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PubMed1980

[The effect of diatrizoate (Angiografin) on the aortic endothelium of rats (author's transl)].

The damaging effect of methylglucamine diatrizoate on the aortic endothelium is tested and compared to the action of a 22% sorbit solution both with the same hypertonicity. In the first group the contrast medium is injected into the aorta once. In a second group three consecutive injections 5 minutes apart are performed. Aortic specimens are investigated by the "Häutchen" method. The degree of endothelial lesion due to contrast medium is direct proportional to the rate of proliferation of endothelial cells as analized by autoradiography. The damage to the aortic endothelium is independent of number of injections (once or three times). The sorbit solution caused no injury to the aortic endothelium. A generalized endothelial damage--as it is seen in shock--could be excluded.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The renal hemodynamic response to diatrizoate in normal and diabetic rats.

To study the renal hemodynamic response to a large intravenous bolus of a radiocontrast agent, 8 ml/kg body weight of 60% diatrizoate meglumine (D-60) was infused over 30 seconds in both normal rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The effect of equiosmolar mannitol (1350 mOsm/kg) was compared with the D-60 response in normal rats to examine the potential role of hypertonicity in mediating a response. A similar two-phase response was seen in all three groups. The effect of D-60 in normal rats was similar to that of mannitol, but all responses were reduced in diabetic rats. During Phase I in normal rats in response to D-60 there was a transient three-minute reduction in blood pressure (BP), and renal blood flow (RBF) fell by 62 +/- 7%. During Phase II blood pressure did not change from normal baseline values, but RBF fell by 29 +/- 5%; GFR fell by 42 +/- 3%, and filtration fraction (FF) diminished. In diabetic rats baseline FF was lower than normal and was not further reduced after infusion of D-60. It is suggested that D-60 reduces RBF and GFR by a nonspecific osmotic effect, perhaps related to tubuloglomerular feedback or to an acute increase in intratubular pressure. Responses to these mechanisms may be reduced in diabetic rats with a chronic glycosuric osmotic diuresis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of low- and high-dose intravenous diatrizoate contrast media administration.

The pharmacokinetics of diatrizoate contrast media were determined following low- (0.7 g I/kg) and high- (1.5 g I/kg) dose intravenous administration. The higher dose of contrast media produced plasma concentrations of iodine which remained approximately twice as high as conventional doses for one hour following infusion. This finding may explain the improved CT images obtained after infusion of higher doses of iodine contrast media. There was no significant long-term change in plasma osmolality noted in venous blood after either dose.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effects of diatrizoate and iopamidol on spermatogenesis.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The biological effects of iodinated contrast media were examined by using spermatogenesis in mouse testis as the experimental model. METHODS: Spermhead survival and abnormality assays were used as the biological end points. Diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium and iopamidol were administered intravenously at equal rates and concentrations. Testicular uptake and clearance of these contrast agents were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Appropriate mannitol solutions were employed as osmolality controls. RESULTS: Intravenous administration of the contrast agent or its respective mannitol control resulted in approximately a 30% decrease in spermhead count. A dose-related experiment with mannitol demonstrated that the spermhead count decreased rapidly until 600 mOsm/kg was reached, beyond which this decrease was minimal. Clearance of both contrast media was complete in approximately 4 hours. No significant increase in the induction of spermhead abnormalities was observed. CONCLUSION: Osmotic substances, such as iodinated contrast agents, affect the process of spermatogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Effect of diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) on the perilymphatic oxygen tension.

The effect of diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) upon the perilymphatic oxygenation has been investigated using the polarographic method in cats submitted to various conditions such as normoxia, apnea, hypercapnia and chronically reduced vascularization. The minimal changes of the perilymphatic PO2 recorded after the injection of Hypaque permit to conclude that this drug has no practical effect upon the oxygenation of the perilymph.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Possible adverse effect of methylglucamine diatrizoate compounds on the bowel of newborn infants with meconium ileus.

Gastrografin (methylglucamine diatrizoate) enemas were carried out in 2 newborn infants with meconium ileus. Evacuation was slow and incomplete. Both patients died within 72 hours following enemas from bowel necrosis, perforation and peritonitis. Although it is not possible to implicate Gastrografin directly as the cause, it is suggested that it may have contributed substantially to bowel necrosis. Recent experimental evidence of colonic inflammation and occasionally necrosis caused by Gastrografin lends support to this hypothesis. Caution should be exercised to prevent not only the systemic osmotic effects of Gastrografin, but also potential local injury to the bowel, especially when underlying disease interferes with intestinal viability.

Diatrizoate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of sudden hearing loss with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque).

