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PubMed1997

Occupational medicine in Canada and Poland in the 1990s.

Canada and Poland share many demographic and economic characteristics: both countries are relatively large, urbanised, historically dependent on extractive industries, and comparable in population. The principal differences reflect their recent histories and economic systems. We compare the development of occupational medicine in each country and the historical forces that shaped the specialty in each country. We describe certain features of the Canadian occupational health system that may be of interest and propose a program of scientific cooperation for mutual benefit.

Canada↗
PubMed1989

Utilization behaviour patterns of Siddha clinics in Salem, Tamil Nadu.

In Tamil Nadu, indigenous Siddha medicine (SM) is officially recognized and extensively used. Yet very little research information or published material is available on the extent of utilization behaviour of Siddha medicine in urban settings. This study examines the current patterns of utilization and consumer behavioural characteristics of SM through a field-based questionnaire survey of a sample of 300 patients attending 15 Siddha clinics in Salem, Tamil Nadu. Four areas were investigated: Socio-economic characteristics of the users; utilization behaviour pattern of patients; reasons for choice of Siddha therapy; opinions, attitudes, perception and satisfaction of users regarding Siddha therapy. The survey points out there is an inverse relationship between the number of patients using SM and income, education and distance travelled. Various factors were cited in choosing SM-such as, effectiveness of treatment, social influences of a relative or friend. Survey indicates that both modern medicine and SM seem to act as supporting rather than as competitive systems in a setting like Salem. People tend to seek both the system in search of a permanent cure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Adaptation to a new world: experience of Bangladeshis in Japan.

The author explores aspects of Bangladeshi migration to Japan. "The information base for the study is two major sources: sections on the level and trend of migration, socio-economic characteristics of migrants and their job experiences in Japan are based on a survey of Bangladeshi returned migrants from Japan. Information on their socio-economic adjustment was obtained from personal interviews with migrants who had lived and worked in Japan." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Variation in fertility between different types of local area.

Trends in fertility at the national level have been described in a recent article in the Population Review series. This article examines variations in the pattern of fertility experienced in different kinds of area within England and Wales. For this purpose use is made of the new ONS classification of local authorities into 11 groups and 29 clusters of areas with similar socio-economic characteristics. The classification was developed from statistics collected in the 1991 Census of Population. Although proportions of residents aged 0-4, 5-14, and 25-44 were among the 37 Census variables used to define groups and clusters of similar areas, the analysis did not make direct use of any measure of fertility related to ages of women at childbirth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Hematocrit values and prevalence of anemia in schoolchildren of Jujuy].

The hematocrit (Ht), as an indicator of anemia in individuals and populations, shows variations in relation to mesologic and genetic factors. Anemia is an endemic disease with insufficiently known prevalence in Argentina, in different age and risk groups and particularly in schoolchildren. The aim of this work was to study the variation of schoolchildren Ht in San Salvador of Jujuy city located at 1,200 m.a.s.l. in order to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and to relate these variations to the socio-economic characteristics of the population. The Ht data proceed from 17,580 schoolchildren of private and public schools. They were grouped by age, sex and socio-economic level. Were considered as anemic the children whose Ht was found: a) under a minimal value accepted for the 1200 m level; b) below 2 standard deviations. For the statistical analysis, ANOVA, chi 2 and correlation coefficient were employed. Independently of age, sex and socio-economic level, the average Ht values agree with those adjusted for the altitude. We observed: a) statistically significant intersex differences, males showing higher values than females; b) a trend to the Ht augmentation in relationship to the increase of the socio-economic level. Independently of the criterion used the prevalence of anemia was low in both sexes, age groups and in all socio-economic levels. Ht values: a) are representative of a schoolchildren population located at a moderate altitude; b) in spite of a trend to decrease in the low socio-economic level, this did not surpass, in most cases, the critical anemia level; c) are not indicative of malnutrition in the schoolchildren examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[International migration in the Arab region].

"The main aim of the present paper was to establish the dimensions of international labour migration in the Arab world in the last ten to fifteen years, to describe the major characteristics of a particular process of movement of labour in the area and to point to the factors that have [affected] the politics of the countries of employment. A further aim was to show the specific features of labour force presence of a particular country of origin (Arab and Asian) and to give the socio-economic characteristics of the different migrant groups employed in the countries of the Middle East." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Africa↗
PubMed1998

The characteristics of persons from the mainland having resided in Hong Kong for less than 7 years.

"This article presents the characteristics of persons from the Mainland having resided in Hong Kong for less than 7 years based on information provided by the one-way permit holders to the Immigration Department when they first entered Hong Kong and also on the findings of the 1996 Population By-census. The demographic characteristics of the one-way permit holders coming to Hong Kong during the period 1990-1996 are analysed in detail. A comparison of the socio-economic characteristics of persons from the Mainland having resided in Hong Kong for less than 7 years with the whole population of Hong Kong using the 1996 Population By-census results is also made."

