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PubMed1998

[Recall of traumatic life events at the time of national socialism in (former) Jewish emigrants and concentration camp prisoners].

Semi-structured interviews with 248 (former) Jewish emigrants and extermination camp survivors in Germany and three destination countries of Jewish emigration (Argentina, Israel, United States) indicate that reminiscence of traumatic experiences suffered from National Socialist Germany occurs in numerous daily contexts. In later life, traumatic memories do not only occur spontaneously and unexpectedly; moreover, they are an essential part of the people's frame of reference for questions about personal identity, perceptions of social relationships, society and societal development, and coping with specific themes. Following a pilot study on subjective reconstruction of the life course in (former) Jewish emigrants and extermination camp survivors, different phases of post-holocaust development are distinguished. Self-ratings for intensity of traumatic reminiscence for these phases of personal development support the hypothesis that traumatic reminiscence increased in old age. People highly differ in coping with stressful reminiscence. Some study participants react with depression, anxiety, feelings of survivor guilt, and withdrawal from social relationships. Others, however, are highly engaged in social relationships, especially with the following generations. They want to give a contribution to the educational work of their society and to prevent discrimination, racism, and xenophobia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

[The German science of schizophrenia and psychiatric emigration].

1933-1938 German psychiatry has suffered great losses, the consequences of which are investigated as far as schizophrenia theory is concerned. Our stress is on American schizophrenia theory, for the bulk of psychiatrists has emigrated to the US, and after their arrival an unprecedented rise of psychiatry began. Even prior to this time Kraepelin's theory of dementia praecox had, adversely to the English-American tradition, intruded into American psychiatry, seen via the critical eyes of Adolf Meyer though. Meyer added a psychodynamic cultural theory, which was followed by an unduly expansion of schizophrenia diagnoses. The phenomenological school was little common, and because of its completely different philosophy was hardly understood in the US. Its principal publication, "schizophrenia", edited 1932 by Wilmans, has not been translated into English. E. von Domarus was capable to unfold a thorough influence across Arieti, which has been shown in core example. The American psychodynamic school was hardly comparable to its European counterpart, therefore its exponents, e.g. F. and O. Kant, were barely known. One of the most important schools of family therapy originated under the personal influence of Adolf Meyer and was supported by Ruth Wilmans-Lidz. Most of its members later joined the psychoanalytic movement. Nearly all of the German speaking psychoanalysts have emigrated. Nevertheless psychoanalytic emigrants have added little to schizophrenia theory. Their contributions mainly concerned therapy, which necessitates a theory also. The example of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann has been shown more in detail, and a few others have been mentioned. Particular paragraphs are dedicated as to how Leopold Bellak conveyed European schizophrenia literatur, others to Frederick Redlich and the stratum theory, as well as Heinz Lehman and psychopharmacology. Starting 1953 psychopharmacology developed rapidly and generated a "New Psychiatry", which ended up in DSM III. Its schizophrenia theory dropped the ideas of the preceding decades and, as far as phenomenology is concerned, attached to its further development in nazi Germany.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed1995

[Rural emigration in the inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia].

"Inscribed within an ancient national tradition, rural emigration in the interandean valleys of Bolivia is gaining importance. The country's contemporary crises and the immigration policies of the host countries maintain the flux trend towards Argentina while enabling new destination targets: the United States, and more recently Israel and Japan. In these Bolivian lands, the emigration derived income provides the driving force of family economies and triggers development of the local territory. At the same time, emigration induces a process of socio-economic differentiation in peasant communities which weakens the food-system and increases family nutritional risks in the populations marginal to this migration system. In addition to these mutations there is a strong sociocultural destructuring which affects community-cohesion in local societies." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1982

The impact of emigration on national development in the Arab region: the case of the Yemen Arab Republic.

"The focus of this article is the impact of emigration on national development in labor sending countries experiencing wide-scale emigration, the main contention being that, due to the characteristics of contemporary labor movements among Arab countries, there obtains a contradiction between short term benefits and long term adverse effects. The article briefly defines development, then presents empirical evidence from the Yemen Arab Republic of the negative impact of labor emigration."

