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PubMed2000

[1996 epidemiological survey of dermatophytoses in Japan. Epidemiological Investigation Committee for Human Mycoses in the Japanese Society for Medical Mycology].

An epidemiological investigation on dermatophytoses in Japan for the year 1996 was carried out with the following results. The number of dermatomycoses patients visiting the fifteen cooperating institutes that year was 8,402. New outpatients with this condition accounted for 13.1% of all new outpatients in these institutes. Dermatophytoses patients numbered 7,395 and were composed of: tinea pedis 4,764 (64.4%), tinea unguium 1,487 (20.1%), tinea corporis 558 (7.5%), tinea cruris 369 (5.0%), tinea manuum 195 (2.6%), tinea capitis 11, kerion Celsi 7, tinea barbae 1 and other forms 3. Of these, 113 were children under 15 years of age. Species and incidences of the 2,615 strains isolated from the patients with dermatophytoses were as follows: Trichophyton (T.) rubrum 1,828 (69. 9%), T. mentagrophytes 743 (28.4%) Epidermophyton floccosum 20 (0. 8%), Microsporum (M.) canis 13 (0.5%), M. gypseum 5, T. violaceum 2, and 4 undetermined strains. Candidiasis was found in 722 individuals: intertrigo 299, erosio interdigitalis 95, erythema infantum 89, oral candidiasis 63, paronychia et onychia 56, genital candidiasis 56, onychomycosis 24, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis 1 and other atypical forms of candidiasis 39. Patients with tinea versicolor numbered 265 and those with Malassezia folliculitis 15. There were five cases of deep dermal mycoses: three of sporotrichosis, one of chromomycosis and one of aspergillosis. The results of superficial dermatophytoses for the year 1996 differed from those of 1991-92 in the following points: Tinea corporis and tinea cruris were lower in number, while tinea unguium had increased in ratio and number. M. canis infection tended to decrease gradually. In the age-distribution of tinea, in every clinical form the peak of distribution curve shifted to a more elderly age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

An epidemiological study of erectile dysfunction in Thailand (Part 1: Prevalence). Thai Erectile Dysfunction Epidemiologic Study Group (TEDES).

The Epidemiological Study of Erectile dysfunction in Thailand empirically investigates erectile dysfunction (ED) in Thailand. This article is part of this study with the major aim of estimating prevalence in the country. A nationwide representative sample of 1,250 urban Thai men aged between 40 and 70 years were studied. The estimation of overall prevalence of ED among the respondents living in urban areas was 37.5 per cent. This proportion consisted of 19.1 per cent of males with mild dysfunction, while about 13.7 per cent and 4.7 per cent of the samples had moderate and severe dysfunction. Of all four regions together with Bangkok Metropolis, the latter had the lowest prevalence while the North had the highest level. In addition, the prevalence estimation for smaller provinces was 36.4 per cent and 46.4 per cent for larger provinces. Moreover, results of this study indicated that when men become older, they have a greater likelihood of suffering from ED and the prevalence rate of ED rapidly increased from age group 40-49 years to 60-70 years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diseases caused by repetitive trauma of the upper limbs: epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention. Epidemiological aspects].

The association between occupational risk factors and musculo-skeletal disorders due to biomechanical overload (WMSDs) has been focused on numerous research projects, ranging from those simple observing the different pathological findings reported among workers performing particular tasks, down to the latest studies actually quantifying the exposure of workers to basic risk factors, as force, awkward posture, repetition and to modifying factors as duration, intensity, temporal profile and cold temperatures. The critical review of the epidemiological studies, taking into account their quality, showed a clear relationship between basic and modifying risk factors and upper limb pathologies. In particular, force exertion has been shown strongly related to neck, elbow and hand-wrist pathologies; repetition showed some convincing evidence of causal relationship to neck, shoulder and hand-wrist pathologies. Insufficient evidence of work relatedness has been shown between both repetition and awkward posture and elbow pathologies.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Some controversial questions on the epidemiology of intestinal infections. Report I. Significance of the dose and the biological properties of the causative agent in the epidemiology and the clinical picture of salmonelloses and dysentery].

