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PubMed1994

Retrograde ejaculation and loss of emission: possibilities of conservative treatment.

Twenty-five patients with retrograde ejaculation/loss of emission were treated with ephedrine sulfate or imipramine hydrochloride. Seventeen of them suffering from both diabetes and retrograde ejaculation were treated with ephedrine or, in case that ephedrine failed to convert retrograde ejaculation into anterograde ejaculation, with imipramine. Positive results were obtained in 5/17 (29.3%) patients, i.e. in 3 (17.6%) and 2 (11.7%) patients on ephedrine and imipramine, respectively. The daily dose of ephedrine was 50 mg and that of imipramine 75 mg, during a 4-week period. In the group with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, after treatment with ephedrine, only 1 (12.5%) had retrograde ejaculation while the remaining patients (n = 7) continued to lack semen emission. These 7 patients were treated with imipramine, and 3 of them (42.8%) achieved anterograde ejaculation. In one third of patients with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and diabetes, with retrograde ejaculation or loss of semen emission, conservative treatment can offer improvement or conversion to anterograde ejaculation.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed2005

Electric activity of the testicular tunica albuginea during ejaculation: a canine study.

We have shown in previous studies that electric waves at rest could be recorded from the testicle and originate from the tunica albuginea (TA) and not from the testicular tissue. In the current study, we investigated the hypothesis that the electric activity of the TA increases during ejaculation. Three electrodes were sutured to the TAs of 11 anesthetized male dogs. The slow waves were recorded at rest and on inducing ejaculation by an ejaculator applied to the glans penis. Basal electric waves were recorded from the testicle. Each wave consisted of a negative followed by a positive deflection with a mean frequency of 6.2 +/- 1.3 cycles/min, an amplitude of 0.59 +/- 0.06 mV, and a conduction velocity of 5.2 +/- 0.8 cm/sec. These wave variables showed a significant intermittent increase (P < 0.05) at intervals of 0.6-1.0 secs and occurred simultaneously with the bouts of ejaculation. The increase remained for 0.8-1.2 secs at each ejaculation bout. The number of bouts of increased electric waves varied from 3 to 5. Apparently, the TA is not an inert covering to the testicle, but it seems to have a functional activity. Recording resting electric waves of the TA presumably denotes that the TA possesses a resting tone that appears to support the testicular tissue. During ejaculation, the increased electric activity of the TA, which coincides with semen spurt episodes, presumably denotes TA contraction. The intermittent TA contractions seem to assist in massaging the testicular secretions to the epididymis and the vas deferens and augment testicular circulation. The effect of pathologic conditions of the TA on ejaculation needs to be studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Emerging drugs for premature ejaculation.

Lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) is a frequent male sexual dysfunction and is thought to be mediated in part by disturbances of serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurotransmission and ejaculation-mediating 5-HT receptors in the CNS. The aetiology of the dysfunction is unclear, but probably includes neurobiological and environmental factors. Lifelong PE is a syndrome characterised by a cluster of symptoms. Rapid ejaculations become manifest around the first sexual encounters in puberty or adolescence. Intravaginal ejaculation latency time usually occurs within 30-60 s, or maximally within 2 min after vaginal penetration, is present with nearly every sexual partner, and remains similar throughout life or may aggravate during ageing. The syndrome may lead to secondary psychological, sexual and relationship problems. Daily treatment with some selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) leads to strong ejaculation delay, but may be accompanied by side effects. New treatment with SSRIs with a short half-life (if approved) for on-demand use 1-2 h prior to coitus exerts less ejaculation-delaying effects than daily SSRI strategies. Animal studies have shown that strong, immediate ejaculation delay may be induced by the combination of an SSRI with a 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist. The combination of an SSRI and any other compound that immediately strongly raises 5-HT neurotransmission may form the basis for the development of new on-demand drugs to treat PE.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A research on the relationship between ejaculation and serum testosterone level in men.

The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of the relationship between ejaculation and serum testosterone level in men. The serum testosterone concentrations of 28 volunteers were investigated daily during abstinence periods after ejaculation for two phases. The authors found that the fluctuations of testosterone levels from the 2nd to 5th day of abstinence were minimal. On the 7th day of abstinence, however, a clear peak of serum testosterone appeared, reaching 145.7% of the baseline ( P < 0.01). No regular fluctuation was observed following continuous abstinence after the peak. Ejaculation is the precondition and beginning of the special periodic serum testosterone level variations, which would not occur without ejaculation. The results showed that ejaculation-caused variations were characterized by a peak on the 7th day of abstinence; and that the effective time of an ejaculation is 7 days minimum. These data are the first to document the phenomenon of the periodic change in serum testosterone level; the correlation between ejaculation and periodic change in the serum testosterone level, and the pattern and characteristics of the periodic change.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Replication requirements and number of ejaculates needed for assessing treatment effects on sperm output and seminal characteristics of electroejaculated Holstein bulls.