Asia↗
PubMed1990

Scottish emigration in the 1980s: a migration channels approach to the study of skilled international migration.

"British emigration is now dominated by skilled transient movements rather than traditional settler emigration movements. This switch requires new frameworks for migration analysis. A migration channels approach is advocated with attention focused on the roles of the internal labour markets of multi-national companies, international recruitment agencies and international skill transfers by small- and intermediate-sized companies in moulding contemporary skilled migration. The migration processes which have emerged in relation to the operation of these three channels can be differentiated in terms of migrant characteristics, the status of migration contracts and patterns of movement. The regional dimension is highlighted in this article by contrasting the experience of recent Scottish emigration with that of the South-East of England. Three data sources (the International Passenger Survey, the results of a survey questionnaire, and company case study material) are employed to illustrate the nature of Britain's main migration channels. It is argued that the three channels are responsible for a selective structuring of the British migration system."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

[Emigration from Croatia to overseas and to European countries from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1981--an attempt at quantification].

"The paper analyses the quantitative aspect of emigration [from Croatia] to European and overseas countries in the period from the middle of the 19th century till 1981 (the time of the last census). Analysing various sources and studies, the author presents data on emigration form individual Croatian lands (Istria, civil Croatia, Dalmatia) in relation to individual emigration flows (to Europe, overseas) and periods (before World War I, the inter-war period, the post-war period), and at the same time he examines external migration as an effect of the two world wars." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Croatia↗
PubMed1995

[Mexico and Japanese emigrants].

"Japanese immigration to Mexico began in the last decade of the 19th century with a coffee growing project, and proved a failure. Subsequent attempts [at] sending contract labor migrants by emigration agencies, which involved 10,000 Japanese emigrants in 1901-1908, were also unsuccessful, and Mexico turned for Japanese emigrants into a short step on their way to the United States. The evolution of those who remained in Mexico and the different developments of the Japanese communities in Mexico [are] analyzed here until the period after World War II." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Municipal records in nineteenth century Dutch emigration research.

Dutch emigrant registration records for the nineteenth century are examined in an effort to shed light on the local circumstances of the Dutch emigration movement. "Since nineteenth century emigration took place mostly through primary contacts this article will examine the newly established immigrant settlements as 'communities transplanted'...which directs our research to include local municipal records such as population censuses, population registers (which were supplemented after 1861 with registers of in- and out-migration), tax records, and records of vital events like marriage, birth and death registers. The quality and availability of these records vary from place to place, but generally speaking, in the case of the Netherlands, they are of high quality since population registration at the municipal level was required by law. The source of information for the local records are the population registers (Bevolkings Registers) which were originally constructed on the basis of information obtained from the 1850 population census...."

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1993

[Emigration from the Soviet Union during its last years. Part 2].

The author "deals with the emigration of the citizens of the previous Soviet Union to the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States of America and to some other countries. It contains the data on numbers of ethnic Germans [who] emigrated to the Federal Republic of Germany during the years 1968-1981, on emigrants coming to the United States, by country of birth and on those receiving the status of permanent [residence] in the United States during 1961-1989." Future migration trends are estimated, and the impact of political changes and economic development is considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Americas↗
PubMed2004

Immigration, emigration and the ageing of the overseas-born population in the United Kingdom.

This article uses data from the 1971 and 2001 Censuses, the 1999-2003 Labour Force Survey and the 1977 to 2002 International Passenger Survey to investigate the migration processes contributing to the age structure and ageing of the UK's overseas-born population. Overall almost half of recent decades' immigrants to the UK emigrate again within five years of arrival, but with large variation by overseas country of birth. Between half and two thirds of the immigrants born in the continental European Union, North America and Oceania emigrate again within five years, while 15 per cent of those born in the Indian subcontinent do so. Significant cumulative emigration more than five years after arrival is seen among earlier immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean Commonwealth and Europe. Large country-of-origin variations in the ratio of pension-age population to working-age population primarily reflect the country composition of immigration streams 30 or more years before.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Medical manpower in South Africa--emigration during 1975 - 1981 of doctors qualifying after 1955.

