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PubMed1997

Nocturnal digestion, cloacal excretion, and digestion-related thermogenesis in pigeons (Columba livia).

Two indicators of nocturnal digestive activity were identified in pigeons. Experiment 1 showed that a sizable amount of food empties from the crop while pigeons are inactive during the night. Experiment 2 showed that the number and volume of cloacal droppings during the night were directly related to the volume of food consumed during the day. The temporal pattern of cloacal droppings in the night was systematically related to features of the nocturnal body temperature (Tb) curves, suggesting that excretory activity is thermogenic in its own right and/or that it is a marker for a thermogenic process in the upper digestive tract. Questions about the relationship between digestion-related thermogenesis and shivering thermogenesis during the night in birds are highlighted by these findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Exogenous and endogenous contributions to nitrogen fluxes in the digestive tract of pigs fed a casein diet. II. Ileal and faecal digestibilities and absorption of amino acids.

The present work aimed at quantifying nitrogen (N) and amino acid (AA) fluxes in the digestive tract of growing pigs fed a casein diet. In this paper we report on digesta passage at the terminal ileum, on apparent balances at the ileal and faecal levels, and on nutrients appearance in the portal vein. Digesta flow-rate at the terminal ileum was maximum between 6 and 12 h after the meal. About 10% of N and 5% of total AA ingested were recovered within 24 h. AA absorption started 30 min after the meal, and was measurable until 13 to 14 h. The total AA absorbed in 24 h accounted for 128% of the AA ingested. The AA composition of ileal digesta was very different from that of casein, closely resembling that of endogenous proteins. The AA composition of faeces was very close to that of bacterial proteins. The ileal digestibilities of AA, though lower than their faecal values, were very high. This was confirmed by AA absorption balances greater than 100%. These data suggest that casein was almost totally digested by the terminal ileum, and that endogenous AA were substantially reabsorbed. These findings are supported by data on endogenous N recycling (15N), reported in a following paper.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age. 6. The digestion of hydrolyzed milk and soya-bean proteins.

1. Four pelleted diets were prepared containing milk or isolated soya-bean protein (ISP) as the major protein source. The milk and ISP were given either as intact proteins or partially (0.650 hydrolyzed with papain before feeding. 2. The diets were given ad lib. to thirty-two pigs from 7-28 d of age. The pigs were slaughtered at 28 d of age. 3. Weight gains, food conversion ratios and nitrogen balances of pigs given diets containing milk protein were better than those of diets containing ISP (231 g/d, 0.80 and 11.5 g/d compared to 209 g/d, 0.88 and 9.00 g/d respectively). 4. Partial hydrolysis of proteins before feeding did not affect the performance of the pigs. 5. Apparent digestibilities of N before the ileum and in the whole tract were 0.78 and 0.94 for the pigs given the ISP diets and 0.86 and 0.97 for the pigs given the milk-protein diets. 6. Retention time of ISP diets in the whole digestive tract was 1475 min and that of the milk-protein diets was 1089 min. 7. pH of digesta in the stomach was 5.0-5.3 for all diets and increased to 6.9-7.1 in the ileum. 8. There were no differences in flows of total N and protein N to the ileum and lower digestive tract between the pigs given the intact-and hydrolyzed-protein diets. 9. Apparent absorptions of N in the stomach, duodenum and jejenum were greater in the pigs given diets containing hydrolyzed proteins than in those given diets containing the intact proteins. 10. Flows of total N and protein N to the ileum tract were greater when the pigs were given the ISP diets than when they were given the milk-protein diets. 11. Hydrolysis of proteins before feeding resulted in a reduced trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the duodenum and pancreas. 12. Retention of dietary N in the carcass was greater in pigs given the milk-protein diets (0.79) than in those given the ISP diets (0.68).

Aging↗
PubMed1985

The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes. 1. Digestion of organic matter and nitrogen.

