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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A decision analysis model to assess the feasibility of the early detection of psychosis in the general population.

The objective was to evaluate the feasibility of early detection of psychosis in the general population. Decision analysis was used to compare the effectiveness of early detection to that of detection as usual to prevent the occurrence of adverse outcomes (death, hospitalization, or unemployment) over 5 years in a hypothetical cohort of subjects aged from 15 to 34 years old. Decision analysis was based upon optimistic models with several assumptions favoring early detection. Sensitivity analyses were used to explore how the findings were affected by varying the different probabilities. Early detection would be effective in preventing the occurrence of adverse outcomes only if detection tests with high specificity (>88%) were available and if a high number of subjects were screened. The numbers needed to screen would be 20,000 subjects to prevent one death, 641 to prevent one hospitalization, and 847 to prevent one unemployment. A temporary conclusion of this decision analysis is that more specific screening instruments have to be developed and that further studies have to be carried out in unselected populations to establish the feasibility and effectiveness of early detection of psychosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Elasticity imaging for early detection of renal pathology.

Early detection of renal pathology may be possible with elasticity imaging. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by quantitatively imaging internal mechanical strain due to surface deformations in an in vitro animal model of nephritis. Preliminary data support the hypothesis that kidney elasticity changes with renal damage and concomitant scarring before problems are detectable by traditional diagnostic techniques such as laboratory measurements of renal function.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Breast cancer screening among older racial/ethnic minorities and whites: barriers to early detection.

Screening mammography for early detection of breast cancer has been shown to be an effective method for reducing mortality in older women. Based on the results from the 1987-88 National Health Interview Survey, older minority women have low prevalence rates of screening mammography. Among women aged 75 and older, 83.5% of Black women, 93.2% of Hispanic women, and 75.0% of White women have never had a mammogram. On the average, about 12% of minority women over the age of 65 have had a screening mammogram within the preceding year, compared with about 15% of White women. Among women 75 + years of age, Black and Hispanic women had markedly lower rates of clinical breast examination in the last year (23.4% and 20.5% respectively) as compared to White women (35.2%). The most common reason for not having a mammogram among Black women 65 years of age and older was that the doctor did not recommend a mammogram. For Hispanic and White women in this age group, the most common reason was that a mammogram was not needed or not necessary. Aggressive and creative breast cancer screening activities for minority aged 65 and older are clearly indicated.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer prevention and early detection.

Advances in the area of cancer prevention and early detection are being made constantly. Basic epidemiologic research continues to provide insight into the impact of carcinogen exposure and the development of cancer. It is exciting to note that the study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene chemoprevention trial is successfully recruiting women, including minority women, to participate. This large chemoprevention trial is providing much insight into how to recruit and retain women to take a chemoprevention agent to ultimately prevent the development of cancer. Advances also are being made in the knowledge base of how to best detect cancer in asymptomatic people. The best screening tool recommendation for the early detection of colorectal cancer remains controversial. Screening for colorectal cancer, however, is the only way to ultimately decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Oncology nurses need to accurately risk for colorectal cancer and provide patients with the necessary information to make an informed choice about the most appropriate screening for their situation. Oncology nurses need to be familiar with new research and advances in cancer prevention and early detection so they can share information with patients and their families.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Is early detection of ovarian cancer possible?

Advances in medical technology have led to potentially useful techniques for the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. Early detection of ovarian cancer is crucial for survival as women found to have Stage I or II disease have a 5-year survival of 90% and 70%, respectively, whereas those with advanced disease (Stage III and IV) have a survival of approximately 20%. The circulating tumour marker CA-125 has been extremely useful in following women known to have epithelial ovarian cancers. It has been employed in differentiating benign tumours from malignancies, and is now being tested in a variety of programmes for its role in the early detection of ovarian cancer. The application of endovaginal ultrasound and colour Doppler flow techniques to early detection of ovarian cancer have resulted in several large series identifying ovarian cancer in 1:1000 to 1:2000 postmenopausal women screened. However, a high false positivity rate persists using CA-125 and ultrasound techniques alone or in sequence. Developments in molecular genetics may be extremely useful in evaluating women with inherited susceptibilities for this disease, but this probably represents only about 3% of the population of the women who develop epithelial ovarian cancer. The cost-benefit analysis of isolated screening for epithelial ovarian cancer using CA-125 and ultrasound techniques, even in women at high risk for the disease, would suggest that such screening is not cost-effective at this time.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1995

[Status of PSA determination for early detection of prostate carcinoma].