Asia↗
PubMed1990

Jews on the move: implications for American Jewry and for local communities.

"Internal migration has most likely become the major dynamic responsible for the growth or decline of many Jewish communities and for the redistribution of the American-Jewish population across the United States in a pattern quite different from that characterizing American Jewry earlier in the century.... The analysis which follows will be restricted to an assessment of migration into the State of Rhode Island.... This paper begins with an overall description of the migration patterns of the population, set against some background information on migration to Rhode Island generally. Following this, attention will focus on how the migrants to the State, classified by duration of residence, differ from non-migrants with respect to socio-economic characteristics. Finally, migrants and non-migrants will be compared on selected behavioural indicators designed to measure integration into the religious and social life of the community."

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in social characteristics and risk factors for asthma and allergies among children and adolescents in Italy].

One of the main objectives of SIDRIA-2 study was to evaluate the possible changes in the occurrence of social characteristics and risk factors for asthma and allergies in childhood, comparing the data obtained in 2002 to those collected in 1994-1995. A positive change in socio-economic characteristics of the childrens' and adolescents' families was generally observed. The levels of exposure to outdoor (traffic) and indoor (passive smoking) pollutants are still high, although a decreasing trend in parents' smoking habits is evident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Multilevel modelling of the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil.

Epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in major Brazilian cities are new phenomena since 1980. As determinants of transmission in urban settings probably operate at different geographic scales, and information is not available for each scale, a multilevel approach was used to examine the effect of canine infection and environmental and socio-economic factors on the spatial variability of incidence rates of VL in the city of Teresina. Details on an outbreak of greater than 1200 cases of VL in Teresina during 1993-1996 were available at two hierarchical levels: census tracts (socio-economic characteristics, incidence rates of human VL) and districts, which encompass census tracts (prevalence of canine infection). Remotely sensed data obtained by satellite generated environmental information at both levels. Data from census tracts and districts were analysed simultaneously by multilevel modelling. Poor socio-economic conditions and increased vegetation were associated with a high incidence of human VL. Increasing prevalence of canine infection also predicted a high incidence of human VL, as did high prevalence of canine infection before and during the epidemic. Poor socio-economic conditions had an amplifying effect on the association between canine infection and the incidence of human VL. Focusing interventions on areas with characteristics identified by multilevel analysis could be a cost-effective strategy for controlling VL. Because risk factors for infectious diseases operate simultaneously at several levels and ecological data usually are available at different geographical scales, multilevel modelling is a valuable tool for epidemiological investigation of disease transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Factors associated with prenatal care among low income women in the State of São Paulo, Brazil].

This paper presents the results of a study carried out in 1988 in the State of S. Paulo, with the purpose of evaluating the Program for Women's Integral Health Care. A total of 3.703 low income women of 15-49 years of age were interviewed using a structured, pre-tested form. The data in this paper relate to 669 women who had been pregnant during 1987 or 1988 and who were asked about pre-natal, delivery and post-partum care. The association between some of their socio-demographic characteristics and the pre-natal care received, months pregnant at the time of first visit and total number of visits, were analysed. Results showed an association between socio-economic characteristics and pre-natal care received. The greatest percentage of pregnant women who had had pre-natal care was found among those with more than elementary education. The highest percentage of women who started prenatal care before the third month of pregnancy was found among those who had no living children (74%), were in union (70%), had at least some high school education (88%) and lived in the interior of the state (71%). The results show that it is necessary to increase the coverage and quality of pre-natal care so as to improve perinatal results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Socio-regional context as a determinant of adolescents' health behaviour in Finland.

Until recently, the role of socio-regional context as a determinant of adolescents' health behaviour has been largely neglected in health studies. Usually the focus is on characteristics of individuals, while the potentially equally strong effect of the context is left unanalysed. Using multi-level data we studied whether socio-regional context influences health behaviour and whether it modifies differences by socio-economic background of adolescents. The individual level data derive from the (Finnish) Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey. In the survey, nationally representative data of 16- and 18-year old Finns were collected in 1991 and 1993 by mailed questionnaires (total n = 9121, response rate = 76%). These data were linked with a database that included socio-economic characteristics of municipalities. Three dimensions of the socio-regional context were measured: level of services, occupational structure and self-sufficiency of employment. In a series of logistic regression models, factors related to daily smoking, weekly alcohol use, use of high milk fat products and frequent physical activity were analysed. Socio-economic background of the adolescent was a strong determinant of all four health behaviours. Drinking and use of high milk fat products were, however, also related to the socio-regional context. The relationship between socio-regional context and these behaviours was dissimilar, so that the dimensions of the socio-regional context that were related to the behaviours were different among boys than among girls. Our study shows that socio-regional context associates with adolescents' alcohol use and use of high milk fat products, while the more detailed nature of this relationship remains unclear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Values in health care.