In a 4 X 4 Latin square experiment four cattle were given in two meals per d diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 times (H) maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde-treated (T). A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta and a 7 d collection of faeces were made using chromium sesquioxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Spot samples of duodenal digesta were obtained after administration of Cr2O3-mordanted silage-fibre and soya-bean meal, to determine the rates of outflow of these markers from the rumen. Similar samples were also obtained after cessation of a continuous intraruminal infusion of ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S and CoEDTA. Incubations of each feedingstuff in porous synthetic fibre (psf) bags were carried out in the rumen and the rates of N disappearance from the bags determined. Increasing DM intake significantly (P less than 0.001) increased the quantities of organic matter (OM), total N and amino acid-N entering the small intestine and amounts subsequently voided in the faeces. Apparent digestibilities of OM and N were unaffected by DM intake; the proportions of total digestible OM digested in the rumen were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) at the higher level of DM intake. Formaldehyde treatment of the soya-bean meal increased the quantities of N entering the small intestine; these increases were not significant. Increased DM intake increased the quantities of both microbial N (P less than 0.001) and undegraded feed N (P less than 0.01) entering the small intestine; HCHO-treatment also significantly (P less than 0.05) increased the quantities of undegraded feed N entering the small intestine. The efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the rumen was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas apparent feed N degradability was reduced significantly (P less than 0.05) both by increasing DM intake and by HCHO-treatment of the soya-bean meal. Rates of disappearance of N from psf bags in the rumen were different for different feedingstuffs. However, for a given feedingstuff, the rate of N disappearance was not affected by the diets fed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

[Food conversion in the digestive system of juvenile bulls. 2. Digestion of carbohydrates].

Each of ten rations containing 60% feed concentrate were tested on two bulls which were a fistulated at the duodenum. The carbohydrate contents varied considerably. Carbohydrate digestion in the forestomach was estimated by the detergent and Anthron methods and by quantitative gas chromatographic analysis for carbohydrate monomers. Apparent starch digestibility for starch-rich rations varied between 97.8 and 99%. Between 60 and 144 g of starch was found at the duodenum/animal.d in the case of the cereal-containing rations, the highest values being found for the one containing maize. The apparent digestibility of sugar was about 99%. The amount of sugar found at the duodenum varied between 16 and 67 g animal.d. Analysis by gas chromatography revealed that the feeds yielded less hemicelluloses than calculated from the difference NDF-ADF. The only other sugars found in appreciable amounts at the duodenum were arabinose and xylose.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method overestimates quality of proteins containing antinutritional factors and of poorly digestible proteins supplemented with limiting amino acids in rats.

The validity of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) method in predicting the quality of fourteen protein products was compared with the commonly used protein quality methods, protein efficiency ratio (RER) and net protein ratio (NPR). A rat growth and balance study was conducted to determine protein digestibility and quality of the animal and vegetable protein products by the PER and NPR methods. Amino acid compositions of the products were also determined, and PDCAAS were calculated using a rat and a human pattern of amino acid requirements. Compared to the biological methods, the scoring method overestimated protein quality of mustard flour [PDCAAS of 84-92% vs. relative PER (RPER) or relative NPR (RNPR) of 0], raw black beans (PDCAAS of 45-72% vs. RPER or RNPR of 0), alkaline-treated lactalbumin and soybean protein isolate (PDCAAS of 44-67% vs. RPER or RNPR of 0) and heated skim milk (PDCAAS of 29-31% vs. RPER and RNPR of 0-5%). The scoring method also overestimated the protein quality of zein (true protein digestibility of 63%) supplemented with Lys, Met, Thr and Trp (PDCAAS of 63-71% vs. RPER and RNPR of 3-44%). These data demonstrate that the PDCAAS method is inappropriate for predicting protein quality of those protein sources which may contain naturally occurring growth-depressing factors or antinutritional factors formed during alkaline and/or heat processing.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

An evaluation with piglets of bovine milk, hydrolyzed bovine milk, and isolated soybean proteins included in infant milk formulas. I. Effect on organ development, digestive enzyme activities, and amino acid digestibility.

