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PubMed1991

Finnish dentists as tobacco counselors.

The first nationwide survey of Finnish dentists' use of tobacco, their inquiring about and advising patients on tobacco use, and their attitudes toward anti-tobacco health education (ATHE) was carried out at the end of 1987. A questionnaire mailed to 540 dentists produced 435 answers (81%). One fourth of the male dentists and 6% of the female dentists currently were smokers, and 11% of men and 2% of women smoked daily. Information on smoking practices of patients was obtained always by 8%, often by 18%, and occasionally by 62% of the dentists. Four percent of the dentists advised always and 15% often their patients about smoking, and 62% did so occasionally. The majority of the dentists agreed that dentists should take part in ATHE and that dentists can encourage patients to stop using tobacco. The respondents supporting the involvement of dentists in ATHE reported having an active role in tobacco counseling (TC) significantly more frequently than those not sharing the idea of involvement. It was concluded that Finnish dentists could be a valuable resource in TC because of their positive attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Training for dentists in smoking cessation intervention.

BACKGROUND: Although dentists are ideally placed to deliver smoking cessation advice and assistance to their patients, smoking cessation interventions are not often incorporated as a routine part of dental care. Research is needed to identify factors that facilitate and inhibit dentists' capacities to deliver smoking cessation advice. METHODS: An initial focus group discussion was conducted in Melbourne with 10 dentists. Six Victorian country dentists were interviewed in depth by telephone. Following this qualitative data collection, a random sample of 250 dentists (response rate of 57 per cent) was interviewed by telephone. Dentists were asked about their perceived role, current practices, knowledge of resources and services and opinions on training in relation to smoking cessation. RESULTS: Dentists are willing to ask and advise patients about smoking, but are less inclined to assist patients to quit or arrange follow-up. Dentists are more likely to implement one-off, opportunistic interventions rather than take a systematic preventive approach. Dentists are interested in attending further education and say they require training to be relevant to the context of their day-to-day running of the dental practice. CONCLUSIONS: Training should aim to legitimize the dentist's role in smoking cessation and provide strategies and resources so that dentists can practise interventions as part of their day-to-day work.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Dentists' perceived stress and its relation to perceptions about anxious patients.

Dentists' perceptions about the stressfulness of dental practice, their perceptions about dental anxiety and its management were surveyed in a descriptive study. A mailed questionnaire was completed by 216 randomly selected Danish private dentists. Of these, nearly 60% perceived dentistry as more stressful than other professions. Dentist perceptions of the most intense stressors were (ranked): 1) running behind schedule, 2) causing pain, 3) heavy work load, 4) late patients and 5) anxious patients. Bivariate odds ratio (OR) analyses were undertaken to check for associations of perceived stress and other dentist variables with perceptual outcomes about anxious patients. Signs of dental anxiety were reported to be less often spotted by older (> or = 52 yr) dentists (OR=3.1) who perceived their job stress to be greater than that of other professionals (OR=3.2). Perceived causes of dental anxiety (1st, 2nd or 3rd choices tallied and then ranked) were 1) fear of pain, 2) trauma in dental treatment, 3) general psychological problems, 4) shame about dental status and 5) economic excuses. Dentists who reported that dental anxiety was primarily the result of general psychological problems in patients, usually had solo (OR=2.4) practices older than 18 years (OR=2.6) and reported high perceived stress (OR=2.2). Adjusted odds ratios for these two dentist perception outcomes about anxious patients generally improved strength of associations and confidence intervals. There were no meaningful differences by practice location or perceived public image. Also, there was no significant association between the use of pharmacological strategies for anxiety and the perceived stress of dentists. Nearly all dentists talked with anxious patients as their main treatment strategy. It was concluded that psychosocial aspects of dental practice have meaningful and often adverse associations with dentist perceptions about anxious patients. Some dentists appeared to require more knowledge about dental anxiety and managing their own stress.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dentist's role in cessation of cigarette smoking.

