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PubMed2007

Exercise increases the proportion of fat utilization during short-term consumption of a high-fat diet.

BACKGROUND: Increases in energy substrate oxidation occur at different rates after an increase in either fat or carbohydrate intake. Adaptations to increased fat intake are relatively slow and are influenced by activity level. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that increased levels of daily activity, as influenced by added exercise, would have a graded effect on the rate of compensatory adjustment to a short-term high-fat diet. DESIGN: Daily total energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation were measured at 3 physical activity levels (PALs) by using a whole-room indirect calorimeter in 10 adult women as they transitioned from a 1-d low-fat (30% of energy) control diet to a 4-d high-fat (50% of energy) diet. The 3 PALs (1.4, 1.6, and 1.8) were provided daily by increases in bicycle ergometer exercise time. RESULTS: An increase in physical activity led to a greater increase in the nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio (-0.047 +/- 0.02, -0.064 +/- 0.02, and -0.071 +/- 0.02; P < 0.0001) and 24-h fat oxidation (113 +/- 24, 125 +/- 19, and 147 +/- 20 g/d; P < 0.0001) for PALs of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8, respectively, after the transition from the low-fat control diet to the high-fat diet. Random-effects analysis found a significant (P = 0.003) relation between PAL and the compensatory fat oxidation response to a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS: Amounts of exercise consistent with the Institute of Medicine's recommendations reduce the time required to match fat oxidation to a change in the percentage of fat in the diet. Because short-term consumption of high-fat diets is thought to contribute to excess fat accumulation, regular exercise should be protective and should help maintain a healthy body composition.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Dietary fat during pregnancy and lactation increases milk fat and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations and improves neonatal growth rates in swine.

Primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 24) sows were used to examine the effects of supplemental dietary fat and induction of parturition (d 112) on colostrum and milk composition and suckling piglet growth. Sows were assigned to one of eight treatments on d 90 of gestation that included variables such as parity (1 vs. >/=3), dietary fat (0 vs. 10%), and farrowing (natural vs. induction via lutalyse on d 112). Piglets suckling fat-supplemented dams grew up to 25% faster than control pigs nursing unsupplemented sows (250 vs. 200 g/d; P < 0.01). Improved growth was correlated with elevated milk fat and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) concentrations associated with fat supplementation. Dietary fat elevated milk fat concentration at 48 and 72 h postfarrowing by 21.6 and 22.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with nonfat-fed controls, multiparous sows fed 10% fat showed a more consistent rise in milk fat concentration, with 26% and 41% elevations for induced or naturally farrowing sows, respectively, vs. a 19% reduction or a 1% elevation in induced or naturally farrowing gilts (P < 0.01). The concentration of milk IGF-I tended to be lower in gilts than in multiparous sows (P < 0.2, 95.7 vs. 117.4 microg/L), and levels were particularly low in milk from induced gilts receiving no additional dietary fat (44.7 microg/L). However, fat supplementation elevated IGF-I to levels (110.6 microg/L) exceeding those measured in unsupplemented, naturally farrowing control sows and gilts (95.8 microg/L). In conclusion, supplemental dietary fat elevates milk fat in multiparous sows more than primiparous gilts regardless of farrowing treatment (induced vs. natural farrowing) and improves piglet growth throughout lactation irrespective of parity or farrowing treatment. The potential of supplemental dietary fat to reverse the reductions in milk IGF-I observed in first-parity females and in dams induced to farrow merits further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fat oxidation before and after a high fat load in the obese insulin-resistant state.