Two ejaculates were harvested by electroejaculation on each of 3 d per week for 14 wk from 14, 12- to 24-mo-old Holstein bulls. Ejaculates during the first 2 wk served to stabilize sperm output. Data for the remaining ejaculates were used in a components of variance approach to determine the number of bulls per treatment and ejaculates per bull that would be needed to provide adequate sensitivity and precision for assessing treatment effects on seminal characteristics. The latter included the number of sperm (total and motile), volume and sperm concentrations of the sperm-rich fraction, and the percentage of progressively motile sperm in first and second ejaculates or per day. Replication requirements declined as the number of ejaculates per bull was increased to about 15 to 25 but declined minimally thereafter. The number of bulls needed per treatment varied in relation to the size of the treatment response to be detected but was much greater than the replication used in typical experiments. Replication for assessing sperm output in first ejaculates or per day was approximately one-half as great for experiments in which pretreatment information was used to adjust post-treatment data. Tables should be useful as a guide for designing efficient, cost-effective studies of known sensitivity and precision.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Retrograde ejaculation].

Antegrade ejaculation requires intact anatomy and innervation of the bladder neck. Retrograde ejaculation is an uncommon cause of infertility and can be defined as the escape of seminal fluid from the posterior urethra into the bladder. This pathological condition can result from disturbances at the bladder neck due to anatomical lesions, neuropathic disorders or pharmacological influences. Also congenital and idiophatic causes have been described. The diagnosis may be confirmed by findings sperm in post-coital specimens of urine. Pharmacological manipulation, electro-ejaculation and vibro-ejaculation can be utilized to recovery ejaculation. When anterograde ejaculation in this patients cannot be restored artificial insemination using sperm recovered from the antegrade post-coital urine is indicated. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the data of literature on aetiology and therapy of retrograde ejaculation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Pharmacologic stimulation of ejaculation with midodrine hydrochloride (Gutron) for medically assisted reproduction in spinal injury].

INTRODUCTION: Midodrine hydrochloride (Gutron) is proposed to induce ejaculation in spinal injury patients desiring paternity as an alternative to vibromassage, electrostimulated ejaculation and surgical collection of spermatozoa. The authors report their experience in 10 spinal injury patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 14 trials of pharmacologically-induced ejaculation were performed in a context of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) in 10 spinal injury patients (7 with paraplegia > T11; 1 with paraplegia < or = T11; 2 with quadriplegia) an average of 4.5 years after the injury. Patients had a mean age of 28.5 years (range: 18 to 36 years). Nine had persistent reflex erections. After IC injection of prostglandin E, 10 to 30 mg of Gutron was administered by slow i.v. infusion. Spermatozoa were collected during antegrade ejaculation and/or in previously alkalinised urine. RESULT: Ejaculation was obtained in 10 cases (71.4%), either antegrade (7 cases), or retrograde (3 cases). The 4 failures corresponded to ejaculation failure in 3 cases and adverse effects of Gutron (hypertension) in 1 case. However, storage of spermatozoa could be performed in only 4 cases (40%), as pyospermia or severe necrospermia were observed in 6 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Midodrine hydrochloride gives good results in terms of ejaculation in spinal injury patients. However, the quality of semen collected is often poor due to the long interval since the initial trauma. Midodrine hydrochloride, ideally used after antibiotic treatment, can nevertheless constitute an alternative to other techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Survey of the prevalence of chronic prostatitis in men with premature ejaculation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of chronic prostatitis in men with premature ejaculation. METHODS: The segmented urine specimens before and after prostatic massage and the expressed prostatic secretion specimens from 106 patients with premature ejaculation and 38 controls were evaluated by microscopic and/or bacteriological studies. The prevalence of premature ejaculation was also investigated in 120 patients with chronic prostatitis. RESULTS: Prostatic inflammation was found in 46.2% and chronic bacterial prostatitis in 34.7% of the subjects with premature ejaculation, respectively. Compared with the controls, the findings were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The prevalence of premature ejaculation in the patients with chronic prostatitis was 47.5% (57/120). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic prostatic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of some cases of premature ejaculation and it is important to give a careful examination of the prostate before initiating any therapy for premature ejaculation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Utility of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in premature ejaculation.

