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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Preweaning mortality risks and recorded causes of death associated with production factors in swine breeding herds in Japan.

Preweaning mortality risks, recorded death reasons and related factors for preweaning mortality were studied in 105 breeding herds. Preweaning mortality risk at the herd level was calculated as the difference between the number of pigs born alive in farrowed litters and the number of weaned pigs divided by the number of pigs born alive in litters that farrowed and weaned. The mean of annual preweaning mortality risk was 10.7%. In regression analysis, higher mortality risks were associated with higher parity at farrowing, greater numbers of pigs born alive, and longer lactation length. The period from July to September had a higher mortality risk than that from April to June. The means of cause-specific proportional mortality ratios (PMR) in trauma with low viability and scours were 80.4 and 6.2%, respectively. Sows with pig age 0-1 day during lactation had the highest daily PMR. Sows with pig age 0 to 7 days had higher PMR due to trauma and low variability than those with pig age 8 days older. Sows with pig age over 7 days had higher PMR due to scours than those with pig age 0-7 days. Careful management at farrowing and in early lactation on high parity sows with large litters should be considered to prevent piglets from death due to trauma and low viability, and appropriate herd health programs should be implemented for reducing preweaning mortality due to scours during late lactation.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of death certificates and autopsies in the Australian Capital Territory.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of death certificates in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) by comparison with autopsy reports. DESIGN: A retrospective study of 495 deaths occurring from 1979 to 1987, excluding coronial deaths and deaths of infants under one year of age. The main cause of death on the death certificate was compared with the main cause of death recorded on an autopsy-supported death certificate created for the study. SETTING: The deaths occurred in both major institutional hospitals in the ACT. These hospitals are government-funded and administered, catering for both private and public patients. PATIENTS: There were 495 autopsies recorded in the ACT over the study period. The age data were lost in two cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To find a simple measure of death certificate accuracy and compare the results with previous work. RESULTS: The accuracy of death certificates was 77%. Age, sex and length of hospital stay made little difference to the accuracy. Neoplastic diseases were accurately reported in 90% of cases, digestive and cardiovascular diseases in 81%. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for practical methods and standard criteria to evaluate accuracy of death certificates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Mortality of an asbestos-exposed birth cohort. A pilot study.

A pilot study on the health effects of environmental exposure to asbestos (in particular the development of mesothelioma) is almost complete. This is a record linkage study, using birth and death records as the primary sources of data. The vital status and, if applicable, the cause of death was examined for each of the 1227 members of the 'pilot' cohort (birth years 1932-1936). Preliminary results are presented. Eighty-seven per cent (399) of the white cohort members have been traced and the vital status of each has been determined. Sixty-six whites have died, 6 from mesothelioma. It is almost impossible to trace the black and coloured cohort members and the main study, covering the years of birth 1917-1936, may have to be restricted to whites.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Mesothelioma in Great Britain in 1968-1983.

The British mesothelioma register records deaths in Great Britain when the word "mesothelioma" is on the death certificate. In 1968-1983 the mesothelioma deaths among men increased from 114 to 467, while those among women increased from 38 to 90. In 1983 the crude mesothelioma death rates were 17.5 per million and 3.2 per million for the men and women, respectively. The Northern region had the highest crude rates. At the county level, the highest crude deaths rates in 1976-1983 were recorded for the men in Devon and for the women in Lancashire. Marked differences occurred in the ratio of deaths among men to deaths among women for mesothelioma of the pleura (4.6:1) and for mesothelioma of the peritoneum (2:1). The age-specific death rates for men and women diverged markedly for pleural mesothelioma but not for peritoneal mesothelioma. Trends in the use of asbestos and in age- and sex-specific death rates suggest that the annual number of mesothelioma deaths will continue to increase, possibly until the turn of the century. This increase will be concentrated among the men as the main asbestos exposure of women occurred during the war and the annual deaths due to this exposure may have already peaked.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sewers in the city: a case study of individual-level mortality and public health initiatives in Northampton, Massachusetts, at the turn of the century.

Emerging industrial communities of nineteenth-century New England experienced both rapid population growth and lagging development of public health infrastructures. In turn, high mortality in these newly urban cities contributed to a delay in the regional mortality transition of the late nineteenth century. Analyzing death records and a file of linked cause-specific death and manuscript census records for the industrializing community of Northampton, Massachusetts, we show that early in the city's development, mortality clustered near industrial activities and open sewers. When industrial areas were sewered, clustering of mortality abated, and differences between industrial and commercial areas of the town were no longer significant. These findings illustrate Szreter's emphasis on considering both the benefits and costs of development. (1) Initial development contributed to high mortality in newly emergent urban-industrial centers like Northampton and was abated only when lagging public health infrastructures caught up with rapid growth and development near the turn of the century.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survival following lower-limb amputation in a veteran population.

