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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Use of drugs by the elderly.

This paper outlines the use of both prescribed and non-prescribed medication by the elderly in the community. The study examined a number of factors related to medication including compliance, the types of drugs taken, the manner in which drugs were stored and disposed of, and the advice that patients received. The findings revealed a lack of coordination of responsibility in the management of patients' medicines leading to inappropriate drug use, posing a potential risk to the patient. It is against this background that we propose that the role of the general practice pharmacist should be extended within a structured health care programme; pharmacists should be encouraged to keep total medication records on patients of 65 and over.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mixing insulins in 1990.

Lente insulins can be mixed in any ratio at any time. Regular plus NPH insulins seem to be the preferred mixture of rapid- and intermediate-acting insulins because the effect of the combined insulins is the same as that of regular and NPH insulin injected separately. Mixing regular with lente insulins is more complex and needs further study. However, at the present time, if regular and lente insulins are going to be mixed, they should be either mixed and injected immediately, or they should be left to interact for up to 24 hours, in which case the resultant mixture does not have as rapid an action as the immediately injected mixture. Combinations of regular and protamine zinc insulins are rare and complicated by the fact that the resultant product is based upon the ratios of regular to PZI. Generally speaking, protamine zinc insulin is rarely used in humans. It is used by some veterinarians, especially to treat cats with diabetes. The Table summarizes information concerning the mixing of various insulins.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed2005

Survey of medication administration policies within schools in Sheffield.

National guidelines exist to help schools in supporting pupils with medical needs. However, school staff are not contractually bound to help with the administration of medication and policies differ across schools, depending on local needs and views. A postal survey was conducted in Sheffield to elicit schools' views regarding medication administration. Over 80 percent of the responding schools were willing to administer long-term medication and 67 percent would help with short-term needs as well. Written information from professionals is valued by most schools and many would prefer that dosages of medication are adjusted to avoid school hours. Of the schools, 17 percent did not want to take any responsibility for medication administration. Reluctance seems to arise from perceived lack of training and fear of litigation. These issues need to be addressed in order to improve school staff's confidence with the administration of medication.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Prediction of glycyrrhizin disposition in rat and man by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model.

Three physiologically based pharmacokinetic models A--C, incorporating enterohepatic recycling, were developed to predict glycyrrhizin (GLZ) disposition in rat plasma and tissues, and human serum. Model A, which included fourteen compartments (artery, vein, tissues except brain, and gut lumen) with the assumption of direct excretion of GLZ from the liver into the gut lumen gave fairly good agreement between the observed and predicted disposition profiles in rat, but was unsuitable in man, where elimination is very rapid. Models B and C for man were obtained by adding a gallbladder compartment (drug storage organ) for the excretion from the liver into the gut lumen and by assuming continuous transfer from the storage compartment or instantaneous emptying from it during meal ingestion as the excretion process from the gallbladder into the gut lumen, respectively. The agreement between the observed and predicted serum concentration time-course profiles was better with model C than model B, especially in the terminal elimination phase, where secondary peaks appeared. However, it was thought that the observed serum disposition can be sufficiently well predicted by model B. In conclusion, prediction in rat was successful in all compartments except the brain, which shows a negligible distribution. Scale-up of the disposition kinetics of GLZ from rat to man was also successful.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of two stable oral suspensions of levodopa-carbidopa for children with amblyopia.

PURPOSE: To develop stable liquid dosage forms of levodopa-carbidopa for use in children with amblyopia. METHODS: Levodopa (100 mg) and carbidopa (25 mg) tablets were used to prepare the suspensions at 5 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. For each suspension, five bottles were stored at 25 degrees C and five at 4 degrees C. Three samples were taken from each bottle at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 91 days (n=15). Levodopa-carbidopa concentrations for each sample were measured in duplicate by validated and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method. RESULTS: The mean concentrations of levodopa-carbidopa in Ora Plus/Ora Sweet suspensions were 96% and 92% of the initial concentrations for 28 days at 25 degrees C, and 94% and 93% for 42 days at 4 degrees C. In the suspension containing ascorbic acid, the mean concentrations of levodopa-carbidopa were above 93% and 92% for 14 days at 25 degrees C, and 93% and 92% for 28 days at 4 degrees C. This liquid formulation was administered to 15 children (mean age: 5.6+/-1.4 years) with amblyopia. The number and type of adverse effects were similar in the levo-dopa-carbidopa versus placebo group. CONCLUSION: Levodopa-carbidopa in extemporaneous suspensions prepared in Ora Plus and Ora Sweet were stable for 28 days when stored at 25 degrees C and for 42 days at 4 degrees C. Our data suggest our liquid formulation may be used safely in children with amblyopia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Use of oral typhoid vaccine strain Ty21a in a New York state travel immunization facility.