The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has revolutionized our understanding of the treatment of premature ejaculation. Lifelong premature ejaculation may be a neurobiological phenomenon, namely part of a biological variability of the intravaginal ejaculation latency time in men. Animal studies support this view, and an animal model for premature and delayed ejaculation has recently been developed. It is proposed that drug treatment of premature ejaculation should consist of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2c receptor stimulation and/or 5-HT1A receptor inhibition. A meta-analysis of 35 daily treatment studies with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and clomipramine demonstrated comparable efficacy of clomipramine with the SSRIs sertraline and fluoxetine in delaying ejaculation, whereas the efficacy of the SSRI paroxetine was greater than all other SSRIs and clomipramine. It is postulated that acute treatment with SSRIs, including those with short half-lives, will not produce an ejaculation delay equivalent to that induced by daily treatment of SSRIs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after sedation with xylazine.

Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after administration of xylazine was examined. In experiment 1, the mean (+/- SD) spermatozoal concentration in urine collected by cystocentesis before ejaculation was 0.322 +/- 0.645 X 10(6)/ml. After ejaculation, motile spermatozoa were present in the urine collected by cystocentesis from 12 of 15 dogs, and the concentration of spermatozoa in the urine (5.139 +/- 7.014 X 10(6)/ml) was higher (P less than 0.025) than the concentration in the urine collected before ejaculation. The percentage of the total number of spermatozoa that were displaced during ejaculation and flowed into the urinary bladder (retrograde flow) ranged from 0 to 99.75% (24.67 +/- 33.98%). In experiments 2 and 3, administration of xylazine to sexually rested dogs induced retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder. In experiment 2, all dogs had spermatozoa in urine collected after xylazine administration, with motile spermatozoa present in the urine from 9 of 10 dogs. In experiment 3, urine collected from dogs before administration of xylazine was azoospermic or contained few, nonmotile spermatozoa (0.063 +/- 0.135 X 10(6)/ml), whereas urine collected after administration of xylazine had more (P less than 0.025) and motile spermatozoa (3.717 +/- 4.273 X 10(6)/ml). In experiment 4, administration of xylazine to dogs after ejaculation did not increase the concentration of spermatozoa in the urine. Results indicate that spermatozoa flow into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after administration of xylazine to sexually rested dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Effects of methyl o-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl) reserpate (CD-3400) on erection and ejaculation in dogs].

Effects of methyl o-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl)reserpate (CD-3400), a new antihypertensive agent belonging to the class of rauwolfia alkaloids, on erection and ejaculation in dogs were investigated and compared with such effects of reserpine and rescinnamine in dogs. A single dose of CD-3400 (0.125 mg/kg) administered orally to normal dogs produced no effects on erection and ejaculation, although the same dose of reserpine and rescinnamine resulted in a marked suppression of only ejaculation at 24 and 48 hr after administration. CD-3400 (0.5 mg/kg) administered orally, as well as reserpine (0.125 mg/kg) and rescinnamine (0.125 mg/kg) suppressed ejaculation at 24 hr after administration; however, the suppressive effect of CD-3400 on ejaculation was weaker and shorter than that of reserpine or rescinnamine and recovered 96 hr after administration. The order of the suppressive effect of the agents was as follows: reserpine greater than rescinnamine greater than CD-3400. Repeated administration of reserpine (0.01 mg/kg/day p.o.) for 20 days, produced a marked suppressive effect on ejaculation, whereas the effect of CD-3400 (0.06 mg/kg/day p.o.) was also weaker than that of reserpine. 24 hr after oral administration in a single dose of CD-3400 (0.5 mg/kg), reserpine (0.125 mg/kg) or rescinnamine (0.125 mg/kg), the ratios of dopamine (DA) to serotonin (5-HT) in the anterior hypothalamus and hippocampus were decreased significantly as compared with the control. These results indicate that CD-3400 results in a weaker suppressive effect on ejaculation as compared to reserpine and rescinnamine, and CD-3400-induced suppression may be due to a decrease in the ratio of DA to 5-HT in the anterior hypothalamus and hippocampus.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