Dentists in general practice were surveyed by mail questionnaire to determine the actions they were taking to promote cigarette smoking cessation among their patients. Findings are based on replies from 376 of the 466 dentists in western New York State to whom the questionnaire was sent in 1981. The responses indicate that less than 18 percent of western New York State dentists smoke. The proportion is continuing its gradual decline, and dentists lead the general population in smoking abstention. Sixty-two percent of the dentists in the survey do not permit smoking in their waiting rooms, and 84 percent advise patients not to smoke. There is clear evidence of a relationship between the dentists' own smoking habits and their inclination to promote smoking cessation among patients. As fewer dentists smoke, more will be inclined to foster nonsmoking. Dentists can use a variety of smoking cessation techniques. To carry out a minimal program of antismoking measures, dentists in general practice can serve as nonsmoking role models for their patients, provide information about the health hazards of smoking, give advice, refer patients to cessation programs, recommend cessation measures, and monitor patients' efforts to quit smoking. While smoking cessation measures taken by dentists are not likely to convert more than 1 or 2 percent of patients who smoke per year, in time the dentists' efforts to promote smoking cessation can have an appreciable impact.

Dentist-Patient Relations↗
PubMed1994

Occupational risk and precautions related to HIV infection among dentists in the Lothian region of Scotland.

This retrospective study used a postal questionnaire to measure occupational risks and to assess infection control procedures among 310 dental practitioners. The study comprised general dental practices in the Lothian region of Scotland, Lothian Health Board Community Dental Service and Edinburgh Dental Hospital. Altogether, 217 dental practitioners responded by the due date giving recall of inoculation injuries within the previous 5 years and infection control measures employed. The study revealed that 191 practitioners (88%) had completed a course of hepatitis B vaccination but one-third of them had not been tested for post-vaccination antibody. In 1991, two thirds of dentists (66%: 137 of 207 respondents) wore the same pair of gloves, and 80% of dentists (142 of 177 respondents) wore the same mask, for dealing with more than one patient. The usual practice was to change gloves during sessions (44%: out of 71 dentists) and to change masks for each session or less often (75%: 73 out of 97 dentists). The proportion of dentists who never used gloves fell from 56% in 1981 to 1% in 1991. An autoclave was used for sterilisation by 85% of practitioners in 1991. Reported non-sterile inoculation injuries averaged 1.7 (S.D. = 3.2) injuries per dentist in the previous year with 56% of practitioners having had an injury. The average was 6.8 (S.D. = 15.9) injuries per dentist in the previous 5 years with 76% of practitioners having had an injury. Of recent non-sterile inoculation injuries described by dental practitioners, 30% constituted a moderate or high risk of transmission of infection to the practitioner (43 of 141 described injuries). Combined with HIV seroprevalance rates, probabilities of transmission and numbers of practising dentists, the mean reported number of non-sterile inoculation injuries in the previous 5 years may be used to provide estimates of expected numbers of dental practitioners occupationally infected with HIV in the previous 5 years. U.K. estimates were 0.004 dentists in Lothian region and 0.05 dentists in the Thames region occupationally infected with HIV in the previous five years. Non-sterile inoculation injuries appear to be a common hazard of dental practice. In any year, most dentists are exposed to the risk of blood-borne viral infection. Despite a high reported incidence of such injuries, dental practice within the U.K. appears to carry a low risk of acquiring HIV infection from occupational exposure.

Dentists↗
PubMed1997

Knowledge of oral radiology among Swedish dentists.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a method of measuring Swedish dentists' knowledge of oral radiology and to relate the knowledge measure to a number of characteristics including risk attitude and use of low dose techniques. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 2000 randomly selected dentists listed in the register of the Swedish Dental Society, with a response rate of 69.2%. An index for measuring knowledge was constructed, based on the answers to the questions. The measure was cross-tabulated with a number of demographic variables. RESULTS: Dentists with 5-25 years in practice had a higher level of knowledge than those with either fewer or more years in practice. Dentists working in the Public Dental Health Service had a higher level of knowledge compared with those in private practice. Specialists had a significantly higher level of knowledge compared with dentists who were not. Forty-two per cent of the dentists had not attended any course in oral radiology since graduation. Seventy-nine per cent of the dentists using a 'low' dose technique had a 'high' level of knowledge. The difference between dentists using a 'low-dose' and a 'high-dose' technique was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Dentists' attitude to risk is related to their knowledge. Seventy-one per cent of the dentists in counties with a specialist in oral radiology had a 'high level of knowledge' compared with 57% in those without. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to study the relationship between knowledge and demographic variables by a survey. Work experience and extended education affect dentists' knowledge. There is an association between knowledge, use of low-dose techniques and risk attitude.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cooperation and competition between dentists and denturists in Finland.