A study, using the piglet as a model for the human infant, was undertaken to determine the effect of the protein source of a milk formula on organ development, the activity of digestive enzymes, and the absorption of amino acids as measured at the terminal ileum and over the entire digestive tract. Three isocaloric liquid milk formulas containing equal amounts of either intact bovine milk, hydrolyzed bovine milk, or isolated soybean protein as the sole source of this nutrient and with equal levels of fat and carbohydrate were each given to six 14-day-old piglets over a 19-day period in a manner that mimicked human infant feeding practice. Following a 6-day metabolism study, the piglets were killed, their organs removed, and samples of digesta collected. The protein source of the milk-based formula did not affect (p greater than 0.05) the weight/unit body weight of the small intestine, large intestine, liver, or pancreas, but the relative weight of the kidneys was lower (p less than 0.05) for animals fed the intact bovine milk-based formula and that of the stomach was higher (p less than 0.01) for piglets receiving the isolated soybean formula. The activities of pepsin, intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin and pancreatic chymotrypsin were not influenced (p greater than 0.05) by protein source, but piglets receiving the bovine milk-based formula had a lower level of activity (p less than 0.01) for pancreatic trypsin. The apparent ileal and fecal absorption of nitrogen was similar for the three milk-based formulas, the overall mean ileal absorption of nitrogen (+/- SE) being 89.0% (+/- 1.44). Excluding cystine, where ileal absorption was relatively lower (p less than 0.05) with the isolated soybean formula (86.7%) compared with the intact bovine milk (91.5%), protein source had little effect on the apparent absorption of essential amino acids. It was concluded that the replacement of intact cow's milk protein in human infant formulas by either hydrolyzed cow's milk or isolated soybean protein is unlikely to cause any major disturbance in the digestive process.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Sexual abuse is more frequently reported by IBS patients than by patients with organic digestive diseases or controls. Results of a multicentre inquiry. French Club of Digestive Motility.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this multicentre inquiry was to evaluate the prevalence of sexual abuse among IBS patients consulting a gastroenterologist, in comparison to healthy controls and patients with organic digestive diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; Rome Criteria) were included by eight university hospitals (n = 196; 41.2 +/- 20.6 years; sex ratio (M/F) = 0.23). Control groups were: (i) patients consulting for the follow-up of non-neoplastic organic digestive diseases (n = 135; 41.5 +/- 17.0 years; 1.21); (ii) patients attending ophthalmology units (n = 200; 43.8 +/- 20.7 years; 0.81); (iii) healthy subjects seen in centres of the National Health System (n = 172; 40.3 +/- 16.3 years; 0.83). Each patient filled in an anonymous questionnaire, without help. Prevalence of sexual abuse in the various groups was compared by the chi 2 test. RESULTS: Sixty-two instance of sexual abuse (55 females, 7 males) were recorded among the 196 IBS patients (31.6%); 8 cases of verbal aggression, 4 of exhibitionism, 11 of sexual harassment, 22 sexual touches, 17 rapes. The prevalence of sexual abuse was 14.0% for the patients with organic digestive diseases (P = 0.0005 vs. IBS), 12.5% among ophthalmology patients (P < 0.0001) and 7.6% in healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Sexual abuse was accompanied by physical abuse in 23 IBS patients and 19 patients from control groups (not significant). Twenty-six IBS patients reported isolated physical abuse (14.7%) versus 40 from control groups (8.8%; P = 0.041). There was a significant trend towards more severe attacks of abuse among IBS patients than in others. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the high prevalence of sexual abuse among IBS patients consulting in Gastroenterology. Some of these patients would benefit from appropriate therapy. (In the majority of cases, this will be psychotherapy.)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by an antibiotic substance produced by Bacillus licheniformis in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice: effect on other bacteria from the digestive tract.

