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PubMed1996

Cloning OF P2X5 and P2X6 receptors and the distribution and properties of an extended family of ATP-gated ion channels.

Two new P2X receptor cDNAs (P2X5 and P2X6) were isolated and expressed. All six proteins are 36-48 percent identical and seem to have two transmembrane segments with a large extracellular loop. Functionally, P2X5 and P2X6 receptors most resemble P2X2 and P2X4; they desensitize only slowly and do not respond to alpha beta methylene-ATP. P2X6 receptors, like P2X4, receptors, are not blocked by the antagonists suramin and pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid. P2X6 and P2X5 receptors express at lower levels than P2X1-P2X4 receptors do, perhaps indicating that they do not normally form homomultimeric channels. P2X6 and P2X4 are the receptors expressed most heavily in brain, where their RNAs have a widespread and extensively overlapping distribution. The spinal cord expresses all receptors except P2X3. P2X2, P2X4, and P2X6, are the most abundant in the dorsal horn. Sensory neurons of the trigeminal, dorsal root, and nodose ganglia express all six RNAs; P2X3 is found only there. The functional properties and tissue distribution of these six P2X receptors indicate new roles for ATP-gated ion channels.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2003

Social and religious dimensions of unwanted pregnancy: an Islamic perspective.

The concept of 'unwanted pregnancy' is a recent in human history and is associated with social stresses of modern life. The purposes of the law, maqasid al shari'at, and its principles, qawa'id a shari'at, focus on preventing 'unwanted pregnancy', protecting the rights of the fetus and infant, and mitigating the adverse effects of 'unwanted pregnancy' by social measures. 'Unwanted pregnancy' is associated with general social determinants (hedonistic life styles, sexual transgression, addiction to drugs, fear of poverty, and low female status) and specific antecedent causes (sexual crimes, egoistic greed, maternal/fetal disease, and gender discrimination). It is prevented by sexual hygiene, marriage, contraception, deterring sexual crimes, and raising the status of women. The adverse sequelae of 'unwanted pregnancy' (feticide, infanticide, or child abuse and neglect) can be prevented by defending the basic human right of the fetus and infant to life, promoting social institutions for child welfare (nuclear family, extended family, foster care, and open adoption). Closed adoption is forbidden by Law but care in a foster home is allowed and is encouraged if the nuclear and extended families are unwilling or are unable to care for children. Abortion at any stage of pregnancy is a crime against humanity. It is not a solution to the problem but is part of the problem. It will encourage more 'unwanted pregnancies'.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Family process in health research: extending a family typology to a new cultural context.

To describe family context in health research, the authors tested a typology of families developed in California with a sample of families in Quebec, Canada. Family scales from the California study were submitted to focus groups, translated, and standardized on a sample of 209 parents. A panel of experts then revised the scales to make them relevant to Quebec families and to health promotion. Data from the new and revised scales were collected on 509 Quebec couples (1,018 spouses) and were clustered separately by gender, using K means. The procedure classified all respondents into family types that paralleled the original typology. Discriminant analyses indicated that family profile variables significantly distinguished family types. Comparisons with family, stress, and health variables further differentiated among the types and expanded their meaning. The study demonstrates a method for redefining and extending family data in health research with different cultural groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A genome-wide autosomal screen for schizophrenia susceptibility loci in 71 families with affected siblings: support for loci on chromosome 10p and 6.

Evidence from epidemiological studies and segregation analysis suggests oligo- or polygenic inheritance in schizophrenia. Since model independent methods are thought to be most appropriate for linkage analysis in complex disorders, we performed a genome-wide autosomal screen in 71 families from Germany and Israel containing 86 independent affected sib-pairs with parental genotype information for statistical analysis strictly identity by descent. We genotyped 305 individuals with 463 markers at an average distance of approximately 10 cM genome-wide, and 1-2 cM in candidate regions (5q, 6p, q, 8p, 10p, 18p, 22q). The highest multipoint LOD scores (ASPEX) were obtained on 6p (D6S260, LOD = 2.0; D6S274, LOD = 2.2, MHC region, LOD = 2.15) and on 10p (D10S1714, LOD = 2.1), followed by 5q (D5S2066, LOD = 1.36), 6q (D6S271, LOD = 1.12; D6S1613, LOD = 1.11), 1q (D1S2675, LOD = 1.04), and 18p (broad disease model: D18S1116, LOD = 1.0). One hundred and thirty-three additional family members were available for some of the families (extended families) and were genotyped for these regions. GENEHUNTER produced a maximum NPL of 3.3 (P = 0.001) for the MHC region and NPL of 3.13 (P = 0.0015) for the region on 10p. There is support for these regions by independent groups. In genome-wide TDT analysis (sTDT, implemented in ASPEX), no marker passed the significance level of 0.0001 given by multiple testing, but nominal significance values for D10S211 (P = 0.03) and for GOLF (P = 0.0032) support further the linkage results on 10p and 18p. Our survey of 22 chromosomes identified candidate regions which should be useful to screen for schizophrenia susceptibility genes.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1999

The scope of international occupational medical practice.