The aim of this study was to investigate cooperation between dentists and denturists in Finland, particularly in relation to perceived competition between the two professions. From a representative sample of 350 private dentists and 253 denturists, 68% returned acceptably filled-in questionnaires dealing with competition and cooperation with other healthcare professionals. Dentists referred their patients significantly (P < 0.001) less often to denturists (26.2%) than denturists did to dentists (94.1%). Those who referred their patients to members of the other profession also received patients from the other profession significantly (P< 0.001) more often than those who did not (60.7% vs 16.7% among dentists; 90.0% vs 44.4% among denturists). Denturists saw themselves as competing with dentists (56.0%) significantly (P< 0.001) more often than dentists did with denturists (29.2%). Dentists practicing in small towns or rural areas cooperated more often with denturists than did those practicing in more urban areas. Among denturists, the likelihood of referring patients to dentists was associated with younger age and fewer clinical working hours. It was concluded that cooperation between dentists and denturists was common. Oral healthcare professionals who referred their patients to the other profession also benefited by receiving more patients on referral from them. Dental services provided by denturists are limited, which may explain their greater willingness to cooperate with dentists.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of ideal and actual behavior of patients and dentists during dental treatment.

The ideal behavior of dentists and patients has seldom been studied with the aim of determining whether it is similar to the actual behavior of the two groups. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare whether the ideal behavior of dentists and patients differed from their actual behavior. Thirty-three volunteering dentists and 271 of their patients from the public and private sectors in different parts of Finland participated in the study. The dentists first filled out a questionnaire with 5-scale Likert-type statements about the ideal patient and questions concerning their own background variables. In connection with normal dental practice their dental nurses selected 10 patients, who before treatment filled out a questionnaire containing statements about the desired behavior of an ideal dentist and their own background variables. Immediately after the treatment, both dentists and patients filled out another questionnaire containing similar statements, which this time indicated whether the dentist/patient actually behaved according to the ideal. Differences between each individual and the independent ideal and actual scores were compared by cross-tabulation and percentage agreement. With regard to the ideal behavior that was directly related to the treatment procedure, the expectations of both dentists and patients were usually met. In general, the patients did not disrupt the procedures and the dentists were able to concentrate on the treatment. The discrepancies most often found between the ideal and the actual behavior concerned the level of communication. The patients often would like to have been talked to more and wanted to be encouraged. The dentists were not sure whether their patients were interested in or motivated about the treatment or whether they followed the home care instructions. In general, there evidently is a clear gap in communication between dentists and patients, which may lead to frustration on both sides. It is thus suggested that when dentists are trained, more emphasis be placed on communication skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Patients' preferences for dentists' behaviors.

Unlike previous studies that examined specialized populations or were completed some years ago, this survey collected information from a cross-section of patients who were currently receiving various kinds of dental treatment. Although the study disclosed that patients' preferences and perceptions of dentists' performance might vary within and between demographic groups, a more important finding was that, in general, most patients in all demographic groups held common beliefs about how they would like to be treated by their dentists. However, according to the reports of these patients, the dentists did not always behave in ways that were congruent with the patients' preferences. The study showed that patients are sensitive to dentists' behaviors. It should also be noted that dentists are sensitive to patients' behaviors and that dentist-patient relationships may be a source of stress for both patients and dentists. Nevertheless, the responsibility for setting the tone of these relationships rests primarily with the dentist rather than with the patient. Therefore, it is important for dentists to be aware of the needs and preferences of their patients so that they can act in ways that will make patients comfortable and dental treatment a positive experience. The potential that appears to be inherent in good, satisfying dentist-patient relationships for minimizing patient stress and making dentistry a less stressful profession has yet to be fully realized. Dentistry is a two-way street: whatever benefits the patient should in turn benefit the dentist as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Specialty and sex as predictors of depression in dentists.

