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PubMed1989

Addictive eating disorders.

Addictive eating disorders have been a part of history and have only recently been recognized as psychiatric disorders. Increased publicity has enabled family and friends of eating disordered individuals to recognize the disease and seek help for them from trained medical professionals. Everyone is "at risk," but certain subpopulations have been "coming out of the closet" in epidemic proportions. An ever-increasing number of high school-aged and college-aged females have developed some form of eating disorder, from fad diets to self-induced vomiting. In these individuals, the obsession with thinness takes priority over family, friends, schoolwork, or career. Strangely enough, the eating disordered person's addiction is not to food but to the feeling of numbness her behavior brings. Over time, the need to control is desperately sought and many patients transfer their obsession to other patterns of self-abuse. Nursing intervention should include setting the appropriate example in terms of the professional's relationship with food, while providing much needed emotional support. An innovative method of intervention available to nursing professionals includes the use of creative, visual imagery to repeatedly diffuse fear and anxiety about food until a level of personal autonomy over the disorder and other emotional concerns is achieved. Therefore, a system of recovery can be designed for the anorectic or bulimic patient and the experience of recovery from the eating disorder can be a lifelong process of personal growth.

Feeding and Eating Disorders↗
PubMed1989

Use of a consultant to assist a dietetic association in its media and public relations efforts.

During 1987, the Philadelphia Dietetic Association (PDA) enlisted the aid of a public relations consultant to increase media contacts and thereby accomplish a threefold goal of (a) establishing the dietetic association and its registered dietitian members as the local nutrition experts; (b) distributing reliable, current nutrition information; and (c) marketing the PDA's DIAL-A-DIETITIAN service. Through the advice of the consultant, a media tipsheet, published monthly, was created. This publication, the Nutrition Informationist, effectively increased media contacts from two in 1986 to 19 in 1987 and resulted in a total of 8 hours of air time. Weight reduction, fad diets, and sports nutrition proved to be the most popular topics. Public service announcements (PSAs) concerning the DIAL-A-DIETITIAN program were developed by the consultant to assist the public in gaining access to local registered dietitians. Calls to that service increased 75% (from an average of 47.5 to 83.0 calls) the month following the distribution of PSAs to radio stations. The positive outcome of this collaborative effort shows that public relations consultants can be a useful resource for local dietetic associations, aiding them in their efforts to reach the media and the public and to improve their image.

Consultants↗
PubMed1985

Nutrition evaluation of published weight-reducing diets.

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional adequacy of some of the popular published diet plans. Diet analyses were made using the University of Massachusetts Nutrient Data Bank. Not one of the 11 diets evaluated provided 100% of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances for the 13 vitamins and minerals studied. The nutrients most often below recommended levels were thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium. Vitamin and mineral supplementation may be warranted for individuals following some diet plans.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Guidelines for use of dietary intake data.

This article presents the guidelines from the report of the ad hoc Expert Panel on Guidelines for Use of Dietary Intake Data. The report was prepared under terms of a contract with the Life Sciences Research Office of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology to provide the Food and Drug Administration with a working reference for evaluating dietary intake data. The guidelines represent the Expert Panel's conclusions on appropriate ways to interpret dietary data relating to (a) prevalence of consumption of particular levels of foods or food components, (b) comparisons of intake of different groups within the U.S. population, (c) time trends in consumption of foods or food components, and (d) relationships of intake of a food or food component to a given health outcome. The guidelines address general issues concerning dietary data collection and statistical concerns as well as specific issues important in interpretation of dietary data.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1987

Slimming diets.

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Diet Fads↗
PubMed1987

Long-term effects of commonly available weight reducing programmes in Sweden.

A majority of people attempting to lose weight will use methods that do not involve medical expertise or professional organizations. Consumer organizations continually have problems with so-called slimming products which claim results that are scientifically unfounded and impossible. In this study four methods commonly used in Sweden were studied with emphasis on long-term effects. One-hundred and twenty moderately overweight women were allocated to one of five groups and repeatedly interviewed and monitored over a 2-year period. The long-term results with a protein powder preparation and a kelp-lecithin-vitamin capsule were poor. However, results were also poor with the nutritionally adequate recommendations issued by the Stockholm Home Economics consultation service but lacking programme support or follow-up. The weight losing programme of a 'slim club' was found to result in the greatest overall sustained weight loss (2.8 +/- 4.7 kg, mean +/- s.d.). An attempt to define 'compliance' with each programme was made, which showed that the majority of overweight women were not able to adhere to these given programmes for a 2-year period, probably because of unsatisfactory results. We consider it essential to document the long-term outcome of these methods in order to facilitate understanding of the situation of these overweight subjects and to assist consumer organizations in their efforts to prevent the spread of scientifically unsound weight reduction methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Slimming safely.

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Appetite Depressants↗
PubMed1986

[Sociocultural aspects of child nutrition--food faddism].

