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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial.

A 20 micrograms/24 hours levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (LNG-IUD) has, in an open randomized multicenter study, been compared to the copper-releasing device Nova T during 5 years of use; 1821 women had the LNG-IUD and 937 women had the Nova T inserted. The 5-year cumulative gross pregnancy rate was 5.9% for Nova T and 0.5% for the LNG-IUD. The local effect of levonorgestrel in the uterine cavity causes reduction of menstrual blood loss and development of oligo-amenorrhea, and the termination rates because of heavy and/or prolonged menstrual flow were significantly (P < 0.001) lower among LNG-IUD users. However, the gross termination rate because of amenorrhea was 6.0 in this group. Hb increased during use of the LNG-IUD and decreased during Nova T use, and the difference between the devices was statistically significant. The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was low in LNG-IUD users regardless of age, whereas in the Nova T group, the PID rate was increased among the youngest women, which makes the difference between the devices significant (P < 0.01). The gross termination rate for reasons considered to be hormonal was 12.1 in the LNG-IUD group compared to 2.0 in the Nova T group (P < 0.001). The LNG-IUD is a long-acting reversible contraceptive method for 5 years with a pregnancy rate comparable to female sterilization. The incidence of PID is low even in young women. In addition, the positive health effects such as decreased menstrual blood loss and increased blood haemoglobin concentration make the LNG-IUD a favorable combination of hormonal and intrauterine contraception.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Multicenter trial of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing 30 mcg ethinylestradiol and either desogestrel or gestodene in Thai women.

The efficacy and acceptability of two third generation oral contraceptives in Thai women were evaluated in a prospective, open, group-comparative, randomized, multicenter trial of women asking for contraception. In six Family Planning Centers and Outpatient Gynaecological Clinics in urban areas in Thailand, 783 healthy women who were at risk for pregnancy and did not have contraindications to oral contraceptive use were randomly allocated to one of the two study groups. An oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg ethinylestradiol and 150 mcg desogestrel was given to 394 women and an oral contraceptive with the same amount of ethinylestradiol and 75 mcg gestodene to 389 women during 6 cycles. Criteria of cycle control, side effects and the presence and severity of acne vulgaris were assessed and blood pressure and body weight measured at pretreatment and after cycles 1, 3 and 6. Furthermore, the efficacy was evaluated after the last cycle. No pregnancies occurred with either of the contraceptives. The incidences of irregular bleeding and minor side effects in both groups were very low and decreased after an initial increase in the first cycle. Acne improved in both groups. Blood pressure and body weight remained unchanged. The two oral contraceptives were found to be effective and acceptable in Thai women. Compared to Caucasian women, the incidences of irregular bleeding and side effects were apparently lower in these Asian women. Furthermore, the effects of both oral contraceptives were comparable.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Oral contraceptives and mortality from circulatory system diseases: an epidemiologic study in Taiwan.

An epidemiological study on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and circulatory system disease (CSD) mortality undertaken in Taiwan by proxy interview of closest family members of 306 deceased cases, 305 deceased controls, and 611 healthy neighborhood controls indicated that the relative risk between the cases and health controls was 0.98 (0.62-1.54) and that between cases and health controls was 0.82 (0.56-1.21). Use of OC by Taiwanese women has not produced any overwhelming adverse effects on CSD mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A study of delta intrauterine devices in Ankara, Turkey.

Delta devices, modifications of standard Lippes Loop D and TCu 220C IUDs, were designed for postpartum insertion. A study of the Delta T and the Delta Loop was conducted at Hacettepe University School of Medicine in Ankara, Turkey. The IUDs were randomly allocated to 246 immediately postpartum women (less than 10 min postplacenta). Twelve-month expulsion rates were low for both devices; 3.7 for Delta Loop users and 7.6 for Delta T users.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Yugoslavian experience with the contraceptive sponge.

A trial of the contraceptive sponge was conducted at two clinics (403 subjects) in Yugoslavia. Women were periodically followed up for 1 year. The 1-year method pregnancy rate (life-table) was 5.6 per 100 women. Rates of other events leading to discontinuation of sponge use were similarly low. There were no serious complications. The results of the study show that the contraceptive sponge may be successfully used by a population of women with limited experience with the use of vaginal contraceptive methods.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1987

The use effectiveness of the Copper T-200 in Matlab, Bangladesh.