BACKGROUND: Stress, burnout, substance abuse and suicide among dentists have been studied, yet no study in the United States has specifically addressed depression in e dentists. The objective of the authors' study was to determine if sex and dental specialty were correlated with depression in dentists. METHODS: The authors conducted a survey of a sample of dentists chosen randomly from the American Dental Association's mailing list of member dentists. The survey, stratified by sex and specialty, resulted in 560 responses, for a 53 percent response rate. The authors used the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale to measure depression. The authors examined the respondents' sex, age, number of children, marital status, specialty, practice type, location of practice, years in practice and hours worked per week. RESULTS: The rate of depression in the overall sample was 9 percent. Sex was associated with depression (P < .001), but specialty was not. However, multiple regression analysis found that sex was significantly related to depression in only two specialties: periodontics and pediatric dentistry. Overall, the regression model explained an unimpressive 6 percent of the variance in depression scores. The most important finding of the study was that only 15 percent of depressed dentists were receiving treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The survey results showed that only female pediatric dentists and periodontists were more depressed than their male counterparts. None of the other variables studied contributed significantly to the understanding of depression in dentists. Depressed dentists, like other depressed people, tend not to seek treatment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Depression and serious depression occur among dentists, and much of it is untreated. Because depression is harmful to dentists and raises quality-of-care issues, they should be educated to help them recognize depression and encouraged to seek treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The prevalence of alcohol, cigarette and illicit drug use and problems among dentists.

BACKGROUND: Primarily on the basis of qualitative data, use of alcohol and illicit drugs has been speculated to be higher among dentists. The authors conducted a study to assess self-reported substance use by dentists and compare these data with those regarding physicians and the general population (GP). METHODS: A total of 113 dentists (65.3 percent) and 104 physicians (63.4 percent) from a northeastern state responded to a seven-page self-report survey during the summer of 2002. The survey assessed health care professionals' alcohol, cigarette and drug use; consequences of use; disciplinary occurrences and treatment; and professional and social influences. RESULTS: Although about twice as many physicians as dentists reported heavy alcohol use, a greater number of dentists reported heavy episodic alcohol use over the past year and past month, as well as having more alcohol-use problems than physicians. Roughly twice as many physicians and three times the GP reported using anxiolytics than did dentists. More dentists than physicians reported past-year, but not past-month, minor opiate use. While more dentists reported being in social situations in which they were offered alcohol, more physicians reported being offered alcohol by pharmaceutical companies at various functions. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous speculation, there is little evidence from the prevalence data the authors analyzed for this report to suggest that dentists are at a greater risk of developing alcohol- or other drug-use problems than is the GP. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: While the findings of this study do not suggest that substance use is more prevalent among dentists, educational institutions and state organizations still must be vigilant in educating, monitoring and encouraging dentists to voluntarily receive treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Continuing education: attitudes and activities of Finnish dentists.

To improve the continuing education system, a group of dentists who had made little use of continuing education courses offered by the Finnish Dental Society was identified, and their opinions were mapped out and compared with those of dentists who had taken part in the systematic continuing education program. A pretested questionnaire was sent to these respective groups of 725 and 533 dentists, giving 82% and 72% return rates. A fifth of the dentists in service had never made use of the continuing education courses. Compared with all working 30-65-year-old dentists, male dentists, dentists under 35, and dentists working in rural area were over-represented in the group that had taken little part in continuing education. The dentists who had participated in systematic continuing education had also taken part in education organized by others twice as frequently as the control group. Both survey groups reported that they regularly read two professional periodicals on the average. There were only minor differences in the answers of the two groups as to whether they would be interested in participating in courses free of charge. The need for continuing education in orthodontics dominated among employed dentists, whereas self-employed dentists most frequently perceived a need in prosthodontics. Continuing education was generally considered necessary and useful but somewhat expensive.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Questionnaire on "having a family dentist" and the status of oral health].