BACKGROUND: Obesity may be associated with a lowered use of fat as a fuel, which may contribute to the enlarged adipose tissue stores. AIM: The aim of the present study was to study fatty acid use in the fasting state and in response to a high fat load in a large cohort of obese subjects (n = 701) and a lean reference group (n = 113). METHODS: Subjects from eight European centers underwent a test meal challenge containing 95 en% fat [energy content 50% of estimated resting energy expenditure (EE)]. Fasting and postprandial fat oxidation and circulating metabolites and hormones were determined over a 3-h period. RESULTS: Postprandial fat oxidation (as percent of postprandial EE, adjusted for fat mass, age, gender, center, and energy content of the meal) decreased with increasing body mass index (BMI) category (P < 0.01), an effect present only in those obese subjects with a relatively low fasting fat oxidation (below median, interaction BMI category x fasting fat oxidation, P < 0.001). Fasting fat oxidation increased with increasing BMI category (P < 0.001), which was normalized after adjustment for fat-free mass and fat mass. Furthermore, insulin resistance was positively associated with postprandial fat oxidation (P < 0.05) and negatively associated with fasting fat oxidation (expressed as percent of EE), independent of body composition. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate an impaired capacity to regulate fat oxidation in the obese insulin-resistant state, which is hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of both obesity and insulin resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Meal-induced thermogenesis and obesity: is a fat meal a risk factor for fat gain in children?

Diet composition, in particular fat intake, has been suggested to be a risk factor for obesity in humans. Several mechanisms may contribute to explain the impact of fat intake on fat gain. One factor may be the low thermogenesis induced by a mixed meal rich in fat. In a group of 11 girls (10.1 +/- 0.3 yr), 6 obese (body mass index, 25.6 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)), and 5 nonobese (body mass index, 19 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2)), we tested the hypothesis that a mixed meal rich in fat can elicit energy saving compared with an isocaloric and isoproteic meal rich in carbohydrate. The postabsorptive resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) after a low fat (LF; 20% fat, 68% carbohydrate, and 12% protein) or an isocaloric (2500 kJ or 600 Cal) and isoproteic high fat (HF; 48% fat, 40% carbohydrate, and 12% protein) meal were measured by indirect calorimetry. Each girl repeated the test with a different, randomly assigned menu (HF or LF) 1 week after the first test. TEM, expressed as a percentage of energy intake was significantly higher after a LF meal than after a HF meal (6.5 +/- 0.7% vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4%; P < 0.01). The postprandial respiratory quotient (RQ) was significantly higher after a LF meal than after a HF meal (0.86 +/- 0.013 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.014; P < 0.001). The HF low carbohydrate meal induced a significantly lower increase in carbohydrate oxidation than the LF meal (20.3 +/- 6.2 vs. 61.3 +/- 7.8 mg/min; P < 0.001). On the contrary, fat oxidation was significantly higher after a HF meal than after a LF meal (-1.3 +/- 2.4 vs. -15.1 +/- 3.6 mg/min; P < 0.01). However, the postprandial fat storage was 8-fold higher after a HF meal than after a LF meal (17.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 1.9 +/- 1.8 g; P < 0.001). These results suggest that a high fat meal is able to induce lower thermogenesis and a higher positive fat balance than an isocaloric and isoproteic low fat meal. Therefore, diet composition per se must be taken into account among the various risk factors that induce obesity in children.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Genes versus environment. The relationship between dietary fat and total and central abdominal fat.

OBJECTIVE: The influence of diet on body fat has not been quantified independently of genetic influences, although both are held to contribute to regulation of body fat stores. This study examined 1) the relationship between recent diet and total body and central abdominal fat in middle-aged female twins independent of genetic and important environmental factors and 2) evidence of interaction between diet and genetic predisposition. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Measurements in 436 healthy female twins (aged 58 +/- 10 years) included dietary intake by food frequency questionnaire (validated against a 7-day food diary, n = 162), BMI, total body and central abdominal fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and environmental covariates (smoking habit, hormone replacement, and physical activity) by standardized questionnaire. Dietary energy underreporters were excluded. RESULTS: Intake of dietary fat (total and subtype) and carbohydrates was not related to BMI or to total or central fat, confirmed in quintile analysis. With genetic and environmental factors controlled in 90 monozygotic pairs, differences in the intake of energy, fat, or protein were not related to intrapair differences in total and central body fat. However, a minor inverse relationship between carbohydrate intake and total adiposity was confirmed (r = -0.25, P = 0.02). In paired analyses, the twin with the higher intake of total sugars had significantly lower total body and central abdominal adiposity. There was no evidence of a gene-environment interaction between intake of fat or carbohydrates contributing to greater body fat mass in subjects genetically predisposed to obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Using validated dietary measures and direct measures of body fat and excluding underreporters, no relationship between dietary fat and body fat was found in middle-aged women, particularly after controlling for genetic and some environmental factors. The role of dietary factors in determining total body and central abdominal fat appears to have been overestimated in past cross-sectional studies.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

Factors affecting body tissue mobilization in early lactation dairy cows. 2. Effect of dietary fat on mobilization of body fat and protein.

Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were fed either a control diet or a control diet plus 3% added fat (dry matter basis) to determine the effect of added dietary fat on body tissue mobilization and milk production. Body composition measurements were taken using the D2O dilution technique at -2, 5, and 12 wk postpartum. Cows fed added fat produced 2.7 kg/d more milk than did those fed the control diet alone, but milk production, milk composition, and dry matter intake were not affected by diet. The maximum amount of body tissue loss occurred between -2 and 5 wk postpartum when cows fed both diets mobilized 46 kg of body fat and 12 kg of body protein. Between 5 and 12 wk postpartum, only small changes in both body protein and body fat were observed. Even though cows fed added fat showed a tendency toward reduced body fat mobilization (66 kg for cows fed the control diet vs. 37 kg for cows fed the control diet plus added fat) and increased body protein mobilization (4.8 kg for cows fed the control diet vs. 19.5 kg for cows fed the control diet plus added fat), the differences were not significant. Apparent differences in fat mobilization between diets might have been due to initial body fat stores (159 kg for cows fed the control diet vs. 126 kg for cows fed the control diet plus added fat). Across diets, one unit of change in body condition score corresponded to about 55 kg of empty body fat. Supplemental dietary fat did not reduce body tissue mobilization in early lactation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Lipogenesis and body fat in chicks: effects of calorie-protein ratio and dietary fat.

Two experiments were conducted with battery-reared, broiler chicks from day-old through 19 or 20 days of age. In each experiment, body weight, feed consumption, liver weight, liver fat, body fat, in vivo lipogenesis, and the hepatic activities of the lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS), were measured. In Experiment 1, four diets having calorie-protein (C/P) ratios expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram of diet per percent crude protein of 120, 139, 158, or 177 were used. Growth was decreased with ratios above 139. The C/P ratio had no significant effect on feed conversion, liver weight, liver fat, or FAS activity. In vivo lipogenesis and ACC activity were increased by C/P ratios above 120. Body fat increased with increasing C/P ratios, but only the C/P 177 diet produced significantly fatter chicks. In Experiment 2, four diets containing total fat 2.0, 4.1, 6.3, or 8.6% at a constant C/P ratio of 139 were used. All fat levels above 2.0% improved growth and feed conversion. Fat levels had no effect on liver weight, liver fat, or body fat. In vivo lipogenesis and ACC and FAS activities decreased with increasing dietary fat. The data indicate that C/P ratio affects body fat by increasing lipogenic activity as the ratio is increased. Although dietary fat depressed lipogenesis, the depression appears to be offset by increased availability of fatty acids from the diet for deposition in adipose tissue. Hence, added dietary fat does not change body fat content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

The effect of non-absorbable fat on energy and fat intake.

