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PubMedDate not supplied

[Basic spirometry measurements in workers on pig farmers].

INTRODUCTION: Many epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated an increased risk for the symptoms of respiratory disorders consistent with chronic bronchitis and asthma and alterations of pulmonary function tests in pig farmers. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine basic pulmonary function values in workers in swine confinement buildings and to compare them with the same values in the control group of unexposed persons. The next aim was to examine the association between these values with duration of professional exposure, cigarette smoking, age, and sex of the examined persons. METHODS: We randomly selected for examination 145 workers of both sex who had worked for at least 2 previous years in pig farms and spent at least 3 hours per day, 6 days per week in a swine confinement building. The farmers worked at 6 different farms with 12,383 pigs on average on each farms. The subject was eligible for the study if he had had no history of atopic disease nor any serious chronic disease, and no acute respiratory infection within 3 previous months. As control group we examined 156 subjects who had lived and/or worked in the same areas and had had no history of exposure to farming environment or any other known occupational air pollutants. In both groups the study comprised cigarette smokers and persons who had never smoked. Pulmonary function data were collected according to the standard protocol with a Micro Spirometer, (Micro Medical Ltd, England, UK). The registered parameters were FEV1 and FVC. At least three satisfactory forced maximal expirations were performed by each subject and the best value was accepted for analyses. The results were also expressed as a percentage of predicted values and FEV1/FVC x 100 was calculated. RESULTS: There were no differences in the main demographic characteristics between two examined groups (Table 1). Mean duration of work in pig farming was 11.6 years (SD=8.5; range 2-40). The average values of examined pulmonary function tests are shown in table 2. The values of FEV1 and FVC in each groups were between 92% and 97% of predicted values, and FEV1/FVC x 100 was not lower than 82%. There were no differences in the average values of FEV1 (p=0.574) and FEV1 % predicted (p=0.653) between pig farmers and control subjects. Pearson coefficient of correlation and Spearman nonparametric correlation test revealed a high level of correlation of FEV1 values with sex and age and no correlation of pig farming exposure with cigarette smoking as predictor variables (Table 3). The analysis by linear regression method showed that all examined predictor variables had the effect on the value of FEV1 (Table 4). After the elimination of the two least significant predictor variables it was possible to make the equation for prediction of FEV1 values. DISCUSSION: In the present study there are no significant alterations in the values of the basic pulmonary function tests in pig farmers. In the majority of previous similar studies the differences in the average values of FEV1 and FVC between pig farmers and control subjects were also not found. However, in some studies the alterations in several more specific lung function parameters were registered. The decreased values of FEV1 during workshift were also found and they are probably connected to the bronchial hyperreactivity registered in many studies in pig farmers. Longer exposure to swine confinement environment caused more decline in FEV1 and FVC and accelerated mean age-related annual decline in FEV1 was observed reaching to 44 ml/yrs more than expected. The correlations between values of FEV1 with pig farming exposure and cigarette smoking in this study were not found. However, the analysis by linear regression method showed that all examined predictor variables had the effect on the value of FEV1. In a few previous bronchoscopic, BAL and sputum studies some signs of inflammation and morphological changes of the respiratory tract were observed. The absence of important alterations in the basic spirometric measures in this and the majority of the previous studies suggests that early airway injuries may not be readily apparent using spirometric measures of lung function. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other world studies, our study comprised an important number of women farmers, but alterations associated to sex were not found. To assess the lung function in these pig farmers after several years may be of great importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Relevant priors prefetching algorithm performance for a picture archiving and communication system.