The first part of the paper is concerned with the health care values of various groups; namely, those which are resource oriented, disease oriented, political decision-makers, organized sellers and purchasers of health care and patients. These groups are further divided according to selected political/ideological and socio-economic characteristics, essentially along capitalist and socialist lines. Some of the ways in which the values held by these groups are determined, formulated and, by implication at least, changed and the political, economic and other bases for some of their practical applications are identified. The second part of the paper focuses upon values in public health education and related practice. It is argued that to become more useful to the 'health of the public' the new public health worker will have to become more activist, assuming an adversarial stance toward the market economy in capitalist countries and oppressive governmental structures everywhere. A wider integration of knowledge concerning the effects of health of all types of economic, social and political practices is required; this, in turn, would contribute to the emergence of alternative forms of public health analysis and practice. The recognition of wider forms of public health leadership should follow, coupled with organizational changes directed at the greater participation of popular groupings in all types of public health activities.

Capitalism↗
PubMed1997

The Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study--differential mortality in Israel 1983-1992: objectives, materials, methods and preliminary results.

The main objective of this study was to investigate mortality differentials in the Israeli population, aged 40 years and above, with regard to major demographic and socio-economic characteristics, in the nine-and-a-half years following the census of 1983. The method of data collection consisted of a linkage of records from the 20% sample of the census with the records of deaths occurring until the end of 1992. The linked file contains the socio-economic and demographic data from the census, and dates and causes of death taken from the death records. This paper focuses on a systematic evaluation of the quality of the linked file, and includes a description of the characteristics of the file. Methods of verification are presented and sources of possible errors are discussed. Results of bivariate analyses of mortality differentials in relation to marital status, ethnic origin, level of education, employment, occupation and income are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

International and return migration: the experience of Yemen.

"This study deals with the impact of...return migrants (or returnees) on the social and economic development of the Republic of Yemen in both the short and long terms, and assesses the possibility of their integration into the society and economy of the new Republic. The first section offers a brief history of Yemeni migration and description of the demographic and economic characteristics of the returnees compared with those of the non-migrant population. It also discusses the volume of remittances.... The second section...discusses the problems encountered in integrating [returnees] into the socio-economic fabric of the new State, the absorptive capacity of the various economic sectors, and the prospects for their employment in the short and medium run."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

Outmigration of foreign-born members in Canada.

"This paper studies the partial effect of various socio-economic characteristics on the rate of outmigration of the foreign-born from the Canadian population. The data sets used are based on the microdata of the 1971 and 1981 censuses of population. It is found that migrants with high school education have the highest propensity to outmigrate, while those with less than high school education have the lowest. The propensity to outmigrate is positively related to the age of the migrant. Males tend to have a higher propensity to outmigrate, while having a command of official languages reduces the propensity to outmigrate." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Looking back to look forward: lessons from four birth cohorts for ageing in the 21st century.

Government projections indicate that by 2026 the number persons aged 60 and over living in Britain will reach 17.1 million, giving rise to concerns about the social and economic costs of an ageing population. Little attention, however, has been paid to the likely socio-economic characteristics of those retiring in the twenty-first century, and how they may differ from previous cohorts of elderly persons. This research analyses data from the General Household Survey (1974-1996) to examine the social and economic experiences of four birth cohorts. Findings indicate significant differences in the living arrangements, health and access to resources amongst the cohorts, which will have implications for the retirement prospects of the post-war baby boom generations in 2020 and beyond.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1982

[Factors affecting infant mortality (author's transl)].

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differentials and detect factors affecting infant mortality on the basis of data obtained from the fertility surveys from those countries participating in the World Fertility Survey. In particular, this includes the surveys carried out in Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. 3 types of explanatory variables may be considered from the information available: 1) context variables related to the mother's environment; 2) socioeconomic variables based on the educational and economic characteristics of the mother and her last husband; and 3) biological factors (from each woman's pregnancy history) such as mother's age at birth of the child, order of birth, interbirth interval, etc. The countries, whether high or low mortality, present great differences in child mortality in most of the variables considered. In Panama and Costa Rica there are population sectors with infant mortality rates of around 100/1000 live births, whereas in Peru these are over 150/1000 (children from mothers without education, low agricultural strata, etc.). Besides presenting the differentials, a methodological test is made through the application to Costa Rica and Peru of the Proportional Hazards Model which permits analysis of the effects of variables when acting simultaneously upon mortality in early childhood. The variables which show the highest disparity in mortality level are: natural region among the context variables, education of mother among the socioeconomic variables, and interbirth interval and maternal age at birth of their children among the biological ones.

Birth Intervals↗