Between March and November 1976, 30 patients with sudden hearing loss (SHL) were treated with vasodilators and diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque). Nine (30%) of the patients had a good response, 7 (23%) had a moderate response, and 14 (47%) had no response to treatment. Most of the patients who responded were treated within the first month and had no vertigo associated on their onset of SHL. Their hearing loss was also less than 90 dB for any of the frequencies tested. Using the criteria of SHL of less than one month's duration, no vertigo associated with onset, and a loss less than 90 dB, seven patients were treated with vasodilator plus Hypaque during the period between January and August 1977. Six (86%) of the seven patients had return of serviceable hearing.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Bronchial and intercostal angiography with ioxaglate and diatrizoate in man. A comparative investigation.

A low osmolality contrast medium, ioxaglate, was compared with diatrizoate of high osmolality in selective bronchial and intercostal angiography. The frequency and degree of pain, heat sensation, cough and involuntary movement were significantly lower with ioxaglate. In addition haemodynamics recorded in 17 cases of bronchial angiography revealed that ioxaglate induced significantly less effect on systemic blood pressure and heart rate.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of barium and diatrizoate bowel labelling agents in computed tomography.

A new suspension of barium sulphate, E-Z-CAT, for use as a bowel labelling agent in computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis, has been compared with diatrizoate (Gastrografin) in 111 patients. The E-Z-CAT labelled the duodenum more efficiently and patients preferred its taste. Both substances are satisfactory bowel-labelling agents.

Barium Sulfate↗

PubMed1987

Pain during angiography: a randomized double-blind trial comparing ioxaglate and diatrizoate.

We performed a randomized, double-blind prospective study comparing pain experienced during peripheral and aortic angiography with two different contrast agents. Sixty patients, receiving a total of 107 injections, were randomized to receive either ioxaglate (Hexabrix) or sodium-meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin-76). Subjects scored the pain they experienced on a 10-point visual analog scale, and the physician also scored their discomfort on a five point scale. Hemodynamic parameters were monitored during the procedure in all patients, and subsequent hematology, serum chemistry, and urinalysis were performed in 19 of the 60 patients. There was a significant reduction in the degree of pain experienced by the Ioxaglate group compared to the reference group (p less than 0.001). The patients in the Hexabrix group had a mean pain score of 1.3 compared to the patients in the Renografin-76 group who had a mean pain score of 6.1. The two groups did not differ in their hemodynamic responses to the contrast agents, and no significant differences were noted in the subsequent laboratory measures.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Comparison of iohexol with meglumine-Na diatrizoate for intravenous digital subtraction angiography.

Iohexol, a new non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, was tested for digital intravenous angiography of the cervical and intracranial vessels. In a double blind study involving 40 adult patients, iohexol and meglumine-Na diatrizoate were compared for safety, patient tolerance, and radiographic image quality. Iohexol was shown to be safe and generally produced less patient discomfort, leading to a lower incidence of motion, swallowing or cough artifacts.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

[The distribution of the intravascularly applied contrast medium diatrizoate in the cerebrospinal fluid].

The examination of 2 so-called minipigs and 5 patients with respect to the distribution of intravenously applied Diatrizoate into the cerebrospinal fluid yielded the proof of a high blood-cerebrospinal gradient. After the establishment of the relative flow balance about 60 to 120 minutes after the injection, the concentration of the contrast medium in the cerebrospinal fluid reaches 1.0 to 1.5 per cent the blood level. This dose-dependent value is exceeded in case of a disturbed blood-brain barrier. Thus the neurotoxicity of this contrast medium gains special importance.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Comparison of meglumine sodium diatrizoate, iopamidol, and iohexol for coronary angiography and ventriculography.

Meglumine sodium diatrizoate (Urografin), iopamidol, and iohexol were compared in a double-blind, randomized study of 287 patients undergoing elective cardiac angiography. Ninety-six patients received Urografin, 98 received iopamidol, and 92 received iohexol. The groups were similar in all respects. Variables measured before and after contrast injection were left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), RR, PR, and QTc intervals, QRS duration, ST segment change greater than 2 mm, arrhythmias, and symptoms. The adequacy of coronary and ventricular opacification was assessed by two experienced observers. Following left ventriculography, small rises in LVEDP occurred with iopamidol and iohexol (mean +/- SD: 18 +/- 7 to 21 +/- 7 mmHg) and a moderate fall in LVSP with Urografin (150 +/- 32 to 133 +/- 32 mmHg). Following coronary angiography there was a progressive fall in SAP (130 +/- 26 to 117 +/- 30 mmHg) and prolongation of RR intervals (900 +/- 138 to 1,266 +/- 692 msec) and QTc (440 +/- 61 to 471 +/- 73 msec) and QRS duration (87 +/- 25 to 100 +/- 27 msec) with Urografin. There was a small fall in SAP with iopamidol (138 +/- 25 to 128 +/- 27 mmHg) and prolongation of QRS duration with iohexol (85 +/- 29 to 90 +/- 24 msec). Other parameters were not significantly affected. Frequent bradyarrhythmias (sinus pause 14.5%, asystole 6%) and ST segment depression occurred following Urografin. Urografin was less well tolerated, with 10% of patients experiencing severe nausea or vomiting and 30% of patients experiencing extreme heat sensation. Differences between iohexol and iopamidol were minor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiography↗

PubMed1980

The distribution of 125I-metrizamide and 125I-diatrizoate between blood, brain and cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit.