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) appears to be useful in the early detection of prostate cancer when used in conjunction with digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Recent studies suggest that the addition of PSA to the routine digital rectal examination leads to detection of prostate cancer at an earlier stage than when digital rectal examination is used alone. In patients with elevated PSA or abnormal DRE prostate biopsies are recommended. However, the routine use of PSA to detect early prostate cancer is limited due to the PSA elevation in patients with prostatic hyperplasia. Possibilities to distinguish BPH from prostate cancer among men who have minimal PSA elevation (4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml) are the use of PSA velocity, PSA density, age adjusted PSA, and analysis of free and complexed PSA. Screening programs for prostate cancer will increase the percentage of localized prostate cancer, which can be cured by radical prostatectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Early detection of lung cancer: role of biomarkers.

Early detection of lung cancer requires none or few invasive techniques. Distal lung cancer (40% of the cases in most European countries) can be sensitively detected by spiral computed tomography. Theoretically, in 60% of cases, the proximal lesions (main to segmental bronchi, accessible by bronchoscopy) should be able to be detected by sputum cytology. Unfortunately, this very specific technique has a low sensitivity and is time consuming. Fluorescent bronchoscopy increases the detection rate of early or micro-invasive lesions and may be proposed in highly selected populations, but not as a screening test. Biomarkers in blood and sputum have not yet been clinically validated. However, the amount of data generated from studies first on resected tumours, then on early bronchial lesions and more recently on blood and sputum offer a wide field for investigation. Lung carcinogenesis is a multistep process characterised by the accumulation of successive molecular genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, resulting in selection of clonal cells with uncontrolled growth capacities throughout the whole respiratory tract (field cancerisation). Molecular lesions far precede morphological transformation of preneoplastic bronchial lesions (dysplasia) or alveolar lesions (atypical alveolar hyperplasia). Genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in the genes involved in cell cycle, senescence, apoptosis, repair, differentiation and cell migration control may be detected on bronchial biopsies, on respiratory cells from the sputum and even in the circulating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The key genes involved include those in the P53-retinoblastoma (Rb) pathways. The balance between cyclin-dependent kinases and their inhibitors regulates the level of Rb phosphorylation and its function at G1-S transition; P53 plays at least two functions (cell cycle and apoptosis control). The balance of bax-bcl2 is important in the control of apoptosis as well as loss of fragile histidine triad expression. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase seems to be important in DNA repair control, the RARbeta receptor in differentiation, and cadherin H and E and different metalloproteases genes in cell migration. The demonstration of hyperexpression or silencing of these genes needs different validated techniques: immunohistochemistry on biopsies or cytological preparations, molecular biology techniques for mutations, loss of heterozygosity and aberrant methylation abnormalities. Automation and miniaturisation of these techniques will allow early detection and may be widely applied once clinically validated.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2001

[Early detection of schizophrenic psychoses].

Difficulties in early detection of schizophrenic psychosis are two-fold: the non-specificity of the prodromal symptoms and the skepticism to or the rejection of the medical treatment by the patient. In this paper we focus on the central role of the GP. Due to the long-lasting trustful relationship with the patient's family he is able to establish a contact to the patient. Questions for the assessment of the most mentioned prodromal symptoms (behaviour, affectivity, cognition) are indicated. Further steps in the evaluation as well as differential diagnoses are pointed out. Finally, the importance of early detection of psychosis and the GP's role herein is shown.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Computer aided decision system for early detection of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Mammography is currently the method of choice for early detection of breast cancer in women. However, the interpretation of mammograms is largely based on radiologist's opinion. In this study an attempt is made to develop an image processing algorithm for the detection of microcalcifications and also a computer based decision system for early detection of breast cancer. The proposed method deals with a novel approach for the development of a computer aided decision (CAD) system for early detection of breast cancer by mammogram image analysis. METHODS: The proposed method employs simple thresholding the region of interest and the use of filters for clear identification of microcalcifications. The method suggested for the detection of microcalcifications from a mammogram image segmentation and analysis was tested over several images taken from mini-MIAS (Mammogram Image Analysis Society, UK) database. The algorithm was implemented using Metlab codes programming and hence can work effectively on a simple personal computer with digital mammogram as stored data for analysis. RESULTS: The algorithm works faster so that any radiologist can take a clear decision about the appearance of microcalcifications by visual inspection of digital mammograms. The performance of the algorithm was tested over several images and the validation of results by visual inspection were done by an expert radiologist. Also, the system has given good detection rate as high as 78 percent. The performance analysis of the CAD algorithm was done by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) plot. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The CAD system suggested here was capable of detecting microcalcifications with a high detection rate, and thus could be used for early detection of breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the early detection of melanoma metastases.