GOAL: We sought to describe the common demographic and comorbid conditions that affect survival following nontraumatic amputation. METHODS: Veterans Administration hospital discharge records for 1992 were linked with death records. The most proximal level during the first hospitalization in 1992 was used for analysis. Demographic information (age, race) and comorbid diagnosis (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal disease) were used for Kaplan-Meier curves to describe survival following amputation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Death. RESULTS: Mortality risk increased with advanced age, more proximal amputation level, and renal and cardiovascular disease, and decreased for African Americans. No increased risk for persons with diabetes was noted in the first year following amputation but the risk increased thereafter. A higher risk of mortality in the first year was noted for renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and proximal amputation level. CONCLUSION: Survival following lower-limb amputation is impaired by advancing age, cardiovascular and renal disease, and proximal amputation level. Also, a small survival advantage is seen for African Americans and those with diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Spinal cord injury: a 25-year morbidity and mortality study.

The morbidity and mortality occurring during 25 years following spinal cord injury were analyzed. A cohort of 230 patients was selected from the Vietnam Head and Spinal Cord Injury Study Registry meeting the following criteria: (1) survival beyond triage (72 hours); (2) significant myelopathy; and (3) availability of medical records. The military and Veteran's Hospital medical records were compiled and reviewed. Additional death records were obtained from the Department of Veterans Affairs pension office. The major morbidity problems continue to be sepsis related to genitourinary and decubiti sequelae. Psychosocial maladjustment and substance abuse were prevalent and created heavy health care demand. The most frequent cause of death was sepsis. Suicide in the paraplegic group occurred at a rate exceeding by 10 times the frequency reported for uninjured peers. Survival after 5 years approached but never reached the rate established for uninjured peers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of age misreporting in China on the calculation of mortality rates at very high ages.

When mortality rates by age are calculated from recorded deaths and enumerated populations, rates at higher ages are typically in error because of misstated ages. Mortality rates for China in 1981 have been calculated from the number of deaths in 1981 in each household recorded in the 1982 census, and from the census population back-projected one year. Because age was determined from date of birth, and because persons of the Chinese culture have very precise knowledge of date of birth, the mortality rates even at high ages should be unusually accurate. This expectation is fulfilled for most of China, but severe misreporting of age is found in a province that contains a large minority of a non-Han nationality, which lacks precise knowledge of date of birth. Although the province contains only 1.3% of China's population, male death rates above age 90 for all of China are distorted seriously by the erroneous data from this location.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Occupational mortality in the population employed at 1991 Census].

BACKGROUND: Despite limitations and problems connected to occupational surveillance systems based on mortality data, mortality from specific causes continues to be a crucial indicator for evaluating the differences in health among various occupations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential of a surveillance system of occupational mortality based on census and mortality data obtained from ISTAT (Italian Central Statistics Institute). METHODS: By means of record-linkage between Census data and death records from ISTAT, occupational mortality was assessed during the twelve month period following the 1991 census, limited to subjects aged 18-64 years for whom occupational information was available. The study population consisted of deceased subjects, 19,527 of whom were men and 3,547 were women. A cross-sectional model was used to evaluate odds ratios for cause-specific mortality. The risk estimates were then compared to the results obtained in a previous analysis on Census data gathered in the 1981 census. RESULTS: Among the significantly increased risks observed both in 1981 and 1991, of particular interest are the excesses of mortality from liver cirrhosis in caretakers, janitors, and cleaning staff; and the excess of breast cancer in teachers. Mortality from cirrhosis in masons, porters, and waiters, and from violent causes in transport workers and bar and restaurant workers, was instead significantly in excess only in 1991. CONCLUSIONS: The data on mortality by occupation does not permit inferences about occupational risks, though they can be useful to highlight socio-economic differences in premature death in the employed segment of the population and to draw attention to possible trends over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The impact of comorbidity on mortality following in-hospital diagnosis of tuberculosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite the availability of curative chemotherapy, mortality remains high among patients hospitalized for tuberculosis. Although the elevated mortality rate is often attributed to the presence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) or concomitant infection with the HIV, other factors must be contributory, especially among the HIV-negative population. Therefore, we performed a study to define the factors associated with mortality following the in-hospital diagnosis of tuberculosis in a region with low levels of MDRTB and coinfection with HIV. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The eight hospitals in the Barnes-Jewish-Christian (BJC) Health System, which is a network of community and tertiary-care level facilities serving the St. Louis, MO, metropolitan area. PATIENTS: All 203 patients hospitalized with culture-positive tuberculosis at one of the BJC system hospitals between 1988 and 1996. INTERVENTIONS: Follow-up information was obtained by telephone interview and review of medical and public health records. Death was verified through a search of the death certificate registry of Missouri and the records of the Social Security Administration. Mortality was defined as death from any cause during the 14 months following the initial date of hospitalization. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The cumulative all-cause mortality rate for this cohort was 28.1%. The incidence of HIV positivity was 7.9% and of MDRTB was 1.5%. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.0 to 7.0; p < 0.001) and the presence of end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (AOR = 7.0; 95% CI = 3.7 to 13.3; p = 0.002) were the largest contributors to mortality. Other variables independently associated with mortality included the presence of malnutrition (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.1 to 4.9; p = 0.007), age > 60 years (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI = 2.4 to 5.2; p < 0.001), drug-induced immunosuppression (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.6 to 5.2; p = 0.018), and dyspnea at the time of hospital presentation (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.4 to 3.1; p = 0.048). Overall, 45.3% of the patients had a > 7-day delay in the suspicion of the diagnosis of tuberculosis and the institution of antituberculosis therapy following hospital admission. There was no association between the presence of these delays and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the 14-month mortality rate is high among patients diagnosed as having tuberculosis during hospitalization, despite low incidences of HIV infection and multidrug resistant disease. The factors that appear to contribute to this elevated mortality rate are markers of disease chronicity and severity of not only the tuberculosis, but also of the patient's underlying health status. Thus, while HIV positivity and multidrug resistance can be important determinants of mortality in some populations, other demographic factors and comorbid conditions may play a role as well. These data also suggest that tuberculosis is often superimposed on chronic illnesses that are important determinants of patient outcomes.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2005