On the basis of analysis of literature and personal observations and studies the authors explain a number of epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of intestinal infections with various pathogenic doses of the causative agents; under the term pathogenic dose is understood the minimal amount of microbes necessary for the onset of the disease with the natural mechanism of transmission of the infection. Regularities of the effect of the pathogenic dose of the causative agent on the epidemic process common for intestinal infections were formulated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of biological monitoring in health and epidemiological surveillance: the epidemiological approach].

A fundamental pre-requisite for the realization of biological monitoring programs for health surveillance is the availability of sufficiently accurate tests and adequate knowledge of the relationship between biomarkers and health effects. In this respect, epidemiology plays an essential role: in conjunction with other disciplines (industrial hygiene, toxicology, occupational medicine), it provides a conceptual and methodological framework for many biological monitoring activities. Compared to biomarkers of dose and effect, susceptibility markers (for example, metabolic polymorphisms), for which we have seen an explosion of research in recent years, need a specific consideration in that they pose (or may pose in a non-remote future) special problems. For different reasons, the use of genetic tests for predictive aims at the individual level should now be avoided; their use should be restricted to the research field for a better understanding of etiopathogenetic mechanisms.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1990

[Update on the epidemiology of hydatidosis. Hydatid echinococci: species; life cycles; epidemiologic consequences].

Human hydatidosis results from infestation by two species of Echinococcus. (1) E. vogeli, the life-cycle of which occurs in amazonian forests and involves wild canidae and cuniculidae. (2) E. granulosus, which includes two geographical groups: (a) Northern group, with two sub-species E. g borelis and E. g. canadensis, the life-cycle of which is sylvatic and that are agents of a pulmonary hydatidosis which may affect Man. (b) "European" (actually cosmopolitan) form, with two sub-species: (1) E. q. equinus (equine strain) occurring between dogs and horses and unable to infect Man; (2) E. g. granulosus, with several strains and clones according to the species of their intermediate hosts and which are the agents of synanthropic or sylvatic life-cycles. Man may enter into some of these life cycles, but not into all of them: ovine strains, chiefly, but pig and camel strains also, have a zoonotic incidence. From these data, the author emphasizes the epidemiological features of human hydatidosis, which over-runs the classical rural one, resulting from the drog-sheep life-cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiological study on sarcoidosis in Japan. Recent trends in incidence and prevalence rates and changes in epidemiological features.

This paper presents the results of an investigation made on the recent trends in the estimated prevalence and incidence rates of sarcoidosis in Japan and the changes in its epidemiological characteristics based on the results of nation-wide surveys conducted in 1972 and 1984. Age-adjusted mortality trends based on vital statistics were also examined. The estimated prevalence rate in males increased from 3.0 per 100,000 population in 1972 to 3.8 in 1984 and in females from 3.3 to 5.6, respectively (p less than 0.01), while the estimated incidence rate remained unchanged (1.2 per 100,000 in males and 1.4 in females). The age-adjusted mortality rate showed a gradually decreasing tendency from 0.2 to 0.1 per million. The estimated age-sex specific prevalence and incidence rates showed a pronounced increase in the middle-aged and elderly age groups particularly in females but a marked decrease in those 19 years and under. The increase in prevalence rate may be attributable to the prolonged duration of the disease. Noteworthy changes in the pattern of the disorder included a marked increase in the proportion of patients with eye lesions (males: from 31.3% to 44.4% and females: 41.6% to 58.7%) indicative of poor prognosis and statistically insignificant increase in pulmonary parenchymal lesions (males: from 38.1% to 43.4% and females: from 33.5% to 36.4%), the majority of which showed pulmonary mottling not accompanied with severe fibrosis often seen in Europe and America. The standardized prevalence ratios were observed in hot, warm and cold areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part II. Factors associated with the disease. The Rome Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO).