One of the main issues with respect to the usefulness of fat-replacers is their effectiveness. The question is whether or not people compensate for the "missing" energy due the replacement of fat by the fat-substitute. The present paper is concerned with the results of a number of studies carried out on the effects of the fat-replacer sucrose-polyester on food intake. Sucrose-polyester (SPE) is a substance with similar sensory and physical-chemical properties as fat, but it contains no metabolizable energy, because it is not digested in the human gastrointestinal tract. In the first two short-term studies, we replaced the fat by SPE in croissants. Thirty-three subjects in the first study and 34 subjects in the second study consumed 2 1/2 croissants, either with fat or SPE. After ingestion they rated subjective feeling of hunger, and recorded their ad libitum food intake. The results of both studies showed that the croissants with SPE had a similar satiating effect as the croissants with fat. In two subsequent short-term studies, we added either fat, SPE or water to warm meals served as lunch. The high water and high SPE lunches contained about 450 kcal, whereas the high fat lunches contained about 900 kcal. After ingestion of the lunches, subjects (39 in study 3; 35 in study 4) recorded their feelings of hunger. Two hours after the lunches, subjects were presented with an attractive buffet from which they could eat ad libitum. The results showed that hunger and food intake were similar after the water, SPE and fat lunches. The subjects did not detect the 450 kcal energy difference in the lunches. The last two studies with SPE lasted for 12 days. The results of these two longer-term studies were similar to the results of the short-term studies. There was little energy compensation and no fat compensation. It is concluded that fat replacers can be helpful in reducing fat and energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Interactions among the beta2- and beta3- adrenergic receptor genes and total body fat and abdominal fat level in the HERITAGE Family Study.

OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTS: Interactions between markers in the beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADR) genes and total body fat and computerized tomography-measured abdominal fat phenotypes were studied in the HERITAGE Family Study cohort of Black (n=205; 81 males and 124 females) and White (n=415; 198 males and 217 females) subjects before and after an endurance training program. RESULTS: In Black subjects, beta2- and beta3-ADR gene variants showed evidence of interactions on changes in total body fat mass and abdominal fat area (P<0.005 and =0.010, respectively). Black subjects who were carriers of both beta2-ADR Arg16 and beta3-ADR Arg64 alleles had a greater decrease in total fat mass as well as abdominal total and subcutaneous, but not visceral fat areas in response to endurance training than subjects with other genotype combinations (P from 0.011 to 0.047). After correction for multiple tests, the findings remained essentially unchanged for total body fat mass and abdominal fat area, but became nonsignificant for subcutaneous fat area. The changes in abdominal fat correlated positively with the changes in fat mass (P<0.0001). The interactions between beta2 and beta3-ADR gene markers accounted for a maximum of 3% of the variances in the response of total fat mass and abdominal fat area to endurance training in Black subjects but it was not significant in White subjects. CONCLUSION: Interactions between sequence variants in the beta2-beta3-ADR gene contributed to the changes in fat mass and abdominal adiposity in response to endurance training in Black subjects.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Although the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) is widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity, it is a measure of excess weight, rather than excess body fat, relative to height. We examined the relation of BMI to levels of fat mass and fat-free mass among healthy 5- to 18-y-olds. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat and fat-free mass among 1196 subjects. These measures were standardized for height by calculating the fat mass index (FMI, fat mass/ht2) and the fat-free mass index (FFMI, fat-free mass/ht2). RESULTS: The variability in FFMI was about 50% of that in FMI, and the accuracy of BMI as a measure of adiposity varied greatly according to the degree of fatness. Among children with a BMI-for-age > or =85th P, BMI levels were strongly associated with FMI (r=0.85-0.96 across sex-age categories). In contrast, among children with a BMI-for-age <50th P, levels of BMI were more strongly associated with FFMI (r=0.56-0.83) than with FMI (r=0.22-0.65). The relation of BMI to fat mass was markedly nonlinear, and substantial differences in fat mass were seen only at BMI levels > or =85th P. DISCUSSION: BMI levels among children should be interpreted with caution. Although a high BMI-for-age is a good indicator of excess fat mass, BMI differences among thinner children can be largely due to fat-free mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

The relationship between body fat mass and fat-free mass.