Risk of breast cancer after miscarriage or induced abortion: a Scottish record linkage case-control study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of breast cancer in patients with a previous history of miscarriage or induced abortion. DESIGN: Case-control study relating "exposure" to outcome by linkage of national hospital discharge and maternity records, the national cancer registry, and death records. SETTING: Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: Miscarriage analysis-2828 women with breast cancer and 9781 matched controls; induced abortion analysis-2833 women with breast cancer and 9888 matched controls. MAIN RESULTS: After stratification for age at diagnosis, parity, and age at first birth, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of breast cancer was 1.02 (0.88 to 1.18) in women with a previous miscarriage, and 0.80 (0.72 to 0.89) in women with a previous induced abortion. Further adjustments for age at bilateral oophorectomy, socioeconomic status (based on small area of residence), and health board area of residence had only minor effects on these odds ratios. CONCLUSION: These data do not support the hypothesis that miscarriage or induced abortion represent substantive risk factors for the future development of breast cancer.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1979

Seasonal variations in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm.

The aim of the present paper was to ascertain whether or not there is a seasonal trend in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Stockholm. The material consisted of hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of AMI, recorded in a medical information system, and of deaths recorded in the cause-of-death register. The hospital stays and the deaths together totalled 4020 cases of AMI occurring in 1973. In contrast to the results of other studies, no seasonal trend was found.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The effect of air pollution on infant mortality appears specific for respiratory causes in the postneonatal period.

To examine the association between individual lifetime measures of mean exposure to air pollution and postneonatal respiratory deaths, we have conducted a matched population-based case-control study covering all births registered in the Czech Republic from 1989 to 1991 that were linked to death records. For each case of infant death, we have randomly selected 20 controls from infants of the same sex born on the same day and alive when the case died. Exposure was assigned as the arithmetic mean of all 24-hour air pollution measurements in the district of residence of each case and control for the period between the birth and death of the index case. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the effects of suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides on risk of death in the neonatal and postneonatal period, controlling for maternal socioeconomic status and birth weight, birth length, and gestational age. There were 2,494 infant deaths with exposure data on at least one pollutant, 133 of them from respiratory causes. The effects of all pollutants were strongest in the postneonatal period and were specific for respiratory causes. For these, rate ratios for a 50 microg/m3 increase in particles, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were 1.95 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-3.50], 1.74 (95% CI = 1.01-2.98), and 1.66 (95% CI = 0.98-2.81), respectively, after controlling for all covariates. Only particles showed a consistent association when all pollutants were entered in one model. We found no evidence of a relation between any pollutant and mortality from other causes. These results indicate that the effects of air pollution on infant mortality are specific for respiratory causes in the postneonatal period, are independent of socioeconomic factors, and are not mediated by birth weight or gestational age.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1992

Unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning--Michigan, 1987-1989.

Deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in the United States result primarily from exposure to motor-vehicle exhaust and occur more often during the cold months of the year and in northern and midwestern states (1-3). In Michigan, from 1987 through 1989, 103 deaths were related to unintentional CO poisoning. To identify approaches for prevention of unintentional CO poisoning in Michigan, the Michigan Council on Injury Control (MCIC) studied death records and medical examiner (ME) records to determine the manner of deaths related to unintentional CO poisoning in that state from 1987 through 1989. This report summarizes findings of the investigation.

