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PubMed2000

Biological weighting function for the mortality of Boeckella gracilipes (Copepoda, Crustacea) derived from experiments with natural solar radiation.

We performed in situ experiments during the austral summer of 1998 to quantify the mortality of the fresh-water copepod Boeckella gracilipes as a function of the UV dose. The copepods were exposed to solar radiation at the water-surface for approximately 24-34 h. Long-pass cut-off filters (Schott) were used in the exposure experiments. UV radiation and PAR were measured with an IL-1700 (International Light Inc.) and a PUV-500 radiometer (Biospherical Instruments Inc.). A biological weighting function for UV-induced mortality was calculated by fitting a model based on a logistic curve. Our results show that UV damage in this species is strongly wavelength- and dose-dependent. B. gracilipes was highly vulnerable to both UV-B (290-320 nm) and UV-A radiation (< 360 nm). The shape of the BWF obtained for B. gracilipes resembles more closely the action spectra (AS) for UV-induced erythema, than the AS for naked DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ultraviolet (280-400 nm)-induced DNA damage in the eggs and larvae of Calanus finmarchicus G. (Copepoda) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).

In previous work, we evaluated the effects of ultraviolet (UV = 280-400 nm) radiation on the early life stages of a planktonic Calanoid copepod (Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus) and of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Both are key species in North Atlantic food webs. To further describe the potential impacts of UV exposure on the early life stages of these two species, we measured the wavelength-specific DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer [CPD] formation per megabase of DNA) induced under controlled experimental exposure to UV radiation. UV-induced DNA damage in C. finmarchicus and cod eggs was highest in the UV-B exposure treatments. Under the same spectral exposures, CPD loads in C. finmarchicus eggs were higher than those in cod eggs, and for both C. finmarchicus and cod embryos, CPD loads were generally lower in eggs than in larvae. Biological weighting functions (BWF) and exposure response curves that explain most of the variability in CPD production were derived from these data. Comparison of the BWF revealed significant differences in sensitivity to UV-B: C. finmarchicus is more sensitive than cod, and larvae are more sensitive than eggs. This is consistent with the raw CPD values. Shapes of the BWF were similar to each other and to a quantitative action spectrum for damage to T7 bacteriophage DNA that is unshielded by cellular material. The strong similarities in the shapes of the weighting functions are not consistent with photoprotection by UV-absorbing compounds, which would generate features in BWF corresponding to absorption bands. The BWF reported in this study were applied to assess the mortality that would result from accumulation of a given CPD load: for both C. finmarchicus and cod eggs, an increased load of 10 CPD Mb(-1) of DNA due to UV exposure would result in approximately 10% mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of the infestation by Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) on the leucocytes of Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski, 1990 (Osteichthyes, Anostomidae).

Differential white blood cell counts from Schizodon intermedius infested by Lernaea cyprinacea were carried out and compared using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. The observations were performed in fish infested by 16-77 adult Lernaea, fish with parasitic lesions but without attached crustaceans, and non parasitized fish (control group). The specimens of Schizodon intermedius were obtained from the University of Londrina fish farming facilities. The following leucocytes were observed: lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and immature leucocytes. Intense lymphocytopenia and neutrophilia were observed in the infested hosts. Consistent increasing of monocyte percentage values occurred in the infested fish. The highest values for immature leucocytes counts were recorded from infested fish specimens.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Survey of cyclopids (Crustacea, Copepoda) in Brazil and preliminary screening of their potential as dengue vector predators.

INTRODUCTION: Cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The objective of the study was to survey the local copepod fauna and search for new strains of M. longisetus var. longisetus, comparing the potential of the samples found with the current strain ML-01 against Ae. albopictus larvae, under laboratory conditions. Eleven bodies of water in Campinas, SP, Brazil, were screened for copepods by collecting 1.5 l of water from each of then. The predatory potential of adults copepods was evaluated over 24 h, in the laboratory, for groups of 5 individuals preying upon 30 first instar Ae. albopictus larvae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The following cyclopid species were found: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. The predatory potential of these copepods ranged from nil to 97.3%. A sample collected in the field containing only M. longisetus var. longisetus showed the best control efficiency with no significant difference from a three-year old laboratory culture (ML-01) of the same species evaluated for comparison. The sample with few M. albidus var. albidus was ranked in second place showing an average 25.9% efficiency. The use of copepods in trap tires as dengue vector controllers is discussed.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Cyclopidae (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil.