Emigration figures are established for those doctors who qualified after 1955 and who were listed on the South African Medical and Dental Council's register for 1975, on the basis of their addresses in 1981. Emigration is higher among more recent graduates and those from the older established universities, reaching as much as 30% for the period 1975-1981. Emigration is generally lower among doctors practising in rural as opposed to urban areas. There is little difference between specialists and non-specialists. Recent graduates with an overseas primary qualification are a highly transient population.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The psychosocial problems in a population of emigrant Italian workers].

The psycho-social problems of a group of 365 Italian emigrants to Switzerland, admitted to psychiatric hospitals, were studied. It was found that non professional subjects (housewives, unemployed, retired) and manual workers (builders, waiters, factory workers) were more likely to suffer from psycho-social disorders. Only 11.1% of those studied had received a secondary education, therefore it could be assumed that subjects having a low technical and cultural level were less prepared, psychologically, for their new situation and were thus more susceptible to psycho-social disorders. The most frequent diagnoses were found to be: affective disorders, alcohol addiction, opiate addiction and schizophrenia. The study revealed that emigrants ran a greater risk of first time admittance to psychiatric wards whereas the local population had a greater number of relapses. In conclusion it is stressed that assistance with an aim to improve work, social and relationship conditions and to integrate the emigrants into their host society can reduce some forms of psycho-social disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Factors influencing the emigration of physicians from Canada to the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether location of postgraduate medical training and other factors are associated with the emigration of physicians from Canada to the United States. DESIGN: Case-control study, physicians were surveyed with the use of a questionnaire mailed in May 1994 (with a reminder sent in September 1994), responses to which were accepted until Dec. 31, 1994. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians randomly selected from the CMA database, 4000 with addresses in Canada and 4000 with current addresses in the United States and previous addresses in Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES: Sex, age, location of undergraduate and postgraduate medical training, qualifications, practice location, opinions concerning residence decisions, current satisfaction and plans. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 49.6% (50.0% among physicians in the United States and 49.2% among those in Canada). Age and sex distributions were similar among the 8000 questionnaire recipients and the nearly 4000 respondents. Physicians living in the United States were more likely to be older (mean 53.2 v. 49.6 years of age), male (87% v. 75%) and specialists (79% v. 52%) than those practising in Canada. Postgraduate training in the United States was associated with subsequent emigration (odds ratio 9.2, 95% confidence interval 7.8 to 10.7). However, in rating the importance of nine factors in the decision to emigrate or remain in Canada, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the rating assigned to location of postgraduate training. Professional factors rated most important by most physicians in both groups were professional/clinical autonomy, availability of medical facilities and job availability. Remuneration was considered an equally important factor by those in Canada and in the United States. Six of seven personal/family factors were rated as more important to their choice of practice location by respondents in Canada than by those in the United States. Current satisfaction was significantly higher among respondents in the United States. Most physicians in each group planned to continue practising at their current location. Of Canadian respondents, 22% indicated that they were more likely to move to the United States than they were a year beforehand, whereas 4% of US respondents indicated that they were more likely to return to Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Factors affecting the decision to move to the United States or remain in Canada can be categorized as "push" factors (e.g., government involvement) and "pull" factors (e.g., better geographic climate in the US). Factors can also be categorized by whether they are amenable to change (e.g., availability of medical facilities) or cannot be managed (e.g., proximity of relatives). An understanding of the reasons why physicians immigrate to the United States or remain in Canada is essential to planning physician resources nationally.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Evaluation of certain personality trains in Czech emigrants. (The problem of so-called "debohemization")].

The author, a Czech psychiatrist residing in the U.S.A. since 1968, discusses some aspects of personality changes in emigrants living permanently in a different country. Focusing on Czech emigrants, the author has coined the term "Debohemization" for some of these personality changes. The "Debohemization" may appear as an "active" one in those individuals, who are trying to be assimilated by a new culture as quickly as possible. On the other hand, even those emigrants, who cling to their original identity (language and various specific cultural manifestations of their old country) also show signs of "Debohemization", which could be called "passive" Debohemization, and depends on the length of time spent in the new country.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Recent thymic emigrants are distinct from most medullary thymocytes.