Accidents↗
PubMed2000

Errors in the certification of neonatal death.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the precision of the perinatal death certificate (PDC) and ascertain the possible sources of error in the certification of neonatal deaths. METHODS: The 'Main' and 'Other' causes of death recorded on the PDC were obtained from the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages and compared with those from a clinicopathological summary (CPS) completed after all pending laboratory results and/or autopsy information were available. RESULTS: There were 179 neonatal deaths during the 7 year period under review. The PDC and CPS main causes of death were concordant in 103 of 179 infants (58%) and discordant in the remaining 76 infants (42%). The PDC main cause of death was incorrectly classified in 61 of 76 infants (80%) with discordant findings and was incompletely classified in the remaining 15 infants (20%). The following discordancies were recorded for the 61 infants with an incorrect classification: (i) transposition of the 'Main' and 'Other' causes of death, resulting in a sequencing discordancy in 14 infants (23%); (ii) recording a non-pathological condition as the main cause of death in 40 infants (66%); and (iii) recording an incorrect pathological condition as the main cause of death in seven infants (11%). Eight of the 61 (13%) incorrect classifications and four of the 15 (27%) incomplete classifications were associated with laboratory and/or autopsy data being unavailable when the PDC was completed. CONCLUSIONS: The concordancy between the PDC and CPS would have increased from 58 to 91% if the 'Main' and 'Other' causes of death had been sequenced correctly, if the main cause of death had been ascribed to a pathological disease rather than a non-pathological condition and if corrective information from pending laboratory tests and/or autopsy examination had been made available to the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1983

Embryotoxicity of industrial chemicals on the chicken embryo: dithiocarbamates.

Seven dithiocarbamates and three acetates were tested for teratogenicity and lethality in three-day chicken embryos. These included: cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate (CdDE), zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZnDE), zinc ethylphenyldithiocarbamate (ZnEP), zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZnDB), copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CuDM), tellurium diethyldithiocarbamate (TeDE), and piperidine pentamethylenedithiocarbamate (PPM), cadmium acetate (CdAC), copper-(II)acetate (CuAC), and zinc acetate (ZnAC). The parameters measured were early deaths, recorded within two days of injection, late deaths of malformed embryos, late deaths of nonmalformed embryos, and malformed survivors. The order of embryotoxicity decreased as follows: CdAC greater than CdDE greater than ZnDE greater than or equal to ZnEP greater than or equal to ZnDB greater than CuDM greater than TeDE greater than CuAC greater than PPM greater than ZnAC. The only exception to this order was the relatively weak teratogenicity of the metal acetates as compared to dithiocarbamates. Cadmium and zinc dithiocarbamates were potent embryotoxic agents eliciting lethality and malformations at doses of 1 to 10 nmole per egg. Most embryonic deaths occurred at stages 29 to 31, and most of the dead embryos were malformed.

Acetates↗
PubMed1981

Optimal birthweights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes.

This study tests the hypothesis that optimum birthweight for survival is lower among hospital-born infants in Puno, Peru (altitude 3860 m) than that among their counterparts at low altitude in Tacna, Peru (altitude 600 m). The data are derived from hospital birth records for 1971 and 1972 and municipal death records for 1971 through 1973. Linking these records permits analysis of the patterns of mortality in relation to birthweight. Stabilizing selection upon birthweight is operating in both populations. The high altitude population has a lower mean birthweight and a lower optimal birthweight. The Puno population is closer to its optimal birthweight distribution and, as a result of mortality during infancy, is approaching its optimum birthweight distribution for survival more rapidly than the Tacna population. It appears that the high altitude Puno population may well be adapted to its environment in the sense that there is less selective mortality on birthweight phenotypes.

Altitude↗
PubMed1983

Embryotoxicity of sixteen industrial amines to the chicken embryo.

Sixteen amine compounds that are used in the rubber industry, and sodium nitrite, were tested on three-day chicken embryos for embryotoxicity. The parameters measured were: early deaths recorded within two days of injection, late deaths of malformed embryos, late deaths of non-malformed embryos and malformed survivors. The most embryotoxic chemicals were N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N,N-triethylethylenediamine, N,N'-dicyclohexyl-p-phenyleneamine and triethylamine, with total effect ED50 values, including deaths and malformations, between 0.11 and 0.90 mumol per egg. The ED50 values for triethylenetetramine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, triethanolamine, N-phenyl-2-naphtylamine, aniline and N-nitrosodiphenylamine ranged from 1.1 to 7.0 mumol per egg. Sodium nitrite was the least potent, with an ED50 of 22 mumol per egg. Six chemicals produced no effects. They probably did not reach the embryo. The four most potent chemicals, together with aniline, caused the highest frequencies of malformations.

Amines↗