A strain of Bacillus licheniformis, established in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice, inhibited the subsequent establishment of a Clostridium perfringens strain ingested by the animals. This inhibitory effect depended on the in vivo production by B. licheniformis of an antibiotic substance having a number of the characteristics of bacitracin. If C. perfringens was the first to become established in the digestive tract of the gnotobiotic mice, B. licheniformis also became established but did not produce any antibiotic. Mutants of C. perfringens resistant to the antibiotic substance were not observed when the antibiotic was produced in situ by B. licheniformis, but were rapidly selected when the Bacillus culture filtrate or bacitracin was administered per os. B. licheniformis was also capable of eliminating from the digestive tract 5 of the 13 additional bacterial strains tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

An experimental model for studies on the effects of food and digestive secretions on the digestive-absorptive capacity of rat small intestine.

At an average of 32 days after a modified Roux-en-y repositioning of rat small intestine, the mucosal mass, mucosal composition, in vivo absorption of galactose and the activity of maltase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase were measured. In the gut segment with digestive secretions but without food (A) the only change was a decrease of sucrase activity which occurred most probably at the cellular level. In the gut segment with food and gastric juice and a reflux of digestive secretions (B) complex changes took place. An increase in mucosal mass was not accompanied by an increase in galactose absorption. There was a high increase of sucrase activity, a moderate increase of maltase activity and a tendency of the alkaline phosphatase activity to decrease. The changes (increase in mucosal mass and total enzyme activity, but no changes in activity at the cellular level) in the segment exposed to both digestive secretions and food (C) were compatible with a more proximal promotion of a distal gut segment.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep: I. Digestion of nitrogen and amino acids.

Six mature wethers (BW 72 kg) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were fed a control (no added soybean meal [SBM]) diet or diets containing unheated SBM or SBM roasted at 165 degrees C for 75, 150, 180, or 210 min in a 6 x 6 Latin square experiment. Concentrations of indicators of heat exposure (ADIN, ADF, NDF) in SBM increased with increasing roasting time. Duodenal flows of total N, non-bacterial N, and SBM N increased (P < .05) linearly with increased roasting time. Small intestinal (SI) digestibility (percentage entering SI) of total N and SBM N was influenced quadratically (P < .05) by roasting time; SI digestibilities were modestly increased by heating SBM to 150 min, then declined dramatically when SBM was heated for 180 and 210 min. These responses resulted in a quadratic (P < .05) increase in quantity of total and SBM N disappearing in the SI; quantities increased as SBM was heated to 150 min and remained unchanged when SBM was heated for 180 and 210 min. These responses resulted in a quadratic (P < .05) increase in quantity of total and SBM N disappearing in the SI; quantities increased as SBM was heated to 150 min and remained unchanged when SBM was heated for 180 and 210 min. Duodenal flows and SI digestibilities of total and non-bacterial amino acids (AA) and of most individual AA followed patterns similar to those observed for N. Maximum quantities of total and individual AA disappeared from the SI when wethers were fed SBM roasted at 165 degrees C for 150 min. Evaluation of the effects of heat treatment on the nutritive value of a protein source for ruminants should include considerations for both ruminal protein escape and SI availability of escaped protein and for the nature of the AA supply absorbed from the SI.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

The effects of roasting temperature applied to whole soybeans on site of digestion by steers: II. Protein and amino acid digestion.