It has been suggested that there is a curvilinear relationship between lean body or fat-free mass and body fat mass. In order to confirm this relationship, body composition was measured by determining body density and total body water using deuterium-labeled water in subjects varying widely in body fat mass. There were 29 males and 75 females with body mass index ranging from 20 to 66 kg/m2. The relationship between fat-free mass and fat mass appeared to be linear over the range of body fat from 10 to 90 kg: males R2 = 0.67 (p less than 0.0001) and females, R2 = 0.47 (p less than 0.0001). The amount of variance explained was not greater when the log of fat mass was used in place of fat mass alone. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the relationship between fat-free mass and fat mass remained significant (p less than 0.001) after adjusting for body height, age, and fat distribution. It is concluded that over the range of body fat extending from 10 to 90 kg there is a positive and linear relationship between fat-free body mass and fat mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Fat transplantation using fresh versus frozen fat: a side-by-side two-hand comparison pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat in both fresh and frozen forms has been used for many years as a filler for various dermatologic conditions. However, it is not clear whether fat that has been frozen survives as well as, and gives aesthetic results similar to, fresh fat. The efficacy of frozen fat has been debated in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical aesthetic appearance and longevity of fresh fat versus frozen fat in a side-by-side two-hand comparison in the same patient. METHODS: Ten patients underwent fat augmentation on their hands, utilizing 10 cc of fresh fat in one hand and 10 cc of frozen fat in the contralateral hand within 17 days of fresh fat placement. Follow-up evaluation was conducted at 1, 3, and 5 months in a randomized, double-blind comparison study. Physician-determined aesthetic preference, prominence of veins, and depth of metacarpal spaces were evaluated. Photographs were taken of both hands during each patient follow-up visit. RESULTS: All three areas of physician-assessed gradation: aesthetics, vein prominence, and depth of metacarpal space were superior for the hand injected with frozen fat at 1-, 3-, and 5-month follow-up visits. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study supports the use of autologous frozen fat for equivalent to improved results regarding longevity and aesthetic appearance versus fresh fat at 1, 3, and 5 months for fat augmentation of aging hands.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Accuracy of liver fat quantification at MR imaging: comparison of out-of-phase gradient-echo and fat-saturated fast spin-echo techniques--initial experience.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine the relative accuracy of liver fat quantification with out-of-phase gradient-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and fat-saturated fast spin-echo MR imaging in patients with and without cirrhosis, with histologic analysis as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Committee on Human Research approval was obtained. Patient consent was not required. Data collection ended before HIPAA regulations were implemented, but patient anonymity was maintained. Twenty-seven patients, 16 with cirrhosis, were retrospectively identified who underwent MR imaging before histopathologic evaluation of liver fat at biopsy or surgery. The patient population consisted of 15 male and 12 female patients (mean age, 55 years; range, 16-75 years). One radiologist blinded to the histopathologic results recorded mean signal intensity derived from three regions of interest placed in the right and left lobes of the liver on three sections and signal intensity of the spleen from one region of interest within the same section. Liver fat was quantified with the relative loss of signal intensity on out-of-phase images compared with that on in-phase T1-weighted gradient-echo images and with relative loss of signal intensity on T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR images obtained with fat saturation compared with those obtained without fat saturation. Hotelling t test was used to compare correlation coefficients between relative signal intensity differences and histopathologically determined percentage of fat. RESULTS: In patients without cirrhosis, liver fat quantification with fat-saturated fast spin-echo MR imaging was significantly better than it was with out-of-phase gradient-echo MR imaging (r = 0.92 vs 0.69, P < .01). In patients with cirrhosis, liver fat quantification was correlated only with fat-saturated fast spin-echo MR imaging (r = 0.76, P < .01); the relative signal intensity loss on out-of-phase gradient-echo MR images was not correlated with histopathologically determined percentage of fat (r = 0.25, P = .36). CONCLUSION: Preliminary results suggest liver fat may be more accurately quantified with fat-saturated fast spin-echo MR imaging than with out-of-phase gradient-echo MR imaging, especially in patients with cirrhosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of race and resistance training status on the density of fat-free mass and percent fat estimates.