Cyclopid copepods from samples of fauna associated with aquatic macrophytes and plancton obtained in lotic and lentic environments were obtained from the upper Paraná River floodplain (in the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Macrophytes were collected in homogeneous stands and washed. Plankton samples, taken from the water column surface and bottom, were obtained using a motor pump, with a 70 microns mesh plankton net for filtration. Twelve taxa of Cyclopidae were identified. Among them, Macrocyclops albidus albidus, Paracyclops chiltoni, Ectocyclops rubescens, Homocyclops ater, Eucyclops solitarius, Mesocyclops longisetus curvatus, Mesocyclops ogunnus, and Microcyclops finitimus were new finds for this floodplain. Eight species were recorded exclusively in aquatic macrophyte samples. Among these species, M. albidus albidus and M. finitimus presented greatest abundances. Only four species were recorded in plankton samples, and Thermocyclops minutus and Thermocyclops decipiens are limited to this type of habitat. Among these four species, T. minutus is the most abundant, especially in lentic habitats.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Selective oviposition by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) in response to Mesocyclops longisetus (Copepoda: Cyclopoidea) under laboratory and field conditions.

The influence of predacious Mesocyclops longisetus Thiebaud on the selection of oviposition sites by prey Aedes aegypti (L.) was studied under laboratory and field conditions. In both cases, gravid Ae. aegypti females were significantly more attracted to ovitraps containing copepods or to ovitraps with water in which copepods were held previously than to distilled water. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds including 3-carene, alpha-terpinene, alpha-copaene, alpha-longipinene, alpha-cedrene, and delta-cadinene were found in hexane extracts of copepods by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. These compounds may be responsible for attracting gravid Ae. aegypti females and may increase the number of potential prey for the copepod.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Point source inoculation of mesocyclops (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) gives widespread control of Ochlerotatus and Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) immatures in service manholes and pits in north Queensland, Australia.

This study details the novel application of predacious copepods, genus Mesocyclops, for control of Ochlerotatus tremulus (Theobald) group and Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquito larvae in subterranean habitats in north Queensland, Australia. During June 1997, 50 Mesocyclops sp. 1 were inoculated into one service manhole in South Townsville. Wet season rainfall and flooding in both 1998 and 2000 was responsible for the dispersal of copepods via the underground pipe system to 29 of 35 manholes over an area of 1.33 km2. Significant reductions in Aedes and Ochlerotatus larvae ensued. In these habitats, Mesocyclops and Metacyclops were able to survive dry periods, when substrate moisture content ranged from 13.8 to 79.9%. At the semiarid inland towns of Hughenden and Richmond, cracking clay soil prevents drainage of water from shallow service pits where Oc. tremulus immatures numbered from 292-18,460 per pit. Introduction of Mesocyclops copepods into these sites during May 1999 resulted in 100% control of Oc. tremulus for 18 mo. One uninoculated pit subsequently became positive for Mesocyclops with resultant control of mosquito larvae.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence and intensity of Haemobaphes diceraus (Copepoda: Pennellidae) from shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata (Embiotocidae).

The prevalence and intensity of the hematophagous pennellid copepod Haemobaphes diceraus were monitored over a 10-mo period in shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata at Pipers Lagoon, Nanaimo, British Columbia. The prevalence and mean intensity of metamorphosed adult female H. diceraus (n = 421) were 10.0% and 1.2 (+/-0.5 SD), respectively. The majority (97.9%) of infected fish had single infections, reflecting the possibility of intensity-dependent parasite-induced mortality, rejection of additional parasites, or both. Transforming females were detected throughout the year; however, there was no detectable seasonal pattern of colonization. Neither copepodids nor adult males of H. diceraus were observed on the gills of shiner perch, and this was consistent with the hypothesis that an intermediate host harbors these stages. Males of Haemobaphes sp. infected the gills of bay pipefish Syngnathus griseolineatus with a prevalence and mean intensity of 56.0% and 6.8 +/- 3.7, respectively. Transmission of H. diceraus to shiner perch probably occurs in inshore protected areas, where shiner perch ecologically overlap with the probable intermediate host of H. diceraus, the bay pipefish.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Extent of gill pathology in the toadfish Tetractenos hamiltoni caused by Naobranchia variabilis (Copepoda: Naobranchiidae).

