, vulva, and anus of the female, and the microfilariae. The morphology of the spicules confirms that this species is part of the carinii line, according to Bain et al. (1989).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of two insect growth regulators on the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) to Molinema dessetae (Nematoda:Filarioidea).

The effects of 2 growth regulators, diflubenzuron (DFB) and OMS 2017, on the ability of females Aedes aegypti to become infected with Molinema dessetae was studied under laboratory conditions. OMS 2017 and DFB had no effect on either the amount of blood ingested or the microfilarial load. The infective potential of females that survived DFB treatment was significantly greater than untreated females, but there was no difference between OMS 2017-treated and control females. The percentage of infective larvae in the head after OMS 2017 and DFB treatments was significantly greater than for control females. Insect growth regulators appear to affect the vectorial competence of mosquitoes, and these results indicate the need for preliminary studies before these compounds are used in large-scale control programs.

Aedes↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of two species of Litomosoides (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasites of Akodon cursor (Rodentia: Muridae) from southeastern Brazil.

Two species of filariids, Litomosoides silvai and Litomosoides chagasfilhoi, were collected from the thoracic and abdominal cavities, respectively, of Akodon cursor, from Catimbau Grande, Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fifty-eight rodents were necropsied and 15 (25.9%) were parasitized. Four of the 15 infected rodents (26.7%) presented concurrent infections, but each species had separate and specific sites of infection. This is the first report of a rodent species parasitized with naturally occurring, concurrent infections with two species of filarial worms.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1976

Cruorifilaria tuberocauda gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris in colombia.

Cruorifilaria tuberocauda gen. et sp. n. is described from blood vessels of the kidney, heart, and lungs of the capybara, Hyrochoerus hydrochaeris, in Colombia, S.A. The adult worms are robust, of moderate size (females approximately 42 mm long, males about 27 mm long), and tapered at both ends. The males have unequal, dissimilar spicules, lack a gubernaculum and possess both pre- and postanal papillae. The unsheathed microfilaria is found in the peripheral blood. Even though a severe tissue response is seen in the walls of the blood vessels occupied by the adult worms, it appears to be a common parasite in the population of capybaras surveyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fecundity and localization of Dipetalonema viteae (Nematoda, Filarioidea) in the jird Meriones unguiculatus.

In quantitatively infected Meriones unguiculatus autopsied during prepatency, the embryonic development of fertilized eggs in the uteri of female Dipetalonema viteae commenced 29-32 days p.i., and approximately 20 days later the first microfilariae were released. In host animals examined at the onset of patency 45-59 days p.i. the average adult recovery rate was 31%. The worms were localized in the subcutaneous tissue (65.3%), fasciae of muscles (26.9%) and body cavities (7.8%). Female worms from the peritoneal and pleural cavities were significantly longer (44.3 +/- 10.4 mm) than those from the other habitats (33.7 +/- 5.5 mm). Female worms 14-20 weeks p.i. contained a total of 172,700 +/- 62,400 intrauterine stages, 21% of them pathologically altered. Based on these parameters, the expected in vivo fecundity of a female worm was calculated as about 7000 microfilariae per day.

Animals↗