The entry of 125I-metrizamide and of 125I-diatrizoate from blood into brain has been studied in rabbits. The blood-brain barrier is very tight to both molecules, all cerebral regions having spaces between 0.5 and 2% after maintenance of constant blood levels for 4 h. In extraneural tissues both compounds appear to distribute in extracellular fluid except for accumulation of metrizamide by the liver and perhaps the small intestine. Profiles of radioactivity through cerebral gray matter have been obtained following ventriculocisternal perfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 125I-metrizamide. The nature of these profiles and their behavior with time suggest that metrizamide passes through gray matter by simple diffusion, that it is largely distributed in the extracellular fluid and that bake movement across the blood-brain barrier is small.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Fatal complications after myelography with meglumine diatrizoate.

A case of inadvertent intrathecal injection of diatrizoate meglumine is presented. After myelography with 10 ml i.e. 6.5 g Angiografin, a 76-year-old man rapidly developed myoclonus, drowsiness and excessive metabolic acidosis. He died only a few hours later. Postmortem showed non-specific brain edema. RP-HPL-Chromatography confirmed high concentration of the contrast medium in CSF (6 mg/ml) which must have induced refractory central nervous dysregulation. The lethal effects of the misapplication of this agent on the nervous system are discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Renal handling of iodamide and diatrizoate. Evidence of active tubular secretion of iodamide.

Active tubular secretion of iodamide, a water-soluble contrast medium, was demonstrated by comparing the clearances of iodamide, iothalamate and inulin. Passive tubular back diffusion was not found. The fraction excreted by tubular secretion was significantly reduced at "clinical" plasma concentrations. The glomerular filtration rate was slightly depressed at these concentrations of iodamide and diatrizoate.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Elevation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in established mamalian cell strains by Hypaque (sodium diatrizoate).

Hypaque (sodium diatrizoate), when added to cells growing in culture (two HeLa S3 strains, rat glioblastoma C6 and mouse lymphoma L5178Y), increased the intracellular level of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. A transient elevation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate was also observed when L5178Y cells were subjected to a procedure recommended for separation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood. The effect of Hypaque did not appear to be related to the increase in osmolality of the medium.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2004

Optimization in osmolality and range of density of a continuous ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate gradient for isopycnic purification of isolated human islets.

INTRODUCTION: According to previous estimates from large animals and man, a minimum of approximately 5000 to 6000 engrafted islet equivalents (IEQ)/kg recipient weight is critical to establish insulin independence. Utilizing a single donor, this threshold yield of purified islets can be retrieved from approximately one third of all isolations. The aim of this study was to improve human islet purification by optimization of the osmolality and the density range of the continuous Ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate (FSD) gradient to facilitate consistent purities >80% of human islet preparations without considerable loss of islet yield. METHODS: Aliquots of human pancreatic digests were placed on continuous density gradients. After centrifugation, sequential aliquots were extracted for amylase and insulin to determine the relative and cumulative density distribution of endocrine and exocrine tissue. We addressed the impact of two factors: (1) osmolalities (300 to 600 mosm/kg) in the gradient of FSD covering a density range of 1.070 to 1.100 g/cm(3); and (2) density (FSD 500/1.070 to 1.100) versus density-osmolarity gradient (DO-FSD 400-530/1.080 to 1.113). RESULTS: The density of exocrine and endocrine tissue increased with rising osmolality. Differences in density of both tissues were highest at 450 and lowest at 300 and 600 mOsmol/kg. Purity and recovery were highest at 450 versus 400 or 500 mOsm/kg (NS). Exocrine but not endocrine tissue was more dense in DO-FSD than in FSD gradient (P < .05). The differences in density were 0.004 versus 0.013 g/cm(3) (P < .01), resulting in an increased islet purity and recovery. CONCLUSION: The best osmolality for the FSD 1.070 to 1.100 g/cm(3) is at 450 mOsm/kg. Using the DO-FSD may improve human islet purification allowing successful clinical islet transplantation.

Cell Count↗