Proper prefetching of relevant prior examinations from a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) archive, when a patient is scheduled for a new imaging study, and sending the historic images to the display station where the new examination is expected to be routed and subsequently read out, can greatly facilitate interpretation and review, as well as enhance radiology departmental workflow and PACS performance. In practice, it has proven extremely difficult to implement an automatic prefetch as successful as the experienced fileroom clerk. An algorithm based on defined metagroup categories for examination type mnemonics has been designed and implemented as one possible solution to the prefetch problem. The metagroups such as gastrointestinal (GI) tract, abdomen, chest, etc, can represent, in a small number of categories, the several hundreds of examination types performed by a typical radiology department. These metagroups can be defined in a table of examination mnemonics that maps a particular mnemonic to a metagroup or groups, and vice versa. This table is used to effect the prefetch rules of relevance. A given examination may relate to several prefetch categories, and preferences are easily configurable for a particular site. The prefetch algorithm metatable was implemented in database structured query language (SQL) using a many-to-many fetch category strategy. Algorithm performance was measured by analyzing the appropriateness of the priors fetched based on the examination type of the current study. Fetched relevant priors, missed relevant priors, fetched priors that were not relevant to the current examination, and priors not fetched that were not relevant were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity for the prefetch method. The time required for real-time requesting of priors not previously prefetched was also measured. The sensitivity of the prefetch algorithm was determined to be 98.3% and the specificity 100%. Time required for on-demand requesting of priors was 9.5 minutes on average, although this time varied based on age of the prior examination and on the time of day and database traffic. A prefetch algorithm based on metatable examination mnemonic categories can pull the most appropriate relevant priors, reduce the number of missed relevant priors, and therefore reduce the time involved for the manual task of on-demand requests of priors. Network and database traffic can be reduced as well by decreasing the number of priors selected from the archive and subsequently transmitted to the display stations, through elimination of transactions on examinations not relevant to the current study.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of peripheral arteries including pedal vessels at 1.0 T: feasibility study with dedicated peripheral angiography coil.

PURPOSE: To prospectively determine feasibility of contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the peripheral arteries from distal aorta to pedal arteries with a 1.0-T system and a dedicated phased-array coil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with peripheral arteriosclerotic occlusive disease underwent contrast-enhanced MR angiography with an automatic moving-table technique. In addition, lower-leg and pedal arteries were examined without table movement (hybrid technique). Two radiologists independently reviewed MR angiograms to assess image quality and grade stenosis in 13 segments per leg. Each was blinded to patients' clinical data. Twenty-five of the patients also underwent conventional angiography. Stenosis grade at conventional angiography was assessed by two radiologists in consensus. Interobserver variability for stenosis grade at MR angiography was calculated with Cohen kappa test. Specificity and sensitivity of MR angiography in detection of stenosis of more than 50% and occlusion were calculated for both observers. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. RESULTS: In 14 of the 27 patients, hybrid technique was superior to moving-table technique because there was less venous overlap (11 patients), fewer motion artifacts (one patient), or both (two patients). In nine patients, there was no difference between techniques; in four patients, moving-table technique was superior. Stenosis grade was analyzed in 698 segments with MR angiography and in 638 segments with both conventional and MR angiography. Kappa analysis of interobserver agreement with MR angiography yielded a score of 0.84. For the 638 segments evaluated with both conventional and MR angiography, observers 1 and 2 assigned same grade of stenosis with both modalities in 558 and 555 segments, respectively. Sensitivity for stenoses greater than 50% and occlusion was 94.4% and 91.1% for observers 1 and 2, respectively, and specificity was 90.6% and 91.3%. More distal runoff vessels were shown with MR angiography in seven cases and with conventional angiography in two cases. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the peripheral vessels with a 1.0-T system and dedicated peripheral angiography coil is feasible, and in some cases, it provides additional information compared with conventional angiography.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

The present place of routine ultrasound screening.

The value of routine ultrasound examinations is illustrated in Table 3. Ultrasound examination may of course be indicated in early pregnancy on clinical grounds. If it is not, we recommend that all patients should have measurement of the BPD between 16 to 18 weeks' gestation even if they have optimal menstrual histories. It is preferable to have a routine ultrasound service if a MSAFP programme is offered because, although it is possible to scan only patients with a raised MSAFP, prior knowledge of gestational age helps in the timing of the sample and prevents concern in patients with inaccurate dates. At 16 to 18 weeks' gestation multiple pregnancies can be diagnosed reliably and many structural abnormalities can be detected even when the routine examination is performed by non-medically trained personnel. A fundal placenta at 16 to 18 weeks' gestation excludes the possibility of placenta praevia. Seeing the fetus on the ultrasound screen and watching fetal movements strengthens parental feelings towards pregnancy. A repeat ultrasound examination in the third trimester to measure AC is superior to clinical means of detecting growth retardation. Placental localization at this gestation is accurate and has removed the need for the hazardous 'examination under anaesthetic'. If facilities are available we recommend that every patient has a repeat scan in the third trimester. If facilities are insufficient then we recommend that high risk patients have serial scans and that other patients have SFH measurement at each antenatal visit, and that only those that have a low SFH should have repeat ultrasound examinations. Until the day arrives when there is sufficiently trained personnel, adequate equipment and time to perform detailed examinations of all fetuses at 16 to 18 weeks' gestation, together with serial examination and measurement of all growth parameters, we feel the above schema makes the best use of available facilities.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reflexions on the aspects characterizing the new INAIL tables regarding occupational diseases].