[Neurobiology of ejaculation and orgasm disorders].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the neurologic alterations of patients with ejaculatory and orgasmic disorders. METHODS: A study of the neuroandrologic profile was performed in eight patients; 6 presented an ejaculation, one premature ejaculation and one presented an orgasm. The neuroandrologic profile consisted in performing selective electromyography of the bulbocavernosus muscle, recording of the S2-S4 evoked potentials, evoked somatosensory potentials of the pudendal nerve, electromyography of the smooth cavernous muscle (SPACE), sympathetic skin response and cystometry. RESULTS: The sympathetic lesion was more frequent in the cases with an ejaculation (four cases; 66%); a pudendal efferent lesion was demonstrated in one case (17%) and a suprasacral lesion in one case (16%). A pudendal afferent lesion was observed in the two cases with premature ejaculation (100%). Both cases with an orgasm had a pudendal afferent lesion (100%) and one of them also presented a sympathetic lesion (50%). CONCLUSIONS: An ejaculation appears to be caused by sympathetic, motor pudendal or suprasacral lesion. An altered perception of genital sensations due to lesion of the afferent pudendal pathway appears to be present in premature ejaculation. An orgasm could be ascribed to an alteration of the pudendal sensibility or to the absence of ejaculation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Does multivariate analysis of post-thaw sperm characteristics accurately estimate in vitro fertility of boar individual ejaculates?

The objective of this study was to determine if a multivariate pattern analysis of frozen-thawed sperm characteristics of boar semen of unknown fertility, thus identifying groups of ejaculates as "good" or "bad" freezers, would estimate their fertilizing potential in an in vitro embryo production (IVP) system. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa from a single ejaculate collected from 46 boars were evaluated for sperm motility and kinematic patterns, for sperm viability and for early changes in sperm membrane stability. All data generated were used for a multivariate pattern analysis (PATN; CSIRO, Canberra, Australia) which objectively classified all ejaculates within a data set in to one of two groups, categorised as "good" (n = 25) or "bad" (n = 21) according with their freezability. In vitro matured oocytes were exposed to 2000 or 4000 frozen-thawed spermatozoa per oocyte for 6h and then cultured in embryo culture medium for either 6h (assurance of fertilization) or 7 days (to collect data on embryo development). Rates of sperm oocyte penetration and of embryo development significantly (p < 0.05) increased in a sperm:oocyte ratio-dependent manner. A similar pattern was observed when sperm characteristics were grouped. Indeed, ejaculates classified as "good" showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher rates of oocyte penetration, cleavage and of blastocyst formation than those classified as "bad". However, variation was still present among individuals (ejaculates, boars) in their ability to produce blastocysts in vitro. It is therefore concluded that despite the presence of a relationship for ejaculates with good semen quality post-thaw (thus grouped as "good") to higher IVP-results, the presence of individual variation does not allow for an accurate estimation of in vitro fertility based solely on the frozen-thawed semen quality parameters of a single ejaculate from a given boar.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Identification of sperm subpopulations with specific motility characteristics in stallion ejaculates.

The aim of this study was to test the presence of separate sperm subpopulations, with specific motility characteristics, in stallion ejaculates by using a computer-assisted semen motility analysis (CASA) system. Motility data were analyzed with a hierarchical clustering of variables based on a correlation or covariance matrix to select like parameters of sperm motility descriptors that better explain the kinetics of spermatozoa. The statistical analyses clustered the whole motile sperm population in both fresh and 24 h stored ejaculates into four separate groups. There were significant differences in the distribution of the four subpopulations (P < 0.001) as well as in the total sperm number and the percentage of total motility (P < 0.01) in fresh semen among the five stallions tested. Our results show that separate subpopulations of spermatozoa with different motility characteristics coexist in stallion ejaculates. These subpopulations were maintained, although with a less-progressive motion pattern, after 24 h of storage. The study of subpopulations in ejaculates that have confirmed fertilizing capacity showed that the majority of the motile spermatozoa in these ejaculates are included in a subpopulation with high progressive motility and low linearity, and the ejaculates with proven fertility that have a total sperm count > or = 20 x 10(9) spermatozoa/ejaculate show all of their motile sperm included in this subpopulation. Our results show that the use of the CASA system is a relatively simple approach to the study of sperm subpopulation patterns in equine ejaculates.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sperm morphology is better in the second ejaculate than in the first in domestic cats electroejaculated twice during the same period of anesthesia.