Sanguinivorous Naobranchia variabilis prefer the first gill arch, external hemibranch and anterior end of the gill arch. The smallest N. variabilis observed attached to fish by a thin filament which connects fused tips of second maxillae to a 'plug' inserted into the gill tissue. Second maxillae enlarge to encircle and increasingly compress the gill filament, which results in a thin layer of epithelium and connective tissue overlying the cartilaginous supporting bar. Early juveniles cause little tissue proliferation, but the extent of proliferated epithelial and connective tissue (PR) adjacent to the maxillae increases from late juveniles to subadult and adult copepods. Most variation in length of gill filament damage (PL, proliferated and compressed tissue) among age classes is explained by maxilla length (ML, length of compressed gill filament); adult trunk width (TRW) explains an extra, small amount of variation, but not trunk length (TRL) or total fish length (TL). Most variation in ML is explained by TRW of adults, subadults and late juveniles, and TRL of early juveniles. PR is explained by TRW for adults, but by ML for other ages. These patterns are due to elongation of the juvenile trunk during growth and lateral expansion of adult egg pouches during maturation. Up to 38 N. variabilis, average (avg.) = 9.3, infected individual Tetractenos hamiltoni and damaged up to 3.4% (avg. 0.72%) of total filament length and 8.6% (avg. 2.1%) of gill filaments per fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

National progress in dengue vector control in Vietnam: survey for Mesocyclops (Copepoda), Micronecta (Corixidae), and fish as biological control agents.

This paper describes the process of expanding a successful dengue control program in 3 provinces in northern Vietnam into a national one and demonstrates the presence of a rich, low-cost resource that could have similar applicability to other countries in the region. The cornerstone of the preventive strategy is larval control of Aedes aegypti (L.), the major vector, using predators such as copepods, Mesocyclops spp., aided by the corixid bug Micronecta quadristrigata Bredd, and fish in large water storage containers. From 1989 to 1998, 9 species of Mesocyclops (M. woutersi Van de Velde, M. aspericornis (Daday), M. ruttneri Kiefer, M. thermocyclopoides Harada, M. affinis Van de Velde, M. ogunnus Onabamiro, M. yenae Holynska, M. cf. pehpeiensis Hu, and M. dissimilis Defaye and Kawabata) were found in natural and artificial habitats in 26 provinces throughout Vietnam. The predatory capacities of 6 of these were evaluated in the laboratory. This indicated that daily consumption/killing averaged between 16 and 41 Ae. aegypti larvae per copepod. From detailed evaluations in 9 provinces, Mesocyclops spp. were surprisingly common in 8,413 artificial containers (concrete tanks, wells, ornamental ponds and in the south, large jars). Because of existing practices for washing and water transfer from ponds and lakes in Ha Tay and Ha Bac, Mesocyclops spp. already occurred in 60-100% of the water storage containers. When the relationship between the presence or absence of Mesocyclops and Aedes larvae in 5,111 containers was analyzed by the chi-square test, their distributions were significantly related, indicating control (odds ratio = 0.56). When 3,426 containers that did not contain Mesocyclops or fish were analyzed in relation to the distribution of Aedes larvae, those with Micronecta also had significantly less Aedes (odds ratio = 0.43). Therefore, this study demonstrates that there is an abundance of local Mesocyclops spp. in Vietnam that can be incorporated into specifically designed community-based control programs aided by Micronecta and fish.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Control of aedes vectors of dengue in three provinces of Vietnam by use of Mesocyclops (Copepoda) and community-based methods validated by entomologic, clinical, and serological surveillance.