The AA examine the new Tables for occupational diseases in industry and agriculture, which have recently approved with the Presidential Decree n.336, april 13, 1994. The main innovations are analysed, like the elimination of some too generic terms, which had often allowed contrasting interpretations and a non univocal jurisprudence. Other innovative aspects regard the new acquisitions of occupational medicine and strengthen, in the new formulation, the principles of the presumption of law in establishing a relation of cause and effect.

Deafness↗
PubMed1975

Tables of critical values for examining compositional non-randomness in proteins and nucleic acids.

A binomially distributed statistic pchi2i is defined which in conjunction with a set of critical tables permits, for peptides or proteins of arbitrary lengths, a well-defined answer to the question: Does the proportion of a particular amino acid iota present in that protein deviate significantly from random expectation? An analogous statistic is defined for nucleic acids. This statistic is simply related to the classical chi-squared test. The classical chi2 and the pchi2i are supplementary in that the former permits one to determine that a non-randomness in amino acid composition exists in a protein, while the latter permits one to localize that non-randomness to particular amino acids. The pchi2i statistic takes into account explicity the compositional fluctuations imposed by the finite length of proteins. The tables are more exact than any hitherto existing, and require no intermediate calculations for their use: from the direct experimental measurement of the number of residues of amino acid iota, one immediately reads from the tables whether the number observed is within random expectation or not. These statistics are used to analyze eight proteins of diverse length, function, and origin in an accompanying paper.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

[[An analysis of life course patterns in Japan: the effects of mortality and nuptiality changes between 1965 and 1985]].

"In this study, we examined the impact on the marital life course patterns [of] mortality and nuptiality changes.... We have constructed the marital-state life table for the [years] 1965 and 1985 based on Japanese data. By using the marital-state life table, we examined the sensitivity of the mortality and nuptiality changes on life course patterns." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1980

[Results of a Rorschach study of patients with tumors of the right and left frontal lobes].

Perception of Rorshach's tables was examined in 124 patients with tumors of the frontal lobes. Statistically significant differences were found in the interpretation of the tables depending upon the affection site. The patients with tumors of the left frontal lobe show an increase of the mean time of reaction and response, a decrease of the general amount of interpretations, a relatively high percentage of answers with a distinct form and answers to large details, and an increased fatiguability. The patients with tumors of the right frontal lobe show a decreased amount of answers with a distinct form, an increase of colour form, purely coloured, whole and confabulatory interpretations with bad forms. In bilateral frontal tumors there are more signs inherent in lesions of the right frontal lobe. Comparison of the data obtained with literary evidence suggests that differences in the perception of the tables in patients with organ brain lesions are to a higher degree determined by the lateralization of the pathological process, rather than by the etiology of the disease.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Colour displays and look-up tables: real time modification of digital images.

Image processing in biomedical research has become customary, along with use of colour displays to run image processing packages. The performance of softwares is highly dependent on the device they run on: architecture of colour display, depth of frame buffer, existence of look-up table, etc. Knowledge of such basic features is therefore becoming very important, especially because results can differ from device to device. This introductory paper discusses hardware features and software applications. A general architecture of colour displays is exposed, comparing the features of the most commonly used devices. Basic organisation of memory, electron gun and screen are analysed for each type of display, concluding with a more detailed study of raster scan devices. Frame buffer and look-up table organisation are then analysed in relation with overhead expenses such as time and memory. Relation between image data and displayed images is discussed. By means of examples, the manipulation of colour tables is examined in detail, showing how to improve display of images without altering image data. Finally, the basic operations performed by the look-up table editor developed at University of Geneva are presented.

Color↗
PubMed1995

Maternal and Paternal Risk Factors and Birth Outcomes among Asian and Pacific Islanders in Illinois.