Several species produce ejaculates of inferior quality after a period of sexual abstinence, but the frequency of semen collection has thus far not been shown to affect sperm morphology in felids. The aim of this study was to determine whether sperm morphology and motility would differ between 2 ejaculates collected from the same cat within a short interval. Fifteen male domestic cats were anesthetized and then electroejaculated twice, with a 5- to 10-min interval between treatments. A standardized electroejaculation regimen was used with 80 stimuli, from 2 to 5 V, for each ejaculate. The first ejaculates contained significantly higher (P < 0.05) proportions of distal droplets, coiled tails and immotile spermatozoa than the second ejaculates, which contained significantly higher proportions of morphologically normal spermatozoa (40.9 vs 54.6%) but a lower sperm count (39.0 x 10(6) vs 5.2 x 10(6)). The higher proportions of defective spermatozoa and the lower motility in the first ejaculate than in the second were probably due to the aging of spermatozoa in the epididymis. These results show that the second ejaculate collected within a short interval has better sperm morphology and motility than the first and that this should be considered when evaluating semen quality in the domestic cat and when collecting cat semen to be used for artificial insemination or to be frozen for storage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of electro-ejaculation with the artificial vagina for ram semen collection.

Nine fertile three-year-old Romney rams were ejaculated both by means of electro-ejaculation and by the artificial vagina. The ram repeatabilities of semen volume, concentration, total sperm number, percentage normal sperm and wave motion score of ejaculates collected by electro-ejaculation were 0.17, 0.08, 0.12, 0.61 and 0.23 respectively compared with the repeatabilities of ejaculates collected by the artificial vagina of 0.28,0.79, 0.56,0.72 and 0.54. The repeatability results showed that it was possible to rank rams on the quantity of sperm produced in a single ejaculate obtained by an artificial vagina, but not on the quantity obtained by electro-ejaculation. The correlation co-efficients between the ram means for the two techniques were for volume 0.05, concentration 0.06, total sperm number -0.21, percentage normal sperm 0.73, and wave motion score 0.35. Only the percentage normal sperm coefficient was significant.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Larger ejaculate volumes are associated with a lower degree of polyandry across bushcricket taxa.

In numerous insects, including bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae), males are known to transfer substances in the ejaculate that inhibit the receptivity of females to further matings, but it has not yet been established whether these substances reduce the lifetime degree of polyandry of the female. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that larger ejaculate volumes should be associated with a lower degree of polyandry across tettigoniid taxa, controlling for male body mass and phylogeny. Data on ejaculate mass, sperm number, nuptial gift mass and male mass were taken primarily from the literature. The degree of polyandry for 14 species of European bushcrickets was estimated by counting the number of spermatodoses within the spermathecae of field-caught females towards the end of their adult lifespans. Data for four further species were obtained from the literature. Data were analysed by using both species regression and independent contrasts to control for phylogeny. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, as predicted, there was a significant negative association between the degree of polyandry and ejaculate mass, relative to male body mass, across bushcricket taxa. Nuptial gift size and sperm number, however, did not contribute further to interspecific variation in the degree of polyandry. A positive relationship was found, across bushcricket taxa, between relative nuptial gift size and relative ejaculate mass, indicating that larger nuptial gifts allow the male to overcome female resistance to accepting large ejaculates. This appears to be the first comparative evidence that males can manipulate the lifetime degree of polyandry of their mates through the transfer of large ejaculates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Venlafaxine extended release for the treatment of patients with premature ejaculation: a pilot, single-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose crossover study on short-term administration of an antidepressant drug.

In this study, we aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine extended release 75 mg, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in the treatment of patients with premature ejaculation. Thirty-one patients with intravaginal ejaculation latency of less than 2 min received venlafaxine XR (75 mg/day) or placebo during a 2-week period for each agent with a washout period of 1 week between agents. Efficacy was assessed for each agent with changes in ejaculation latency measured with a stopwatch and sexual satisfaction scores of patients and partners. Side-effects, pre- and post-treatment levels of biochemical and spermiogram parameters, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin and total testosterone were recorded for each agent. Statistical analysis was performed on 21 patients. After 2 weeks of treatment with placebo and venlafaxine, ejaculation latency time was significantly increased from 60.1 +/- 39.1 to 126.9 +/- 98.3 sec and to 178.1 +/- 122.8 sec, respectively (p < 0.0001 for each one). However, the difference between the two agents was insignificant (p = 0.144). Venlafaxine and placebo increased sexual satisfaction scores of both patients and partners similarly, no statistically significant difference was found between them in this respect. The incidence of side-effects with venlafaxine was indifferent than that of placebo (p > 0.1) except nausea (p = 0.035). Both agents did not change the blood and spermiogram parameters significantly, except FSH increases. Short-term use of venlafaxine XR 75 mg has only a placebo effect on ejaculation latency and sexual satisfaction scores, therefore, is not appropriate for the patients with premature ejaculation. Further dose-time studies are required to draw final conclusions on the inefficacy of this drug in premature ejaculation.

Adult↗