One hundred fifty-seven travelers who received the new oral typhoid vaccine strain Ty21a between April 1990 and February 1992 were surveyed by questionnaire to assess compliance and toxicity. The four-dose vaccine should be taken every other day before meals, and kept refrigerated between doses. Noncompliance with one or more of these instructions was seen in approximately 30% of travelers. Thirty-four (21.6%) took one or more doses after meals, 13 (8.3%) did not take all four doses, 10 (6.4%) failed to take the dose every other day, and five (3.2%) did not keep the vaccine refrigerated. The vaccine was well-tolerated and only 14 (8.9%) had one or more minor side effects. Of 59 (38%) who had received injectable typhoid vaccine previously, all preferred oral versus injectable vaccine, and reported moderate-to-severe side effects with the injectable form. Until a single-dose, oral typhoid vaccine is available, Ty21a is an attractive option. To achieve maximum efficacy, the importance of compliance should be emphasized.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Stability of essential drugs in the field: results of a study conducted over a two-year period in Burkina Faso.

To evaluate the stability of essential drugs stored in realistic tropical conditions, we have carried out a two-year prospective study in western Burkina Faso. Twenty-seven essential drugs were stored in a rural site and a urban one where temperature and hygrometry were recorded daily. Samples of each drug were taken for further analysis to the World Health Organization Collaborative Center for the Study of Stability of Drugs in Nantes, France every three months. Quantitative analysis showed that the majority of samples suffered no significant loss of their active ingredient. In contrast, ampicillin, erythromycin, sulfaguanidine, injectable furosemide, penicillin G, trimethoprim, and chloroquine showed more than a 10% quantitative loss of their active ingredient. Thus, it is not recommended that these essential drugs be stored for more than one year in a tropical climate.

Burkina Faso↗
PubMed1992

Surfactant replacement therapy: development of criteria for appropriate use. Ohio State University Hospitals.

At The Ohio State University (OSU) Hospitals, DUE criteria were established when colfosceril palmitate, a synthetic surfactant, was added to the formulary in January 1991. The DUE criteria were designed to assure appropriate drug use, educate physicians, and establish an effective way to monitor drug use and patient outcome (ie, response rate and complications). The criteria include a mechanism for evaluation and modification of the guidelines, as necessary. In addition, a review process will be used to determine the therapy's cost effectiveness and to serve as a guideline for making recommendations on other surfactant formulations as they become available.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1999

The role of neuropsychiatric pharmacists.

A modern pharmaceutical care model widens the traditional pharmacy role of medication dispenser to educator and information manager. The broad goals of a modern pharmacy service are to improve the efficiency and safety of drug therapy, to improve patient satisfaction and quality of life, to ensure medication compliance, to save time for physicians and other members of the health care team, and to save money. In this new model, drug acquisition costs are considered as a part of a total health care budget rather than as a single segment to be controlled irrespective of impact on other parts of the budget. More than 80% of patients with schizophrenia who are treated with conventional neuroleptics are rehospitalized within 2 years, and controlled studies have shown that inpatient costs are lower when atypical antipsychotics are used instead of typical antipsychotics. In the future, pharmacy departments with narrow responsibilities are likely to give way to a pharmaceutical care service in which the pharmacist is a vital member of the health care team.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed1975

Pharmaceutic factors affecting pediatric compliance.

Evaluation of treatment given at home was studied in children with otitis media who were seen in an outpatient clinic. Full compliance was present in only 5% of the initial 100 patients (Study A). Practical factors limiting their compliance included inadequate dispensing of medication at drug stores, 15%; incorrect therapy schedule, 36%; early termination, 37%; spilled medicine, 7%; therapy shared, 5%. Because of these findings, a plan was implemented (Study B) in which hospital pharmacy personnel gave patient families verbal and written instructions for administering medications that were dispensed, together with a calibrated measuring device and a calendar to record doses taken. Full compliance was raised to 51% in this pilot group (of 33 patients) as compared with 8.5% in 20 concurrent controls who went to neighborhood drug stores. The importance of detailed therapy instructions is stressed. The potential role of the pharmacist in improving compliance is demonstrated.

Ampicillin↗