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PubMed2006

[Malassezia yeasts and their significance in dermatology].

Yeasts of the genus Malassezia belong to the normal microflora of the human skin. In addition they are known to cause a variety of skin diseases; the most frequent of which is pityriasis versicolor. Malassezia yeasts are also thought to be associated with seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff and Malassezia folliculitis. Recently the significance of Malassezia yeasts as a trigger factor for atopic dermatitis of the head and neck region has been pointed out. The role of the Malassezia yeasts in these different diseases has been controversial in the past and remains an issue because of difficulties in isolation, culture and differentiation of the organism. Thanks to molecular techniques, 10 species can actually be differentiated. The article presents the different Malassezia-associated diseases, their clinical picture, diagnosis and appropriate therapy. In addition the speciation of Malassezia is reviewed.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of anti-seborrhea substances against Pityrosporum ovale in vitro].

Thirty strains of the lipophilic yeast Pityrosporum ovale were isolated from patients suffering from seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff and tested for susceptibility both to some classic antifungal agents and to several primarily non-antimycotic drugs. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of altogether eleven agents were measured by the agar dilution technique. As expected, the tested imidazoles showed a good inhibition of growth of Pityrosporum. The most effective agents were ketoconazole (MIC 0.1 microgram/ml) and itraconazole (MIC 0.05 microgram/ml for some strains). MIC for fluconazole, clotrimazole and tioconazole were also low, indicating a good inhibition of Pityrosporum. In contrast, the range of MIC for bifonazole was moderate to high (for some strains 12.5-25 micrograms/ml). For zinc pyrithion a very good in vitro efficacy (MIC 0.78-1.56 micrograms/ml) was dedicated. The MIC for selenium disulphide was 1.56-3.13 micrograms/ml. The antipsoriatic drugs dithranol and liquor carbonis detergens also inhibited growth of all Pityrosporum ovale strains investigated but only at higher concentrations.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Shampoos: composition and clinical applications].

Shampooing is the most common form of hair treatment. Shampoos have primarily been products aimed at cleansing the hair and scalp. The diversity of qualities demanded from a good shampoo by today's consumer go far beyond this general function. A cosmetic benefit is expected, and the shampoo formulation has to be tailored to all the possible variations associated with hair quality (dry, greasy, permed, bleached, dyed), age (baby shampoo), care habit (frequency of shampooing) and specific problems relating to the superficial condition of the scalp (dandruff, seborrhea). Selected ingredients of shampoos that have been popular with the consumer are currently under attack because of potential risks associated with their use (e.g. halogenated organic compounds, formaldehyde, musk fragrances, and crude coal tar). Our standard graduate training programs devote limited attention to the subject of shampoos, and much of the readily available information concerning shampoos is supplied by the industry. We should be increasingly aware that our patients look to us to supply independent information on what can be expected from a shampoo to enable them to make more informed choices at the consumer level.

Hair↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of prekeratin and keratin polypeptides in normal and psoriatic human epidermis.

High-resolution electrophoresis has been used to extend previous observations on the polypeptide composition of keratins in psoriatic epidermis. We have compared psoriatic scale keratins with normal and with scale extracts from several different epidermal disorders. Uninvolved psoriatic epidermis contained prekeratin and keratin of normal profile (68, 60, 58, 52 kDa and 66, 58, 55 kDa, respectively). Prekeratin from involved psoriatic epidermis showed a variable quantitative reduction in the 68-kDa polypeptide and an altered expression of smaller polypeptides (Mr 40 000-55 000). Keratin from the psoriatic lesion was abnormal and appeared 'prekeratin-like'. Keratin from the involved stratum corneum of patients with seborrhoeic eczema. Darier's disease and common dandruff were also similar to prekeratin, but that from ichthyosis and toxic epidermal necrolysis was normal. These results suggest that psoriatic keratinocytes have a defective but variable expression of prekeratin polypeptides. Furthermore, the differentiation-linked modification of prekeratin to keratin is defective in psoriasis, a phenomenon found in other hyperkeratotic epidermal disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The in vitro antifungal activity of ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium sulfide against Pityrosporum and their efficacy as a shampoo in the treatment of experimental pityrosporosis in guinea pigs.