The impact of race and resistance training status on the assumed density of the fat-free mass (D(FFM)) and estimates of body fatness via hydrodensitometry (%Fat(D)) vs. a four-component model (density, water, mineral; %Fat(D,W,M)) were determined in 45 men: white controls (W; n = 15), black controls (B; n = 15), and resistance-trained blacks (B-RT; n = 15). Body density by hydrostatic weighing, body water by deuterium dilution, and bone mineral by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to estimate %Fat(D,W,M). D(FFM) was not different between B and W (or 1.1 g/ml); however, D(FFM) in B-RT was significantly lower (1.091 +/- 0.012 g/ml; P < 0.05). Therefore, %Fat(D) using the Siri equation was not different from %Fat(D,W,M) in W (17.5 +/- 5.0 vs. 18.3 +/- 5.4%) or B (14.9 +/- 5.6 vs. 15.7 +/- 5.7%) but significantly overestimated %Fat(D,W,M) in B-RT (14.0 +/- 5.9 vs. 10.4 +/- 6.0%; P < 0.05). The use of a race-specific equation (assuming D(FFM) = 1.113 g/ml) did not improve the agreement between %Fat(D) and %Fat(D,W,M), resulting in a significantly greater mean (+/-SD) discrepancy for B (1.7 +/- 1.8% fat) and B-RT (6.2 +/- 4.3% fat). Thus race per se does not affect D(FFM) or estimates of %Fat(D); however, B-RT have a D(FFM) lower than 1.1 g/ml, leading to an overestimation of %Fat(D).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations : distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments.

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, particularly when body fat has a central distribution. However, insulin resistance also frequently occurs in apparently lean individuals. It has been proposed that these lean insulin-resistant individuals have greater amounts of body fat than lean insulin-sensitive subjects. Alternatively, their body fat distribution may be different. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma leptin levels, but some studies have suggested that insulin sensitivity is an additional determinant of circulating leptin concentrations. To examine how body fat distribution contributes to insulin sensitivity and how these variables are related to leptin levels, we studied 174 individuals (73 men, 101 women), a priori classified as lean insulin-sensitive (LIS, n = 56), lean insulin-resistant (LIR, n = 61), and obese insulin-resistant (OIR, n = 57) based on their BMI and insulin sensitivity index (S(I)). Whereas the BMI of the two lean groups did not differ, the S(I) of the LIR subjects was less than half that of the LIS group. The subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat areas, determined by computed tomography, were 45 and 70% greater in the LIR subjects (P < 0.001) and 2.5- and 3-fold greater in the OIR group, as compared with the LIS group. Fasting plasma leptin levels were moderately increased in LIR subjects (10.8 +/- 7.1 vs. 8.1 +/- 6.4 ng/ml in LIS subjects; P < 0.001) and doubled in OIR subjects (21.9 +/- 15.5 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Because of the confounding effect of body fat, we examined the relationships between adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and leptin concentrations by multiple regression analysis. Intra-abdominal fat was the best variable predicting insulin sensitivity in both genders and explained 54% of the variance in S(I). This inverse relationship was nonlinear (r = -0.688). On the other hand, in both genders, fasting leptin levels were strongly associated with subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.760) but not with intra-abdominal fat. In line with these analyses, when LIS and LIR subjects were matched for subcutaneous fat area, age, and gender, they had similar leptin levels, whereas their intra-abdominal fat and insulin sensitivity remained different. Thus, accumulation of intra-abdominal fat correlates with insulin resistance, whereas subcutaneous fat deposition correlates with circulating leptin levels. We conclude that the concurrent increase in these two metabolically distinct fat compartments is a major explanation for the association between insulin resistance and elevated circulating leptin concentrations in lean and obese subjects.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1987

Plasma very low density lipoproteins, abdominal fat lipase, and fatness during rearing in two strains of broiler chickens.