The international physician has a tremendous scope of responsibility. Clinical care and its management, occupational and environmental medicine, travel medicine, marine and aviation medicine, public health and other disciplines must be addressed. Programmes must include expatriates, national citizens, travellers, families, extended families, and the surrounding communities. Moreover, in the international context, the occupational physician is a representative of the company in the host country. Furthermore, the knowledge required is not only vast, but changes rapidly. It requires not only clinical acumen, but also the ability to effectively design and implement many types of programmes in the context of the customs and regulations of the country and with the guidance of management.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2004

A holistic intervention programme for families with a child with a disability.

BACKGROUND: The birth of a child with a disability may cause serious stress for the parents and affect each member of the family. Parents need support to deal with such a situation; however, health care professionals themselves are not always well equipped to help them and often adopt an attitude of withdrawal. AIM: The aim of this paper is to describe a family intervention programme developed in collaboration with families who were adapting to the birth of a child with a disability. DISCUSSION: The primary purpose of the programme is to help family members adapt to the situation in which they suddenly find themselves, primarily by reducing stress. The family's autonomy and competencies in providing care for the child are promoted and called into action. The programme encompasses different aspects of family relations: the individual, marital, parental, family, extended family and non-family sub-systems. Its theoretical foundations, clinical experience with families of a child with a health problem, and our previous research have enabled a remodelled vision of the way individuals and families adapt to such a situation. CONCLUSION: The symbioses of the design of the programme, training in its application, and intervention itself have transformed families of a child with a disability as well as the nurses themselves. The key element of this transformation has been the mutual recognition of relevant skills and authority by families and health care professionals that has led to new competencies, self-determination and an individuality that may change their lives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Development of self-concept in Afro-American children.

Studies of self-concept in Afro-American children differ in their findings according to whether the research was conducted before or after the civil rights movement of the 1960s. While the earlier studies reported that the Afro-Americans had lower self-esteem than Caucasians, studies conducted after the height of the civil rights movement do not support that finding. The development of self-concept in Afro-American children is influenced by the strengths and weaknesses of the family, extended family, or community; individual perceptions of untoward events or environments; and the ability to devise mechanisms to ward off threats to self-esteem. The author stresses that those who study self-esteem among Afro-Americans should examine developmental processes within the individual's social context and reference groups rather than from the perspective of the dominant group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Intercultural collaboration: an approach to long-term care for urban American Indians.

Most long term care of older urban American Indians is provided in the community by family, extended family, or fictive kin, and American Indians are rarely found in long term care facilities. An approach to American Indian elderly requires some understanding of Indian ways in order to be effective therapeutically and acceptable to the older Indian. Multiple interviews, a focus group, and a survey conducted in an urban Indian community revealed the consistent perception by American Indian elderly and their families that health care providers lacked information, understanding, and respect for Indian culture.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Germ-line mutations of TP53 in Li-Fraumeni families: an extended study of 39 families.

We have previously reported on the analysis of TP53 coding mutations in 12 classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) families plus 9 families that were Li-Fraumeni-like (LFL) families (J. M. Birch et al., Cancer Res., 54: 1298-1304, 1994). Mutations were found in 6 of 12 LFS families and in 1 of 9 LFL families. We have now extended these studies to include an additional nine LFS and nine LFL families, and TP53 mutations have been detected in eight of nine LFS families and in three of nine LFL families. Six of the new mutations described here are the same as those previously identified in other Li-Fraumeni families and are missense mutations at codons 245, 248, and 273 (in two families); a nonsense mutation at codon 209; and a mutation at the splice donor site in exon 4. The other five mutations are novel germ-line mutations and include missense mutations at codons 136 and 344, a 2-bp deletion within codon 191, a splice acceptor mutation in intron 3, and a 167-bp deletion of part of exon 1 and intron 1. In addition, we have detected a codon 175 mutation in a family previously reported as TP53 negative. To summarize all of the data from the families we have studied in this and our previous report (J. M. Birch et al., Cancer Res., 54: 1298-1304, 1994), mutations have been detected in 15 of 21 LFS families (71%) and in 4 of 18 LFL families (22%). These figures are somewhat higher than those previously reported by us and others for the frequency of TP53 mutations in LFS and LFL families. This could reflect our analysis of all 11 exons of TP53, including noncoding regions, as well as the use of direct sequencing rather than other less-sensitive mutation detection methods.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Energy flow and the persistence of a human population: a simulation analysis.