We describe remarkable success in controlling dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), in 6 communes with 11,675 households and 49,647 people in the northern provinces of Haiphong, Hung Yen, and Nam Dinh in Vietnam. The communes were selected for high-frequency use of large outdoor concrete tanks and wells. These were found to be the source of 49.6-98.4% of Ae. aegypti larvae, which were amenable to treatment with local Mesocyclops, mainly M. woutersi Van der Velde, M. aspericornis (Daday) and M. thermocyclopoides Harada. Knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys were performed to determine whether the communities viewed dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever as a serious health threat; to determine their knowledge of the etiology, attitudes, and practices regarding control methods including Mesocyclops; and to determine their receptivity to various information methods. On the basis of the knowledge, attitude, and practice data, the community-based dengue control program comprised a system of local leaders, health volunteer teachers, and schoolchildren, supported by health professionals. Recycling of discards for economic gain was enhanced, where appropriate, and this, plus 37 clean-up campaigns, removed small containers unsuitable for Mesocyclops treatment. A previously successful eradication at Phan Boi village (Hung Yen province) was extended to 7 other villages forming Di Su commune (1,750 households) in the current study. Complete control was also achieved in Nghia Hiep (Hung Yen province) and in Xuan Phong (Nam Dinh province); control efficacy was > or = 99.7% in the other 3 communes (Lac Vien in Haiphong, Nghia Dong, and Xuan Kien in Nam Dinh). Although tanks and wells were the key container types of Ae. aegypti productivity, discarded materials were the source of 51% of the standing crop of Ae. albopictus. Aedes albopictus larvae were eliminated from the 3 Nam Dinh communes, and 86-98% control was achieved in the other 3 communes. Variable dengue attack rates made the clinical and serological comparison of control and untreated communes problematic, but these data indicate that clinical surveillance by itself is inadequate to monitor dengue transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effect of concurrent infections of Lernaeocera Branchialis (Copepoda) and Trypanosoma murmanensis (Protozoa) on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.

A study was initiated to ascertain the prevalence, effect and interaction of the adult stages of the parasitic copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, on Atlantic cod concurrently infected with a hematozoan, Trypanosoma murmanensis, by comparing condition (K) factor, organ somatic indices, hematological values and lipid concentrations of the liver from infected and uninfected fish of comparable length. Prevalence of the copepod varied from 9 to 21% and was highest in fish examined on the southern coast of Newfoundland. Body condition and blood values were significantly lower in young cod infected with two parasites whereas only K-factor was altered in two size classes parasitized by one copepod. Although lipid concentrations were similar in three length groups of fish without and infected with L. branchialis, the pooled values were significantly greater among the infected group. Mortality occurred only in juvenile cod infected with the copepod and T. murmanensis concurrently. Cod which survived dual infections had lower K-factor and blood values than controls or fish harboring single, parasitic infections. It is concluded that an infection with an adult L. branchialis does not impair the health of fish in this area of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, but the presence of T. murmanensis concurrently can potentiate its effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda) on stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Prevalence, intensity and pathogenesis of Lernaea cyprinacea (anchorworm) in stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings were monitored annually for 4 yr (1981 to 1984) in East Canyon Reservoir, Utah (USA). Anchorworms were first detected in midsummer each year and were most abundant in the fall. The mean parasite intensity was highest in October 1982 (19 anchorworms per fish); in other years, maximum density was 7 to 9. The dorsal and caudal areas of the fish were the most heavily parasitized. The histological response to parasite attachment included an infectious granuloma similar to that reported in other fish hosts. Bacteria were not found in the kidneys of fish before stocking, but afterward bacteria that were presumptively identified as belonging to the genus Aeromonas, were found in the kidneys of up to 45% of the parasitized fish. Most (94%) anglers noticed the anchorworms, but few (8%) discarded parasitized fish. Some 28% used special cleaning techniques to prepare fish but 49% did nothing special to clean them. Lernaeosis probably had little effect on the fishery management goals for the reservoir.

Aeromonas↗