BACKGROUND: The early detection and treatment of tumor recurrences in melanoma patients is dependent on reliable, sensitive, and specific techniques to verify suspected tumor metastases. As of now, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has yet to establish itself in the routine follow-up of melanoma patients. METHODS: FNAC procedures were performed in melanoma patients with palpable tumors or nonpalpable, ultrasonically suspicious lesions. Cytodiagnostic evaluation of fine-needle samples obtained from suspicious lesions was performed morphologically. Findings were validated either by histopathologic diagnosis or prolonged clinical follow-up. RESULTS: The cytologic examination of 739 FNACs from 330 melanoma patients was conducted within 1 day of sampling. Complications were not observed. This study showed a sensitivity of 97.9% and a specificity of 100.0%. Moreover, in 158 FNACs derived from lesions with a diameter less than 1 cm a sensitivity of 94.6% was achieved. Diagnosis of metastatic melanoma with unknown primary tumor was established in 20 cases. CONCLUSIONS: FNAC is very reliable for the early detection of melanoma metastases. FNAC is a swift method free of complications and is able to replace diagnostic surgery completely for nonmalignant lesions in a large number of patients. Moreover, FNAC is especially useful in combination with ultrasound in melanoma follow-up and can enable diagnosis of lesions smaller than 1 cm without impairment of sensitivity or specificity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Pathways to care for first-episode psychosis in an early detection healthcare sector: part of the Scandinavian TIPS study.

BACKGROUND: Early detection programmes aim to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) by public education and by prompt access to treatment via active outreach detection teams. AIMS: To determine whether those with first-episode psychosis in an early detection healthcare area with existing referral channels differ from those who access care via detection teams. METHOD: Those with first-episode psychosis recruited via detection teams were compared with those accessing treatment via conventional channels, at baseline and after 3 months of acute treatment. RESULTS: Patients recruited via detection teams are younger males with a longer DUP, a less dramatic symptom picture and better functioning; however they recover more slowly, and have more symptoms at 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: After establishing low threshold active case-seeking detection teams, we found clear differences between those patients entering treatment via detection teams v. those obtaining treatment via the usual channels. Such profiling may be informative for early detection service development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Future of early detection of lung cancer: the role of mouse models.

Early detection represents one of the most promising approaches to improving lung cancer survival. To date, no screening strategies have been shown to decrease mortality from the disease. Furthermore, no reliable circulating biomarkers of lung cancer have been identified that allow early diagnosis. With the advent of gene targeting technology, new genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer closely recapitulate the pathobiology of human disease. These mouse models have enabled novel approaches to early detection, including the identification of cancer-associated serum markers using proteomic technologies and the development of new molecular imaging tools. The application of innovative technologies to accurate mouse models promises to accelerate the discovery of new molecular targets and imaging biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed2024

Stool Protein Mass Spectrometry Identifies Biomarkers for Early Detection of Diffuse-type Gastric Cancer.