A 4 x 5 Youden square design was used to determine the effect of roasting temperature of whole soybeans on escape of CP from the rumen and disappearance of N from the small intestine in steers. Four steers (average BW 373 kg +/- 30.7) cannulated at the rumen, duodenum, and ileum were fed each of five diets (1.8% of BW) over five periods. The basal diet contained corn silage (50% of diet DM), alfalfa hay (24%), corn-urea premix (6%), corn starch grits (16.6%), and soybean oil (3.4%). Soybeans (16% of diet DM), either raw or heated to an exit temperature of 141, 149, or 157 degrees C in a commercial roaster, replaced the soybean oil and most of the corn starch grits in the soybean-containing diets. Ruminal ammonia N was lower (P < .05) for the basal diet than for the soybean-containing diets. Roasting temperature of whole soybeans had no significant impact on ruminal ammonia N. Total N reaching the duodenum was greater (P < .05) for steers fed the soybean diets than for steers fed the basal diet. Non-bacterial N (dietary N) at the duodenum was increased (P < .05) by feeding soybeans. Soybean N reaching the duodenum decreased with increased roasting temperature. Increased roasting temperature of whole soybeans seemed to make the soybeans more brittle, subsequently increasing degradation of CP in the rumen. However, disappearance of soybean N in the small intestine, as a proportion of the soybean N entering the small intestine, increased with increased roasting temperature. Apparent total tract N digestibility was increased (P < .05) by feeding soybeans. Flow to the duodenum and small intestinal digestibility of total, essential, and nonessential amino acids increased (P < .05) when soybeans were fed and when roasted vs raw soybeans were fed. Under normal roasting conditions, it seemed that little potential for heat damage to the soybean protein existed. Instead, undesirable effects of heating on handling characteristics of the soybeans were reached before the point at which loss of nutritive value occurred. Feeding steers diets containing roasted whole soybeans increased the N and amino acids available to steers over steers fed diets containing raw soybeans due to increased ruminal soybean nitrogen escape and increased small intestinal digestibility.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Influence of niacin supplementation on in vivo digestibility and ruminal digestion in dairy cows.

The effect of niacin supplementation on digestion was investigated using four cows in a crossover design. After peak lactation, cows received a diet of corn silage (55%) and concentrates (45%), including a formaldehyde-treated mixture of soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and urea. This diet was either supplemented with niacin (6 g/d) or not supplemented. Total tract apparent digestibility of OM and fiber and ruminal digestibility of OM were not modified by treatment. Niacin supplementation enhanced the theoretical degradability of ruminal DM in situ (44.7% vs. 40.6%) and concentration of protozoa in ruminal fluid (459 vs. 311 x 10(3)/ml), especially Ophryoscolecidae. The percentage of butyrate in the VFA mixture of ruminal fluid was increased by niacin supply, but acetate and propionate percentages and total VFA concentration did not vary. Ruminal digesta, ruminal pools, and ruminal kinetics were not affected by treatment. Duodenal flow of nonmicrobial N tended to increase with niacin supplementation. Duodenal flow of microbial N did not vary, as measured using a microbial sample, for fluid-associated bacteria or for a mixture of fluid-associated and particle-associated bacteria. These results are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antitumor activity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in human digestive organ cancer xenografts and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in normal and neoplastic tissues from human digestive organs.

5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) is believed to be metabolized to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase (PyNPase). PyNPase activity is reported to be higher in neoplastic tissues than in normal tissues, and this has been proposed as an explanation for the selective cytotoxicity of 5'-DFUR against tumors. In the present study, PyNPase activity was measured in 95 neoplastic and normal specimens from human digestive organ tissues. In specimens from the esophagus, stomach, intestine and pancreas, PyNPase activity was higher in neoplastic tissues than in normal tissues. However, PyNPase activity in non-malignant liver tissues, especially cirrhotic liver tissues, was much higher than in the normal tissues of the other digestive organs. PyNPase activity in non-malignant liver tissues was a high as in primary liver tumors, and PyNPase activity in metastatic liver tumors was lower than in primary tumors and non-malignant cirrhotic tissues. The in vivo antitumor activities of oral 5'-DFUR and intravenous 5-FU were also assessed in 6 human digestive organ cancer xenograft lines transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice, and the relationship between the in vivo antitumor effects of 5'-DFUR and PyNPase activity in the tumors was assessed. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between them. Although the in vivo antitumor effect of intravenous 5-FU correlated significantly with the in vitro sensitivity of the tumors to 5-FU (assessed by DNA synthesis inhibition assay), the in vivo effects of 5'-DFUR did not correlate with the in vitro sensitivity to 5-FU. It is suggested that: (a) the liver may be the major site for metabolizing 5'-DFUR to 5-FU, and (b) measuring PyNPase activity in the tumor may not be a useful indicator for chemotherapy with 5'-DFUR.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Digestive system manifestations in Steinert's disease. Analysis of 19 cases of which 10 with digestive symptoms].