The fungistatic and fungicidal activity of ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium sulfide against Pityrosporum, a yeast thought to play a pathogenic role in seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, was assessed in Dixon broth for Pityrosporum ovale and Sabouraud broth for Pityrosporum pachydermatis. Ketoconazole inhibited growth at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 micrograms/ml. For zinc pyrithione and selenium sulfide higher concentrations were needed. In a guinea pig model the efficacy of treatment with four shampoos (Nizoral [Jansen], EDS Zinc [Schering], Zinkan [Lederle], and Selsun [Abbott]) was compared. The animals were inoculated for 7 consecutive days on intact skin. The lesions were scored for erythema, folliculitis, and hyperkeratosis 24 hours after the last inoculation and after treatment. Final evaluations were made 13 days after infection (10 days after last shampoo application). Treatment with undiluted and diluted (1:10) shampoos showed consistently superior clinical and mycologic results for Nizoral shampoo. None of the shampoos produced side effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The aquatic ape theory and some common diseases.

The Aquatic Ape Theory claims that human ancestors once lived in a semi-aquatic habitat. Some human diseases might be explained by our aquatic past. Such problems include hyperventilation, periodic breathing, laryngo- and bronchospasm, vasomotor rhinopathy, seborrhea, dandruff, male pattern alopecia, rhinophyma, osteoarthritis, inguinal hernias, varicose veins, common obesity, myopia, and ear-wax.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of light in acute toxicity bioassays of imidacloprid and zinc pyrithione to zooplankton crustaceans.

The acute toxicity of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, and zinc pyrithione (Zpt), a biocide used in anti-dandruff shampoos and protective antifouling paints, to three species of ostracods and two waterfleas, including Daphnia magna, was determined and compared under light and dark conditions. Under normal laboratory conditions, UV light had no significant influence on the outcome of toxicity bioassays, although in the case of imidacloprid both EC(50) and LC(50) calculated values were twice as high under the light as in the dark. No influence of UV light was observed on bioassays conducted with Zpt, in spite of the fast aqueous photolysis exhibited by this compound. Imidacloprid 48-h LC(50) for cladocerans (65-133mg/L) were two orders of magnitude higher than for ostracods (301-715microg/L); values of EC(50) for cladocerans and ostracods were 2-6mg/L and 3-16microg/L, respectively. Toxicity of Zpt to both ostracod and cladoceran species appears to be similar, with 48-h LC(50) in the range 137-524 and 75-197microg/L for ostracods and cladocerans, respectively, and similar values for EC(50)s. The mortality endpoint (LC(50)), however, is not a reliable predictor of the effects of imidacloprid under field situations (e.g. rice paddies), because the paralysis effect induced by this insecticide takes place at much lower concentrations than those required to cause the death of the animals: regardless of the taxa, differences as large as 100- or 600-fold were observed between the EC(50) and LC(50) for the same exposures. As a consequence, immobilization tests and EC(50) values are recommended for this class of compounds, while caution should be exercised in environmental risk assessments of this and possibly other related neonicotinoid insecticides with similar activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts.

The human and animal pathogenic yeast genus Malassezia has received considerable attention in recent years from dermatologists, other clinicians, veterinarians and mycologists. Some points highlighted in this review include recent advances in the technological developments related to detection, identification, and classification of Malassezia species. The clinical association of Malassezia species with a number of mammalian dermatological diseases including dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, psoriasis, folliculitis and otitis is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species.

The yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been associated with a number of diseases affecting the human skin, such as pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and--less commonly--with other dermatologic disorders such as confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, onychomycosis, and transient acantholytic dermatosis. Although Malassezia yeasts are a part of the normal microflora, under certain conditions they can cause superficial skin infection. The study of the clinical role of Malassezia species has been surrounded by controversy because of their fastidious nature in vitro, and relative difficulty in isolation, cultivation, and identification. Many studies have been published in the past few years after the taxonomic revision carried out in 1996 in which 7 species were recognized. Two new species have been recently described, one of which has been isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. This review focuses on the clinical, mycologic, and immunologic aspects of the various skin diseases associated with Malassezia. It also highlights the importance of individual Malassezia species in the different dermatologic disorders related to these yeasts.

Dermatitis, Atopic↗
PubMed2006

A nationwide survey of Trichophyton tonsurans infection among combat sport club members in Japan using a questionnaire form and the hairbrush method.