In 1999, we gave a Questionnaire on "having a family dentist" to 414 workers (300 males, 114 females) at a government office. Oral health examination was also provided to the same subjects. The following results were obtained: 1. Female workers (43%) had a family dentist more often than male workers (29%), and the difference was significant (p < 0.01). 2. About 45% of the subjects received regular dental checkups at least once a year; however, half of them did not have a family dentist. 3. Convenience, comfort, and communication factors were the main reasons for choosing a particular dentist, while continuity, comprehensiveness, and specialty factors were not taken into consideration in choosing a dentist. 4. The persons who had family dentists had more FT and DMFT, and fewer total numbers of teeth than those without family dentists. From these results, it was suggested that people visited dentists with dental problems and received treatment repeatedly, and then they came to have family dentists. The habit of visiting a dentist regularly seeking checkups and prevention is not yet popular among Japanese adults. To improve oral health consciousness and to promote oral health, it should be recommended to receive regular checkups and oral health education by a family dentist. However, the present condition does not allow this system. Therefore in Japan, it should be encouraged to provide oral health examination and oral health education regularly at work sites, to improve the oral health of the adult population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Factors related to access to family dentists and regular dental checkups--results of oral health examination of an adult population].

In February 2000, we examined the oral health status of 578 government employees (males 408, females 170). We also asked them to complete questionnaires on oral health. The following results were obtained. Of the total sample, 39.2% had a family dentist. There were significantly more women, and older workers, who had a family dentist. The reasons to visit family dentists were "treatment (75.9%)," "prevention (14.4%)," and "regular checkups (8.8%)." Workers who had family dentists had more filled teeth and fewer present teeth than those without family dentists, and the difference was significant. Less than half (42.7%) of the workers were receiving dental checkups regularly, more commonly at the work site (76.3%) than by family dentists (22.4%). There was no significant difference in oral health status between workers who received/did not receive regular dental checkups. Workers who repeatedly went to the clinic for treatment considered their dentist as a "family dentist." This indicated that dental professionals and ordinary people have a different concept of a "family dentist." The habit of visiting a dentist regularly seeking checkups and prevention is not yet popular. To improve this condition, it would be necessary to undertake efforts to change the concept on family dentists for both patients and dental professionals, to improve the school oral health system, to use mass dental examination at work sites effectively, and to reform the health insurance system to be prevention-oriented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Louisiana dentists' attitudes toward the dental Medicaid program.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine factors associated with Louisiana dentists' participation in the Dental Medicaid Program. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to all pediatric and general dentists as reported by the Louisiana State Board of Licensing. A second mailing was made to non-respondents. RESULTS: Surveys from 956 of 1,926 dentists (50%) were returned. Of 607 general dentists and 40 pediatric dentists who treated dental Medicaid-enrolled children in the past year, 269 (44%) and 18 (45%), respectively, treated all Medicaid-enrolled children. Newly graduated dentists were more likely to be actively enrolled than their more established counterparts (chi 2 = 10.67; p = 0.01). Medicaid reimbursement levels were viewed as "much less" than private fees by 62%, "less" by 33% and "the same" by 4% of the respondents. Broken appointments were the most prevalent reported problem (80%), followed by low fees (61%), patient non-compliance (59%), unreasonable denial of payments (57%), slow payment (44%), and complicated paperwork (42%). With the exception of the perceived importance of Medicaid reimbursement levels, active and inactive general and pediatric dentists' perceptions of the importance of Medicaid issues were not significantly different. These findings indicated that significantly more Medicaid-active general dentists who allocated 10% of their office visits to Medicaid-eligible children felt that slow payment (p = 0.002) and complicated paperwork (p < 0.001) were more important problems than general dentists who allocated less time to Medicaid-eligible children. CONCLUSIONS: Louisiana dentists' sources of dissatisfaction with Medicaid are similar to those of dentists in other states. Some of the issues are programmatic and are within the power of the dental Medicaid director and state legislature to address. Patient-related issues such as frequent broken appointments may be addressed by assigning case managers to Medicaid beneficiaries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Professional practice by female dentists in the Netherlands].