There is a high unmet need for early detection approaches for diffuse gastric cancer (DGC). We examined whether the stool proteome of mouse models of gastric cancer (GC) and individuals with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) have utility as biomarkers for early detection. Proteomic mass spectrometry of the stool of a genetically engineered mouse model driven by oncogenic KrasG12D and loss of p53 and Cdh1 in gastric parietal cells [known as Triple Conditional (TCON) mice] identified differentially abundant proteins compared with littermate controls. Immunoblot assays validated a panel of proteins, including actinin alpha 4 (ACTN4), N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 2 (ASAH2), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and valosin-containing protein (VCP), as enriched in TCON stool compared with littermate control stool. Immunofluorescence analysis of these proteins in TCON stomach sections revealed increased protein expression compared with littermate controls. Proteomic mass spectrometry of stool obtained from patients with HDGC with CDH1 mutations identified increased expression of ASAH2, DPP4, VCP, lactotransferrin (LTF), and tropomyosin-2 relative to stool from healthy sex- and age-matched donors. Chemical inhibition of ASAH2 using C6 urea ceramide was toxic to GC cell lines and GC patient-derived organoids. This toxicity was reversed by adding downstream products of the S1P synthesis pathway, which suggested a dependency on ASAH2 activity in GC. An exploratory analysis of the HDGC stool microbiome identified features that correlated with patient tumors. Herein, we provide evidence supporting the potential of analyzing stool biomarkers for the early detection of DGC. Prevention Relevance: This study highlights a novel panel of stool protein biomarkers that correlate with the presence of DGC and has potential use as early detection to improve clinical outcomes.

Feces↗
PubMed1994

Durability of improved physician early detection of cancer after conclusion of intervention support.

Physicians can potentially play an important role in the early detection of cancer. Interventions designed to encourage these activities have been shown to improve physician performance for up to 1 year. To assess their real value, improved physician performance must be judged over the longer term. The Cancer Prevention in Community Practice Project assisted a random subset of practices in implementing cancer early detection office systems. One year later, these practices were found to have provided more indicated breast and colorectal cancer early detection services than practices that did not receive assistance. This report addresses whether 12-month improvements in breast and colorectal cancer early detection were durable at 24 months despite no appreciable ongoing project support. A cross-sectional survey of 20-30 established patients/practice was conducted 24 months after the introduction of the intervention. These results were compared with base-line, 6-, and 12-month cross-sectional surveys to determine whether increases in indicated services and recommendations persisted. A longitudinal model for binomial data was used to quantitatively assess durability of effects. Ninety-nine practices participated, and 81 provided data at all 4 evaluation intervals. In office systems practices, improvements in stool occult blood testing and self breast examination recommendations to patients were maintained between 12 and 24 months while improvements in mammography recommendations and clinical breast examinations declined somewhat but remained superior to performance in control practices. Some improvements in physician early detection of cancer performance were maintained between 12 and 24 months. Future studies of physician behavior change should include follow-up beyond 12 months.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Endorectal ultrasonography in the follow-up of rectal cancer. Is it a better way to detect early local recurrence?

After curative surgery for rectal cancer, diverse protocols are used in order to detect early possible local recurrence. Our objective was to compare the results obtained by the endorectal ultrasonography (EUS) with other means of assessment. From 1988 to 1995, 140 patients have undergone curative surgery for rectal cancer. The pathological and sonographic lesions were evaluated according to the TNM classification. In 21 patients a local recurrence was diagnosed: 5 of those 21 were corresponding to T 3-4, N 0 and 16 to T 2-4, N 1 stage. All 21 showed evidence of local recurrence by EUS examination, 14 by digital rectal examination, 16 by colonoscopy, 18 by computed tomography, and the carcinoembryonic antigen level was high in 13 cases. In 12 patient who were asymptomatic EUS was positive in 12, digital rectal examination in 5, computer tomography in 9, colonoscopy in 8, and the CEA was increased in 4. Re-resection was possible in 15 cases, 6 with curative approach and 9 palliative. These findings suggest that EUS in care accurate in the early detection of local recurrence compared to other means of assessment review of the. The limited number of patients studies. Main form of assessment required further evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The need for health promotion in oral cancer prevention and early detection.