Experimental control Strains 30, representative of commercial broiler dam stocks in the late 1970's, and K, representative of commercial broiler stocks of 20 years earlier, were compared. Development of carcass fatness and related traits and physiological traits from 3 to 17 weeks of age were studied. About 12 chickens of mixed sex of each strain were bled and killed at 2-week intervals beginning at 3 weeks of age for measurement of traits. From 3 to 17 weeks of age, percentage abdominal fat of carcass, carcass fat (ether extract) and plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) increased with age. Percentage carcass nitrogen, ash, and water, lipase activity of abdominal fat expressed per mg protein or per g of fat (LIP/g F), and protein concentration of the abdominal fat enzyme preparation (P/ml EPrep) decreased with age. Strain 30 had a higher percentage of abdominal fat and carcass fat, but less carcass nitrogen, ash, and water than Strain K, although there were interactions with sex and age. For physiological traits, Strain 30 had more LIP/g F and less P/ml EPrep than Strain K. Males had lower percentages of abdominal fat, carcass fat, and plasma VLDL, and higher percentages of carcass nitrogen, ash, and water than females. There were no significant differences between sexes for the other physiological traits. There were significant (P less than .01) partial correlations between plasma VLDL and percentage abdominal fat (.22), and between P/ml EPrep and percentages of abdominal fat (-.25), carcass fat (-.29), carcass nitrogen (.30), and carcass water (.30). These observations in conjunction with multiple regression analyses indicated that, in addition to plasma VLDL, protein concentration of adipose tissue expressed as P/ml EPrep might be a useful predictor of fatness in chickens.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism associated with selective reduction of intra-abdominal visceral fat in premenopausal women with visceral fat obesity.

Visceral fat obesity (VFO) with predominant intra-abdominal fat accumulation has been shown to be more often associated with metabolic disorders than subcutaneous fat obesity (SFO). In the present study, changes in fat distribution and their effects on metabolic complications were investigated in forty premenopausal female obese patients in whom substantial weight reduction was obtained by means of a low calorie diet. Analysis of fat distribution by CT scanning demonstrated that visceral fat decreased to a greater extent than abdominal subcutaneous fat, which was particularly evident in VFO patients. On the other hand, change of fat distribution was small in SFO patients. That is, visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio (V/S ratio) decreased from 0.62 +/- 0.36 to 0.46 +/- 0.33 in VFO, whereas from 0.23 +/- 0.07 to 0.20 +/- 0.09 in SFO after weight reduction. Although obese patients, especially those with VFO, were frequently associated with glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, marked diminution was observed in the elevated levels of plasma glucose area on 75g OGTT, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride after weight reduction. By the examination of interrelationship between the changes in body weight, BMI, total and regional fat volume and changes in glucose and lipid metabolism, we found that the decrease in the V/S ratio and visceral fat volume were more strongly correlated with the improvement in plasma glucose and lipid metabolism compared to the decrease in body weight, BMI, total fat volume and abdominal subcutaneous fat volume. Furthermore, partial correlation analyses demonstrated that the metabolic improvements were associated with changes in visceral abdominal fat after control for changes in total adipose tissue volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Fat-sugar see-saw in school lunches: impact of a low fat intervention.

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term effects of a low fat intervention on sugar content in school lunches METHODS: We calculated contributions of total sugars, 6 specific sugars, and selected nutrients in National School Lunch Program meals served in 56 former intervention, 20 randomly selected control schools that had participated 3 years before in a low fat intervention, and 12 additional schools from neighboring school districts that had never been exposed to the intervention, whose goal was the lowering of total fat to under 30% of calories and saturated fat to under 10% calories. Analysis of variance adjusted for region was used to compare treatment groups. Pearson partial correlations controlling for the effects of region and treatment group were used to assess the strength of sugar and fat relationships. RESULTS: Three years after the low fat intervention, former intervention, control and unexposed schools lunches were similar in mean total sugars (25% of calories), and "added" sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, galactose, and maltose) at 15% of calories; and differed only in their lactose content. As percent of calories from fat or saturated fat in lunches decreased, that from sugars increased. Lunches that met reduced saturated fat goals were significantly higher than those not meeting goals in percent of calories from sugars both in meals as offered (27.6 +/- 0.3% vs. 26.2 +/- 0.3 SE p =.004) and as served (26.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 23.9 +/- 0.4 p =.009). Lunches meeting reduced total fat goals were significantly higher only in percent of calories from sugars as served. Seventy-five percent of total sugar in lunches offered was from chocolate milk, fruit/fruit juices, and white milk. More "added" sugar came from high micronutrient foods, such as fruit, fruit juices, and chocolate milk than from desserts and entrees. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of a fat-sugar "see-saw" makes it important to emphasize substitutions of fat and saturated fat with starches and fiber in school lunches.

Adolescent↗