In the mouse thymus, newly formed single positive (SP) cells spend an average of 14 days in the thymic medulla. During this time, phenotypic and functional maturation occurs with down-regulation of CD69 and heat stable antigen (HSA), and up-regulation of Qa-2. Very little is known about the final steps that allow or direct these T cells to emigrate and join the recirculating peripheral T cell pool. Currently available data suggest that not all recent thymic emigrants (RTE) complete this maturational sequence in the medulla and that emigration may occur at any time during the medullary maturation stage. In this study, we have compared adhesion and activation marker expression on SP thymocytes, RTE and peripheral T cells to determine more precisely which SP medullary thymocytes are exported. Although RTE were heterogeneous for HSA and Qa-2 expression, they were quite uniform with regard to the expression of other molecules. In contrast to medullary SP thymocytes, most RTE were L-selectin(high) and CD69-. In addition, CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8+ RTE were phenotypically distinct from each other in that the former were beta7 integrin(-/low), CD45RB(intermediate) and CD45RC-, while the latter were beta7 integrin(high), CD45RB(high) and CD45RC(low). These phenotypes were comparable to only a minor (as little as 6%) subpopulation of medullary SP thymocytes. Overall, the data indicate that export of cells from the medullary pool of SP thymocytes is not random, but that a series of maturational events within the SP stage are necessary before export can occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome: insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte emigration.

Important insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte emigration have come from studies of the leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndrome, a rare heritable disorder caused by deficiency of the leukocyte beta 2 integrin receptor CD11/CD18. Severely affected patients exhibit a profound defect in neutrophil emigration to tissue. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the CD11/CD18 complex is the major determinant of the firm adhesion and transendothelial migration of neutrophils. The inability of CD11/CD18-deficient neutrophils to adhere to and migrate across endothelium results in a profound defect in neutrophil emigration to tissue which leads to recurrent infection. The careful investigation of the LAD syndrome has also helped to characterize CD11/CD18-independent adhesion pathways such as the selectin receptors and the beta 1 integrin receptor VLA-4. Interestingly, although the LAD syndrome clearly establishes the importance of the beta 2 integrin receptors in host defense, inhibition of CD11/CD18 function may represent a novel approach to the therapy of inflammatory and immune disorders.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1976

Mechanisms by which leukocytes emigrate and induce tissue destruction.

Chronic inflammatory reactions are characterized by emigration of leukocytes to chemotactic stimuli and the subsequent release of intracellular enzymes which propogate the inflammatory reaction and cause tissue injury. The adoptive transfer of isologous 51Cr labeled leukocytes was used as a model to dissect the cellular mechanisms involved in cell accumulation to the site of immune complex or complement mediated inflammatory reactions. An intact microtubular system was necessary only for neutrophil emigration whereas cell membrane integrity was necessary for mononuclear cell but not neutrophil accumulation in vivo. The accumulation of both cell types was inhibited following phagocytosis or in the presence of corticosteroids. Release of protein polysaccharide degrading neutral protease activity from leukocytes in the presence of immune complexes was dependent upon intact microtubular activity and cell membrane integrity since agents affecting these systems inhibited enzyme release. Conversely collagenase activity released from leukocytes under the same conditions was not inhibited by these agents. Evidence will be presented indicating that the emigration of specific cell types and the release of selected enzyme systems are controlled by separate and distinct mechanistic pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A parity-dependent immigration-birth-death-emigration process.

An immigration-birth-death-emigration process is studied when the immigration, birth, death, and emigration parameters depend on two parity classes of individuals, namely, zero and nonzero parity. The expected number of individuals in the population at time t and that of emigrants in (0,t) of both parity classes are obtained using the probability generating function (pgf) technique. The explicit expression for the pgf of the process is derived when the parameters are parity-independent. Population extinction and some limiting results are also discussed.

Candida albicans↗