OBJECTIVES: This review paper provides a rationale for using health promotion to help reduce morbidity and mortality due to oral cancers by identifying barriers to prevention and early detection of these cancers and discussing strategies for change. METHODS: A literature review of the following areas was conducted: epidemiology of and risk factors for oral cancers; knowledge, opinions, and practices of health care providers and the public regarding prevention, early detection, and control of oral cancers; and policies and regulations that either enhance or act as barriers to the prevention and early detection of oral cancers. RESULTS: Overall, the public is ill-informed about risk factors for and signs and symptoms of oral cancers and relatively few US adults have had an oral cancer examination. Further, health care providers are remiss in providing oral cancer examinations and detecting early oral cancers. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve the 13 oral cancer objectives contained in "Healthy People 2000," health care providers and the public must know the risk factors for these cancers as well as their signs and symptoms. Further, health care providers need to provide oral cancer examinations routinely and competently. Equally important, the public needs to know that an examination for oral cancer is available and that they can request one routinely. Thus, a vigorous agenda that includes education, policy, and research initiatives is needed to enhance oral cancer prevention and early detection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Early detection of bleomycin-induced lung injury in rat using indium-111-labeled antibody directed against intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

UNLABELLED: We have investigated whether an (111)In-labeled mouse monoclonal antibody to rat intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ((111)In*aICAM-1) could detect lung injury early in rats treated with bleomycin. METHODS: Rats received an intravenous injection of either (111)In*aICAM-1 or (111)In-labeled normal mouse IgG ((111)In*nmIgG) and were imaged and killed 24 hr later. Lung injury was induced by an intratracheal injection of bleomycin 4 or 24 hr before the rats were killed. After death, tissue was removed and activity was measured, lungs were cryostat-sectioned to detect the presence of ICAM-1 by immunofluorescence, and the up-regulation of LFA-1alpha was examined on blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) using fluorescence-activated cell-sorter (FACS) analysis. RESULTS: In rats injected with (111)In*aICAM-1, the percent injected dose/organ in lungs both at 4 and 24 hr postbleomycin increased significantly compared to the values in either uninjured rats or rats that received (111)In*nmIgG. At 4 and 24 hr postinjury, the target-to-blood (T/B) ratio was 8/1 and 6/1, respectively. For (111)In*nmIgG, the T/B ratio at 4 hr was 0.5/1 and 0.4/1 at 24 hr. In (111)In*aICAM-1 rats injured at 4 or 24 hr, images could easily be distinguished from uninjured rats. All images of (111)In*nmIgG rats showed only cardiac blood-pool and liver activity with little lung activity. Lung ICAM-1 immunofluorescence intensity increased in the bleomycin-treated samples compared to uninjured lungs. Expression of LFA-1alpha on PMNs increased 19% and 210% at 4 hr and 24 hr postinjury, respectively, compared to control values. CONCLUSION: Biodistribution and imaging data demonstrate that (111)In*aICAM-1 can detect early acute bleomycin-induced lung injury. Immunofluorescence and FACS data suggest that (111)In*ICAM-1 uptake is a specific process. This antibody has potential as an early radionuclide detector of acute inflammations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Noninvasive investigations for the early detection of chronic airways dysfunction following lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of chronic rejection after lung transplantation is limited by the lack of a reliable test to detect airways disease early. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether maximum midexpiratory flow (MMEF), or changes on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) or ventilation/perfusion lung (V/Q) scans are sensitive and specific for early detection of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS; forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] less than 80% post-transplant baseline) by evaluating long term survivors of lung transplantation at two sequential time points. METHODS: Twenty-two stable lung transplant recipients underwent spirometry, HRCT scanning and V/Q scanning 1.6 +/- 0.9 years and 3.1 +/- 1.1 years post-transplant (time points 1 and 2, respectively; mean +/- SD). RESULTS: Although HRCT was sensitive for the detection of BOS, it lacked specificity, and hence, there were no significant relationships between the presence of BOS and any of the HRCT parameters evaluated at time 1 or time 2. Of the V/Q parameters studied, the presence of heterogeneous perfusion (P=0.04, sensitivity 100%, specificity 33%) and segmental perfusion defects (P=0.04, sensitivity 60%, specificity 83%) were significantly related to BOS, but only at time 2. MMEF less than or equal to 75% post-transplant baseline was significantly related to the presence BOS at time 1 only (P=0.05, sensitivity 100%, specificity 47%). MMEF less than or equal to 75% post-transplant baseline at time 1 was sensitive for the development of BOS at time 2, but was limited by low specificity. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of lung transplant recipients, HRCT and V/Q scanning, as well as analysis of MMEF, did not add information that was clinically more useful than FEV1 for the early identification of chronic rejection.

Adult↗