We studied digestive manifestations occurring during follow-up of 19 cases of myotonic dystrophy. GI symptoms occurred in 10 patients (53%), mainly dysphagia (n = 7). In patients undergoing investigations (n = 7), their digestive troubles were probably or definitively related to the neurological disease in 6 cases. Upper GI endoscopy was normal in 5 dysphagic patients. The oesophageal manometry was abnormal in 3 of 4 patients. Complications developed in 3 cases (16%). One patient presented two episodes of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum. A second one developed a chronic colonic pseudo-obstruction with megacolon treated by subtotal colectomy. Manometric studies revealed oesophageal aperistalsis, low amplitude of gastro-jejunal contractions but persistence of migrating motor complexes and a normal recto-anal reflex. A third patient developed an acute pseudo-obstruction with ischemic colitis. In conclusion, myotonic dystrophy frequently disturbs digestive tract motility and may cause complications such as intestinal pseudo-obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of three joint simulator wear debris isolation techniques: acid digestion, base digestion, and enzyme cleavage.

Quantification of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris remains a challenging task in orthopedic device analysis. Currently, the weight loss method is the only accepted practice for quantifying the amount of wear generated from a PE component. This technique utilizes loaded soak controls and weight differences to account for polymeric material lost through wear mechanisms. This method enables the determination of the amount of wear in the orthopedic device, but it provides no information about debris particulate size distribution. In order to shed light on wear mechanisms, information about the wear debris and its size distribution is necessary. To date, particulate isolation has been performed using the base digestion technique. The method uses a strong base, ultracentrifugation, and filtration to digest serum constituents and to isolate PE debris from sera. It should be noted that particulate isolation methods provide valuable information about particulate size distribution and may elucidate the mechanisms of wear associated with polymeric orthopedic implants; however, these techniques do not yet provide a direct measure of the amount of wear. The aim of this study is to present alternative approaches to wear particle isolation for analysis of polymer wear in total joint replacements without recourse to ultracentrifugation. Three polymer wear debris isolation techniques (the base method, an acid treatment, and an enzymatic digestion technique) are compared for effectiveness in simulator studies. A requirement of each technique is that the wear particulate must be completely devoid of serum proteins in order to effectively image and count these particles. In all methods the isolation is performed through filtration and chemical treatment. Subsequently, the isolated polymer particles are imaged using scanning electron microscopy and quantified with digital image analysis. The results from this study clearly show that isolation can be performed without the use of ultracentrifugation and that these methods provide a viable option for wear debris analysis.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1977

Fibrin digestion by thrombin. Comparison with plasmin-digested fibrinogen.

Solutions of plasminogen-free human fibrinogen alone or (1) treated with sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate in order to inactivate factor XIII, or (2) enriched with factor XIII, cysteine and CaC12, were clotted with plasmin-free human thrombin and incubated under sterile conditions. The clots dissolved gradually within 2 days (fibrin from sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate-treated fibrinogen) to 15 days (fibrin from factor XIII-enriched fibrinogen). This proteolytic process was not affected by soybean trypsin inhibitor but was completely inhibited by hirudin. Gel electrophoresis of the thrombin digests indicated the formation of bands equivalent to bands X, Y, D and E of plasmin digests of fibrinogen. The two latter bands, whose identity was confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis, appeared at a more advanced stage of proteolysis than the corresponding bands of plasmin digests. The number of isopeptide bonds present did not appear to affect the rate of release of acid-soluble peptides. Gel electrophoresis and the rate of release of acid-soluble peptides indicated that fewer bonds are hydrolysed by thrombin at the time of the complete solubilization of the clot than are split by plasmin when fibrinogen becomes unclottable by thrombin.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1986

Anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid wastes--digester performance.

The anaerobic digestion of source separated organic fraction of municipal solid wastes was studied by using a stirred 3 cubic meter working volume reactor fed on a semicontinuous basis. The behaviour and performance of the digester at various organic loading rates was illustrated with particular regard to turnover of the gas production rate during a cycle in the digester feed.

Anaerobiosis↗