Today pediatricians are confronted with an increasing number of unconventional feeding practices. Most frequently encountered are the various forms of vegetarian diets. These as well as numerous other unconventional foods may result in a failure to thrive when fed to children routinely. Since in general it is not possible to influence the families' eating practices, physicians should know the risks of unconventional diets, such as hypoproteinemia, calcium deficiency and deficiencies of vitamin B12 and vitamin D and the respective clinical symptoms. Predominantly young people decide to change their life-style, unconventional eating practices being part of it.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Development and validation of an instrument for characterizing food-related behavior.

An instrument for differentiating between individuals exhibiting conformist and nonconformist or nontraditional food consumption patterns was developed and used for recruitment and identification of respondents for a study of food-related behavior and attitudes. The instrument was designed so that use or nonuse of only one or two foods or food groups was not sufficient to establish the food consumption pattern. Content validity was established by an expert panel. Additional data collected during the study served to demonstrate that the instrument had predictive validity for identification of individuals who followed alternative food consumption patterns. Respondents were asked to indicate their preferred food practices; their designation was related to classification by the Food-Related Behavior Characterization Instrument. Patterns of food exclusion and of frequency of consumption of 35 foods and food groups were consistent with classifications as conformists or nonconformists. In addition to research applications, this instrument may be a valuable tool in clinical settings and for community assessment. Although it is not a substitute for a more detailed dietary history, rapid identification of nonconforming food-related behavior is possible with the Food-Related Behavior Characterization Instrument.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Weight control in young college women: who are the dieters?

Dieting behavior was studied in 166 young college women, 18 to 24 years old. The women were divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of time they had spent dieting during the previous school year (8 months). Of the whole population, 18.1% had spent more than half the time dieting (chronic dieters), 45.2% had dieted 50% of the time or less (periodic dieters), and 36.7% had not dieted during that period (nondieters). Physical measurements, background characteristics, and weight-loss experiences were compared among the three groups, following an anthropometric measurement session and administration of a self-report questionnaire. The chronic and periodic dieters weighed an average of 12 lb more than the nondieters and were more likely to be obese. The dieters also had greater triceps skinfold thickness, arm circumference, arm muscle diameter, and arm muscle circumference measurements. Women in both dieting groups were more likely than the nondieting group to consider themselves as having been overweight during their childhood and adolescent years and to consider at least one parent overweight. The average age at the time of the first reducing diet was 16.2 years. The four most commonly tried weight-loss approaches were exercise, moderate calorie restriction, fasting/starvation, and diet pills or supplements. The major sources of information on reducing diets were magazines or newspapers and friends or relatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Characterizing consumption patterns by food frequency methods: core foods and variety of foods in diets of older Americans.

This study was designed to explore the applications and limitations of two relatively simple and inexpensive scoring systems currently used to describe food patterns. The approaches examined were variety index and core foods. The sample, stratified by age and sex, consisted of adults more than 54 years old (no. = 4,983) who were interviewed in the 1977-1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Variety index was determined by counting the number of different foods consumed over 3 days. Core foods were identified by tallies of the most frequently mentioned foods and by calculations of frequency use scores. The variety of foods consumed was smallest for the oldest groups. Core food lists did not vary markedly with age, sex, or analysis by tally or score. The items consumed on at least 1 of the 3 days by approximately 50% of the persons surveyed were: whole milk, ground coffee, instant coffee, white bread, potatoes prepared by methods other than frying, margarine, and sugar. Although the variety index approach provides a general sense of nutrient diversity of a diet, core food lists with weighted scores appear to be more applicable when the relationship between food usage and food-related behaviors is studied and changes in eating patterns are monitored.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Food consumption and height/weight status of Dutch preschool children on alternative diets.

The effects of alternative dietary practices on nutrient intake and height/weight status were studied in three groups of Dutch preschool children: 33 vegetarians, 26 anthroposophics, and 33 macrobiotics. Fifty children on omnivorus diets composed the control group. The children fed vegetarian and anthroposophic diets were somewhat lighter and shorter than the children on omnivorous diets but were within normal limits. The children fed macrobiotic diets were significantly lighter and shorter. Results of the 5-day weighing record method used to measure food consumption were compared with the Dutch Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), which recommend higher protein and lower iron for children than the RDAs for the U.S. The diets of the anthroposophically and vegetarian-fed children were most similar and conformed better to the Dutch RDAs than the diets of the omnivorously and macrobiotically fed children. The omnivorously fed children had intakes of iron and polyunsaturated fat below the Dutch RDAs and intakes of mono- and disaccharides and cholesterol above the Dutch RDAs. The intakes of calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin D recorded for the macrobiotically fed children were substantially below the Dutch RDAs. The vitamin D content of the diets of all four groups was low; however, most of the omnivorously fed children used vitamin D supplements, and the other three groups of children were sent out in the sun as much as possible. A high risk for rickets existed in the combination of periods of bad weather and a low intake of both calcium and vitamin D.

Body Height↗