PURPOSE. The pupose of this study was to compare maternal and paternal risk factors and the outcomes of Asian Pacific Islander (API) pregnancies with other racial/ethnic groups (Black, Hispanic, and White) in Illinois. METHODS. We examined computerized birth certificate files in Illinois to descriptively analyze birth outcomes and parental characteristics for births occurring between 1989 and 1993. Infant mortality tables were examined for birth cohorts born from 1989 to 1992. Rates among Illinois API groups were presented for the following: maternal and paternal socio-demographic factors; maternal medical risk factors, amount of prenatal care and type of method of delivery; newborn complications and various morbidity outcomes; and, early neonatal mortality. For comparison, simliar Illinois data are presented for Blacks and Whites and Hispanics. We statistically evaluated the significance in variability of rates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. APIs in Illinois experienced a lower infant mortality rate. API mothers were more likely to be married, beyond the teenage years, have more education and smoke less often during their pregnancy than any of the other racial/ethnic groups. In addition, API mothers were more likely to experience primiparity rather than high parity. We detected statistically signifacnt differences for maternal and paternal socio-demographic characteristics among the four populations (p<0.0001). Similarly we found statistically significant differences in risk factors during pregnancy and labor and delivery complications among four race/ethnic population (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. Fetal, neonatal, post-natal and infant mortality rates were the lowest among APIs when compared to Hispanic, Black and White neonates. These differences were statistically signifacant. However, rates of inadequate prenatal care, labor and elivery complications, prematurity and low birth weight were not similarly lower among APIs. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICAN POPULATIONS. This paper provides a state-level examination of parental risk factors and birth outcomes among APIs. KEY WORDS. infant mortality rates; pregnancy outcomes; prenatal care; maternal risk factors; paternal risk factors; women; Illinois.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

[Diagnosis of ligamentous injuries of the knee joint (author's transl)].

The importance of capsular ligaments, in addition to the collateral ligaments and crucial ligaments, for stability of knee joint is accented. By systematic clinical examination the loss of stability and thereby the injured structures are determined with particular reference to rotatory instability by complex loss of stability. By sketches and tables, the examination procedure for the three topographic fields--medial system, lateral system, and crucial ligaments--is shown.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drop leg Lachman test. A new test of anterior knee laxity.

We describe a new method of evaluating anterior cruciate stability that we call the drop leg Lachman test. This test is performed with the patient supine and the leg to be examined abducted off the side of the table and flexed 25 degrees. The thigh is stabilized to the examining table with one of the examiner's hands, and the patient's foot is held between the examiner's legs. The examiner's free hand provides the anteriorly directed force as done in the Lachman test. A prospective study of 52 patients who were identified as unilaterally anterior cruciate ligament deficient was conducted. Forty-two subjects were tested while conscious, and 40 subjects were tested under anesthesia. Each subject was examined with a KT-1000 arthrometer. In the conscious group, the drop leg Lachman test resulted in 1.8 mm greater average excursion than the Lachman test. In the anesthetized group, the drop leg Lachman test resulted in 2.4 mm more average translation than the Lachman test. In both groups, the difference between tests was statistically significant. The drop leg Lachman test is physically easier to perform than the Lachman test, and it is a sensitive method of demonstrating anterior laxity in an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Assessing dermatitis in epidemiologic studies: occupational skin disease among California grape and tomato harvesters.

We conducted a cross-sectional investigation to determine whether table grape harvesters, who have significant cutaneous contact with crop-associated materials that may cause skin disease, are more likely to develop dermatitis than are a control group of tomato workers performing mechanical harvesting with minimal cutaneous contact with crop-associated substances. A secondary aim was to develop methods for studying skin disease in farm workers, including a standard questionnaire and physical examination. California table grape workers (n = 183) and tomato workers (n = 43) completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and waist-up physical examination at their work site during harvest operations. On physical examination, pustular eruptions such as acne and folliculitis were present in 30% of subjects, and eczematous rashes were noted in 10% of subjects. Irritant or allergic contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 2% of subjects. No significant differences in prevalence for these skin conditions were observed between the two groups of workers. In contrast to the physical examination results, grape workers were more likely than tomato workers to report a rash occurring in the previous 3 months (52% vs. 19%, p less than 0.001). Explanations for this discrepancy are discussed. The sensitivity of the questionnaire for current skin conditions was 31%, and the specificity was 94%. Improved sensitivity was seen for eczematous skin conditions (55%). We conclude that questionnaires provide an efficient means of assessing subject characteristics, but may have limited sensitivity for some dermatologic outcomes.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