BACKGROUND: The emerging outbreak of Trichophyton tonsurans infection among members of combat sports clubs in Japan during the last 4 years has become a serious public health problem. To overcome this outbreak, a survey for T. tonsurans infection in Japan may be essential. OBJECTIVES: We sought to clarify the prevalence of T. tonsurans infection among members of combat sports clubs in Japan. METHODS: We conducted a survey of members of participating combat sports clubs using a standardized questionnaire to assess background factors and using the hairbrush method to identify T. tonsurans infection. Statistical significance of the correlation between data from the questionnaire and the hairbrush culture results was determined. RESULTS: We surveyed 1000 people (826 male) from 49 institutions and found 115 (11.5%) were positive for T. tonsurans infection revealed by the hairbrush method. Demographic factors associated with high positive rates (> or =20%) of the infection were familial T. tonsurans infection (20.0%), history of tinea corporis (24.2%), increased dandruff (32.1%), and concomitant tinea corporis (31.6%). Those with positive hairbrush culture results without current or previous tinea were considered asymptomatic carriers. LIMITATIONS: The study population was limited to members of judo clubs all over Japan; they were asked to participate in this survey via the All Japan Judo Federation. CONCLUSION: Infection of T. tonsurans appears to have spread widely among members of combat sports club in Japan. The questionnaire used in this study is a simple and useful tool to estimate epidemiology of this infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Simultaneous determination of ketoconazole and formaldehyde in a shampoo: liquid chromatography method development and validation.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal agent, which is the active ingredient in a shampoo primarily used for the treatment of seborrhatic dermatitis (anti-dandruff shampoo). The shampoo also contains imidazolidinylurea as a formaldehyde releasing preservative. The aim of this study was to develop a HPLC system that allows the determination of both ketoconazole and formaldehyde. The finally selected isocratic system consisted of an Interchrom Nucleosil (250 X 4.6 mm, 5 microm) C8 column and a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-phosphate buffer 0.025 M, pH 4.0, 45/55 (v/v). Ketoconazole could immediately be determined at 250 nm after injection of diluted shampoo. Formaldehyde was measured at 345 nm after derivatisation with a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. At the selected conditions, the other excipients of the shampoo did not interfere in the assays for both substances. Method validation was performed on both assays. Different selectivity towards ketoconazole and formaldehyde was observed when applying other C8 columns. This fact, however, did not affect the assays of both substances.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1987

Development of atopic disease in babies whose mothers were receiving exclusion diet during pregnancy--a randomized study.

In a prospective, randomized study, we have monitored the effect of maternal abstention from cow's milk and egg on the development of atopy in babies. Two hundred twelve women were followed from midpregnancy. We report the occurrences of allergies in their babies up to 18 months of age, as assessed by skin prick testing, determination of serum IgE, questionnaires, and blinded physical examination by a pediatric allergist. Whatever the method that was used, there was no statistically significant difference between babies whose mothers received the "diet" or the "nondiet." Other factors known to influence the risk of atopy like heredity, sex, month of birth, breast-feeding, and exposure to tobacco smoke, animal dandruff, and solid food did not differ between the groups. The mothers receiving the exclusion diet, by their own choice, had diminished their intake of milk and egg during lactation also, and therefore, their babies were significantly less exposed to cow's milk before 6 months. Still, atopy was equally abundant among their children. Thus, maternal elimination diet during late pregnancy did not protect the baby against allergy.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Response of scalp psoriasis to oral ketoconazole.

A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study showed improvement of scalp psoriasis with oral ketoconazole, although the study had to be stopped before completion because of the possibility of drug toxicity. The common appearance of psoriasis in the scalp and certain other sites may be due to pityrosporal colonisation that also causes seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Experimental studies (in vitro) on polyene macrolide antibiotics with special reference to hamycin against Malassezia ovale.

Hamycin activity (in vitro) against Malassezia ovale was studied and compared with old and newly discovered polyene antifungal antibiotics. Hamycin showed a marked anti-M. ovale activity which was enhanced in the presence of divalent cations like Cu++ and Zn++. Furthermore, the absorption of hamycin onto the cell membrane or cell surface of M. ovale was also increased in the presence of divalent cations. It is suggested that hamycin alone or along with metal ions, specifically Cu++ may be useful clinically in the treatment of dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2003

Validation of an HPLC method on short columns to assay ketoconazole and formaldehyde in shampoo.