OBJECTIVE: Obtaining information about differences between male and female dentists in practising dentistry and about changes in practice arrangements. DESIGN: Descriptive analysis, using SPSS (CROSSTABS, ANOVA, HOMALS), based on information on the way(s) dentists practice their profession. SETTING: Department of Research of the Dutch Dental Association (NMT), Nieuwegien, The Netherlands. METHODS: A survey by means of a questionnaire, among a representative sample of 229 female dentists and a representative sample of 483 male dentists. RESULTS: Female dentists have on average fewer patients than male dentists, spend fewer working-hours weekly at their chair and practice more often in some form of partnership. Females have a spouse working in the dental practice less often than males and, while the spouse of males most often works as a dental assistant, the spouse of female dentists is most often also a dentist himself. Compared with male dentists, in 1994 female dentists more often had to arrange cover by a locum while in 1995 they had to take more days of leave due to personal illness or exceptional circumstances. CONCLUSION: In the Netherlands there are substantial differences in the practice of the profession by male and female dentists. This is important for the future policy of the NMT with regard to the required manpower in dentistry.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2004

[Estimation of actual report rates using data from the survey of physicians, dentists and pharmacists].

PURPOSES: Physicians, dentists and pharmacists are required to report to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare every two years by law in Japan and the Survey of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists (SPDP) is carried out based on the information provided. Because report omissions are known to occur with the SPDP, we estimated the actual report rates. METHODS: The report rate is usually estimated by diving the number of persons reporting by the number of total registrants in each registration year, but the survival rate is not considered in this method. We therefore estimated the report rates of registrants after 1955, using data from the SPDP between the years 1982 and 2000, without considering the survival rate, and then estimated the report rates of registrants after 1955, using data from the 2000 SPDP, this time considering the survival rate. We also compared the report rates among physicians, dentists and pharmacists. RESULTS: In the year 2000 SPDP, the report rates (physicians, dentists and pharmacists) without considering the survival rate were 87.08%, 84.98% and 71.58%, respectively. The respective values considering the survival rate were 90.30%, 87.15% and 72.98%, respectively. The improvement in the report rate for pharmacists was less than those for physicians or dentists. With physicians and dentists, when the survival rates were taken into consideration, rates were more than 90% between 1965 and 2000, except for a temporary decline around 1990. With pharmacists, however, lower rates were observed in the earlier years of registration. The reasons for the differences in report rates for physicians, dentists and pharmacists were thought to be as follows: 1) There are more women pharmacists than physicians or dentists. 2) The survival rate of pharmacists is higher than for physicians or dentists. 3) The mean registration age of pharmacists is younger than that of physicians or dentists. CONCLUSIONS: Differences exist with report rates of physicians, dentists and pharmacists, and these appear due to variation in the gender ratio and age distribution.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Identified factors in child-dentist relationship important for the management of dental anxiety in Nigerian children.

AIM: To investigate the effects and interrelationship between dental anxiety and dentist's experience, dentist's behaviour, type of treatment received and the behaviour of Nigerian children during treatment. METHODS: Pre- and post-dental treatment anxiety levels of 69 child patients, who were attending the dental clinic to receive dental treatment for the first time, were assessed using the DFSS-SF. The dentist's and child's behaviour during treatment procedures were unobtrusively observed and recorded. The pre- treatment anxiety levels were classified as high (HAC) and low (LAC), while those of the dentists who managed the children were categorized as experience or inexperienced. The interrelationship between a child's dental anxiety level, dentist's behaviour during child management, dentist's experience and the type of treatment the child received were analysed. RESULTS: The anxiety level of the children decreased significantly post-treatment when experienced dentists managed the child in comparison to inexperienced dentists (Z=3.22, p<0.02). The dentist's behaviour did not significantly affect the anxiety level of the child. However, physical contact was used more frequently with HAC than LAC (z=2.27;p<0.023). There was no association between a child's behaviour in the dental chair and their anxiety level (chi(2)=0.08, p<0.93). Also, the more invasive the procedure, the less the tendency for a noted decrease in anxiety level of a child post-treatment, though this was statistically insignificant (z=1.34; p<0.44). CONCLUSION: The dentist's behaviour played no role in changing the anxiety level of a child nor did it have any influence on anxiety-related behaviour of a child. However, the experience of the dentist was a very significant factor for effecting a decrease in the dental anxiety level change for children.

Adolescent↗