The epidemiological associations of gallstone disease were evaluated in a population of 2,325 civil servants (1,244 men and 1,081 women) in Rome, Italy, which was enrolled in a cross-sectional survey on cholelithiasis. Participants were screened for the presence of gallstones by gallbladder ultrasonography, completed a questionnaire on family and personal history and underwent a physical examination and blood chemistry. Statistically significant associations were established by univariate analysis of the age-standardized data and by step-wise multiple logistic regression. At univariate analysis, increasing age, serum triglycerides and number of cigarettes smoked per day, and decreasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were the conditions associated with the presence of gallstones in men. Age and parity were the correspondent associations in women. After controlling by multiple logistic regression, a different pattern of associated conditions emerged. In men, only age and serum triglycerides showed a significant positive association with gallstones, which was independent of other variables. In women, the presence of gallstones was independently associated with increasing age, number of pregnancies, body mass index and serum triglycerides, and with decreasing total (and low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. The latter association was curvilinear in shape. The conditions associated with a history of cholecystectomy differed from those observed in subjects with gallstones, with the exceptions of age, in both sexes, and high serum triglycerides, in women. Fasting blood glucose levels were higher in women with a history of cholecystectomy than in those with or without gallstones, both at univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Frequency, serodiagnosis and epidemiological features of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and epidemiology and vaccination policy for measles in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

In the FRG, SSPE, a slow infection of the brain in children and young adults, known to be associated with a chronic measles virus infection, has an estimated incidence of 2.6 cases per million total population (61 million) and 9.7 cases per million population below the age of 19 years (16 million). In the 156 SSPE cases between 1968 and 1977 the characteristic clinical, epidemiological and serological features were found. Measles antibodies were present in the CSF and the serum titers as measured in conventional (CF--HI--IFA) and new (RIA and ELISA) tests were significantly higher than those in siblings, parents, age-matched controls as well as in patients with recent measles or after live measles vaccination. Only in children with recent wild virus infection after previous vaccination with inactivated Split measles vaccine were similar elevated serum antibody levels observed. In the SSPE cases as well as in the former group, antibodies of the IgM-class were seldom detectable and isolation of infectious measles virus from brain tissue and lymphnode derived cell cultures was rarely accomplished. The search for a co-factor or triggering agent of SSPE such as inactivated or live measles virus vaccination, concomitant childhood infection or vaccination with onset of measles or SSPE was inclusive. The seroepidemiological observation of higher frequency and titer levels of EBV- and toxoplasmosis antibody in SSPE patients as compared to siblings and parents and the suspicion that arbor virus infection may have some influence on triggering SSPE must be further substantiated. It appears that this relatively rare disease arises after an early, normal measles infection in an immunologically competent child without special genetic characteristics, mainly belonging to the lower socio-economic group, by a change of the measles virus and the immune response of the host.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Poliomyelitis: epidemiology and prophylaxis. 1. A longitudinal epidemiological survey in Kenya.

The results of a long-term survey of poliomyelitis in Kenya are reported. Virus was isolated from patients and a limited number of sera were also tested for antibodies. The purpose of the investigation was to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of the disease and to determine whether epidemics could be predicted. A 3-year rhythm was found in the circulation of type 1 poliovirus, making possible the prediction and hence, on two occasions, the curbing or prevention of epidemics.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An epidemiological, clinical and microbiological follow-up study of incident meningococcal disease cases in Norway, winter 1981-1982. Material and epidemiology in the MenOPP project.