The authors describe "a human ecosystem model, NUNOA, [which] simulates the yearly energy balance of individuals, families, and extended families in a hypothetical farming and herding community of Quechua Indians in the high Andes. The yearly energy demand of each family, based on the caloric requirements of its members, is computed by simulation of agricultural and herding activities in response to stochastic environmental conditions. The family energy balance is used in determining births, deaths, marriages, and resource sharing." The model can be used "to investigate the effect of changes in marriage patterns, resource sharing patterns, or subsistence activities on the ability of the human population to survive in the harsh Andean environment. Results from the model suggest that the substructuring of a population into extended families provides a mechanism for sheltering the population from control by exogenous influences. A population without substructures for resource sharing is shown to be unstable in such an unpredictable environment."

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Scores on loneliness of Chinese and American college students.

197 American college students going to school in Oklahoma and 91 Chinese college students going to school in China participated. Chinese students from extended families (families with three generations) reported less loneliness than those from nuclear families. In the younger group (aged 18 to 20 yr.), Chinese students scored higher on loneliness than American students as did all freshman compared with all sophomore students. Significant interactions between nation and years in college and between nation and family structure (extended families vs nuclear families) were found within the same age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Parenting and marital trust in Japan.

This study examined the relationship between marital trust, mothers' parenting stress and maladjusted parenting behavior in Japan. The participants consisted of 327 Japanese mothers who reside in the greater Tokyo area and whose children go to kindergarten or nursery school (the children's ages range from 3 to 6 years. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires about their family structure (nuclear or extended family), demographic information about their child (sex, age, birth order. etc.), marital trust, parenting stress, and maladjusted childrearing behavior. Analysis indicated that the relationship between marital trust, mothers' parenting stress and maladjusted childrearing behavior was different depending on the family structure. More specifically, for mothers in nuclear families, marital trust, especially the sense of being trusted by the husband, was associated with parenting behavior directly as well as indirectly via parenting stress. In contrast, for mothers in an extended family marital trust was not associated with maternal parenting behavior. The results were discussed in terms of the differences in the availability of social support in a nuclear family compared to the extended family.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Minority ethnic families and family-centred care.

Family-centred care has generally treated families as though they were all two-parent families. For most minority ethnic families, this treatment is especially inappropriate because a greater percentage of the children are cared/live in non-traditional households, their families are heterogeneous and are primarily oriented towards extended families. However, the involvement of the extended family in family-centred care remains non-existent. This therefore suggests that there currently exists a lack of appreciation in appropriately implementing the concept of family-centred care among minority ethnic families. For this aspect of family-centred care to be explored, this article will provide an overview of the child-rearing styles of minority ethnic families including the role of extended family in child care, before discussing the need to involve the extended family in family-centred care. This analysis should enhance the general awareness of children's nurses and may facilitate a more comprehensive family-centred care to minority ethnic children and their families.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Up front and personal: confronting dynamics in the Family Group Conference.

The Family Group Conference is a participatory model of decision making with families in child protection. It is a legal process that brings together the family, including the extended family, and the professionals in a family-led decision-making forum. Bringing together extended family and professionals to discuss child protection concerns can create a highly charged dynamic. Workers are challenged by family, family are challenged by workers, and family members challenge each other. Practice is also exposed to wider scrutiny as professionals also challenge the work. This article briefly describes the development and practice of family group conferencing as a family-centred legal process in Aotearoa, New Zealand. It then examines the findings of a study exploring the dynamics emerging from family group conference practice from the perspective of the coordinators who convene them. Family group conferencing as a family strengthening practice is discussed.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2002

HLA and bone marrow transplant donor search strategies.

Searching for a family donor other than an HLA identical sibling can be successful. The chance of finding an identical or one antigen mismatched family donor can be calculated with a computer program, so this may help in the decision making whether to perform extended family typing or not. Extended family donors are often better matched rather than unrelated donors. The reason is that they have at least one haplotype genetically identical to the patient, and that there may be some higher match grade for the minor histocompatibility antigens. Sometimes extended family donor could be the only donor for the patient. Ethical considerations have to be taken into account and extended family donors should be volunteer donors.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