An HPLC method to determine simultaneously ketoconazole and formaldehyde in an anti-dandruff shampoo, originally developed on a long column, was transferred to two short columns with similar stationary phase properties, but with a length of at the most 30% of the initial one. Using the conventional column as reference, the fast HPLC methods on the short columns were validated. The validation characteristics consisted of selectivity, linearity range, precision (repeatability and time-different intermediate precision), bias and robustness. For the ketoconazole assay, linearity for peak area was found in the concentration range up to 0.20 mg/ml. For formaldehyde, two calibration ranges (0-10 x 10(-5) and 0-10 x 10(-4)%) were linear, both for peak area and height. The assays for both ketoconazole and formaldehyde in these ranges showed no bias and an acceptable precision, although the precision found with the short columns was slightly worse than with the long one. The robustness tests were performed applying a Plackett-Burman design. For the ketoconazole assay, 6 factors were examined in a 12 experiments design and for formaldehyde, 11 factors in 16 experiments. The methods were found to be robust. Despite the somewhat less good precision the transfer seems to be successful and the obtained assays on the short columns are applicable for fast routine analysis.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1997

Aesthetic considerations in patients of color.

This article focuses on the aesthetic cutaneous considerations in analyzing and treating the aging face in patients of color. Initially some of the physiologic differences between dark and light pigmented skin are elucidated. Hair conditions that lead to aesthetic unacceptance are discussed as are facial enhancing cosmetic procedures, with special emphasis on people of color. Information on treatment of dandruff, xanthelasma, and melasma in people with dark skin is also presented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The benefits of the 3T3 NRU test in the safety assessment of cosmetics: long-term experience from pre-marketing testing in the Czech Republic.

We have introduced the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test for methodological, economical and ethical reasons as a regular part of tier pre-marketing testing to assess local tolerance of raw materials for cosmetics, household chemicals and final cosmetic products. Using the 3T3 cell line according to the standard INVITTOX protocol No.64 (NRU Assay) the borderline concentration, relevant to the highest tolerated dose, is determined for each material. The toxic effect is reached at different concentration levels specific for individual cosmetics categories, depending on their chemical characteristics. Typical ranges of cytotoxicity for specific categories of cosmetics were established after testing of hundreds of materials. The range lies between 1 microg/ml (anti-dandruff shampoos), up to 2000 microg/ml (toothpastes and mouthwashes). The 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test is a sensitive tool able to identify more aggressive products, that are also more likely to evoke irritation in human skin. It was even possible to detect protective effects of one natural herbal ingredient. The comparative study of cytotoxicity test results and human patch test results from a group of essential oils is presented. Cytotoxicity tests represent a highly ethical approach for estimation of irritancy. On the basis of in vitro test results suggesting low risk we can proceed to confirmatory tests in human volunteers.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1997

Allergy to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum).

BACKGROUND: Allergic reactions after consumption of spices are well-known. In Asia, fenugreek seeds are consumed as spices and also as medicines. Literature survey carried out does not reveal reports of allergic reactions to fenugreek. In our survey carried out on patients with food allergy, we found two cases of severe allergy to fenugreek. METHODS: We report here two cases of immediate allergy following ingestion, inhalation, and external application of fenugreek seed powder. In the first case, inhalation of the fenugreek seed powder resulted in rhinorrhea, wheezing, and fainting. The second case was of a patient with chronic asthma who developed numbness of head, facial angioedema, and wheezing after application of fenugreek paste to her scalp as a treatment for dandruff. Skin scratch test was performed with fenugreek and other members of the Leguminosae family as fenugreek also belongs to Leguminosae. Objective evidence of the reaction was obtained by conducting double-blind placebo-controlled challenges (DBPCFC). For detecting IgE binding by immunoblotting method, the proteins of the fenugreek extract were resolved using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Skin scratch tests for the patients revealed strong sensitivity to fenugreek and chickpeas. None of the controls showed such response with fenugreek extract. During DBPCFC, both patients showed > 20% drop in peak flow rate after consumption of fenugreek and chickpea. Immunoblots demonstrated binding of specific IgE from the patients' sera with the protein from extracts between 20 kD to 70 kD bands. CONCLUSION: This case report has enlarged the list of food allergens with the addition of fenugreek.

Adult↗