To investigate the relative importance of the many possible influencing factors and developmental traits of systemic meningococcal disease (MCd) in the practical Norwegian context, a comprehensive multipurpose case control study was carried out during the winter of 1981-1982 on incident cases in the whole country. The design of the study, the MenOPP project, is outlined. The main inclusion criteria for patients were suspected bacterial meningitis and/or septicemia on referral to hospital. This resulted in 115 verified or probable cases of MCd and 61 patient controls. Randomly drawn from three age strata, 320 population controls were actually approached and 293 (92%) of these responded to the "environmental questionnaire". So did most of the patients (98%). The clinical data mainly comprised information from the commencement of the disease to a sequelae check about six weeks after hospital admission. Laboratory data on strain and serum characteristics were, and still are, collected. The results are to be published in several papers. Here, some epidemiological characteristics of the material are given. Regional, seasonal, and age/sex differences in case fatality are reported and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in the former Soviet Union: analysis of env V3 sequences and their correlation with epidemiologic data.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the HIV-1 V3 sequence diversity in the former Soviet Union in 30 subjects infected with HIV-1 via different modes of transmission. PATIENTS: A cohort of children infected after exposure to nonsterile needles during the epidemic in 1988-1989 in southern Russia (Elista, n = 12 and Rostov-on-Don, n = 10), and eight HIV-seropositive subjects from Belarus (Minsk), infected via sexual (n = 7) and parenteral (n = 1) infection. METHODS: The HIV-1 V3 encoding region was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction on DNA of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from the study subjects and then cloned and sequenced. RESULTS: The alignment of 127 V3 sequences from 22 patients in the cohort group demonstrated common consensus sequences in both the Elista and Rostov samples. The average means of interperson variation were 5.9 and 6.6% in Elista and Rostov subjects, respectively, and comparable to the mean intraperson variation. The average mean interperson variation between nucleotide sequences of HIV patients infected through sexual transmission was considerably higher (14.9%). CONCLUSION: V3 sequence analysis confirms the epidemiologic data which support the transmission of HIV-1 in children from a single source, and suggests the infection of a mother from her parenterally infected child. Furthermore, the genetic variability of HIV-1 V3 in the noncohort group was particularly divergent indicating the heterogeneity of the virus circulating in the former Soviet Union.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Epidemiology of Cowdria infection in Senegal. II. Results of sero-epidemiological follow-up studies].

The authors report the results of sero-epidemiological monitoring of Zebu, Diakoré and Ndama cattle in the Sahel, Niayes and North Guinea zones, respectively. Calves aged 0-3 or 3-6 months were subjected to blood sampling every three months for a period of 20 months. In the Niayes and North Guinea zones, the immunofluorescence test showed that about 70% of 0-1 month old calves reacted positively to the Cowdria ruminantium antigen, whereas the prevalence was 92% between 3 and 6 months. After the age of 6 months, the results were 100% positive. In the Sahelian area, the prevalence of the infection was null. Results obtained with a sample of about 100 adult cattle from the Sahel, Niayes, North Sudan and North Guinea zones, showed a good correlation between positivity rates and the size of Amblyomma variegatum populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis in Japan: incidence and familial occurrence. The Epidemiology Group of the Research Committee of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan.

Epidemiological studies of ulcerative colitis (UC) have been conducted once every year since 1973 in Japan. The number of participating hospitals in 1429 and they are distributed throughout Japan. A total number of 10819 patients diagnosed with UC have been registered, including 197 patients with a positive family history. In this present study, genetic or environmental factors that may be operative in the development of UC were investigated. After 1966, the annual incidence of UC increased rapidly, to a peak in 1974, tending to remain at the same level since 1975. Since 1975, the daily intake of dairy products and meat increased, paralleling the increase in the incidence of UC. The trends of the increase in the incidence of UC and the increase in the daily intake of meat were very similar. The tendency for UC to occur in families was high, especially in first-degree relatives, and the age at onset of UC in patients where there was familial occurrence was younger. There was no difference in HLA antigens between UC patients with familial occurrence and the unaffected relatives studied. It is presumed that not only genetic factors but also environmental factors may be operative in the development of UC.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology of orofacial clefts. 1. Some general epidemiological characteristics.

Using data from three registries of congenital anomalies based on a total of more than 5 million births, some epidemiological characteristics were studied for 8,315 infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. There was a racial variation in the rate of cleft lip/palate within the California program but also a marked difference in rate between the three programs-France, Sweden, and California-that is probably not mainly a result of variable ascertainment but of real differences between the populations. The main analysis was made on cases without a known chromosome anomaly. The classical sex distribution was found with an excess of males at cleft lip/ palate. The sex ratio was lower (= more normal) when associated nonfacial malformations existed. Pierre Robin type cleft palate had a near-normal sex distribution while other types of cleft palate had the usual excess of females. Twinning was increased for all facial clefts irrespective of type but was more common when nonfacial associated malformations were present than when the cleft was isolated. Among cases with isolated clefts, the total twin increase was not statistically significant but the proportion of monozygotic twins was increased. There was a U-shaped maternal age relationship for cleft lip/palate that was not seen for median cleft palate (although an indicated increased risk for infants of teen-age mothers existed). For all types of cleft, there was an increased risk at high parity also after standardization for maternal age.

California↗