Using a unique record keeping system, the use effectiveness of the Copper T-200 is examined in rural Bangladesh. In Matlab the Copper T-200 is a highly effective contraceptive modality. The adopters are typically low to medium parity women under 30 years of age. The most important cause of termination among women in the study was voluntary removal of the device. The complaint most often reported was bleeding followed by pain and weakness. The Matlab experience suggests that sustained motivation and regular resupply are the two key components of this highly successful family planning program.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Duration of use of copper releasing IUDs and the incidence of copper wire breakage.

The incidence of copper wire breakage for IUDs (Multiloads) using 0.3 and 0.4 mm diameter copper wire was evaluated by examining 969 devices that had been removed for various reasons. The IUDs were examined by light microscopy to determine the integrity of the copper wire. As expected, the incidence of breakage increased with increasing duration of IUD use. The cumulative breakage rate (life table) was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) for the Multiload 375 that used 0.4 mm diameter wire, compared to the Multiload 250 that used 0.3 mm diameter wire. The cumulative rates were 5.4 per 100 IUDs after 3 years for the Multiload 250, and 3.8 per 100 IUDs after 5 years for the Multiload 375. In only 1 (0.1%) of the 969 Multiloads examined, the breakage of the copper wire was sufficiently extensive to adversely affect the user's risk of pregnancy.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMed1987

Side effects and compliance with low- and conventional-dose oral contraceptives among adolescents.

Oral contraceptives are the most popular birth control method for teenagers, yet many teens discontinue use of these contraceptives prematurely. The need to minimize any potential long-term medical complications from the use of contraceptive hormones must be balanced with the desirability of increasing acceptance of contraceptives by adolescents. There has been concern that the use of so-called "low-dose" estrogen preparations, although decreasing the likelihood of complications, may lead to side effects that make compliance less certain. The present study comparing two commonly used oral contraceptive preparations, one low dose, one conventional dose, tests the hypothesis that among adolescents an association exists between oral contraceptive side effects and compliance. Using a double-blind crossover method, 55 sexually active adolescent females received two months each of a preparation containing 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 0.5 mg norethindrone and another containing 50 micrograms mestranol and 1.0 mg norethindrone. The 50-microgram preparation was associated with fewer side effects when administered during the first two months. No differences in side effects were noted in the latter two months, but there was a slight increase in weight gain when compared with the 35-microgram preparation. The most common side effect was inter-menstrual bleeding with the 35-microgram pill. There was no documented relationship between the occurrence of side effects and compliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Breast cancer and combined oral contraceptives: an Italian case-control study.

The risk of breast cancer in relation to use of oral contraceptives was evaluated using data from a hospital-based case-control study from Northern Italy on 1517 cases below age 60 and 1351 controls admitted for acute diseases unrelated to any of the known or potential risk factors for breast cancer. The multivariate relative risk for ever vs. never users was 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.0-1.7). However, the risk was not related to duration of use: indeed the highest risk was observed among short-term users (less than 2 years), and the point estimate was 0.9 among users for 5 years or more. The elevated risk among short-term users, if not due to residual confounding or selection mechanisms, is probably explainable in terms of recall bias (i.e. more careful report of short or very short use by cases). No definite pattern was observed in relation to latency or recency of use, and the point estimates were 0.8 for women who had ever used the pill before age 25 and 0.8 for those who had ever used the pill before first full-term pregnancy. Thus, the study presents further reassuring information on the oral contraceptive/breast cancer debate. Its major limitation lies in the low prevalence of oral contraceptive users in Italy, with a consequently reduced statistical power, although, with the number of cases involved, it was possible to exclude a relative risk of 1.4 for long-term use or for ever use before first birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Long-acting hormonal contraceptives for women.

Following the development and widespread use of oral hormonal contraceptives, it became evident that alternative long-acting delivery systems would be required to improve contraceptive practice in some cultural settings where injectable or subdermal routes of administration are preferred. Nowadays, long-acting contraceptives constitute an important option in family planning services in many parts of the world. Indeed, two long-acting injectable contraceptives containing just a synthetic progestogen (depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone enantate (NET-EN)) have been in clinical practice for more than 20 years. The World Health Organization's (WHO) Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction, in collaboration with the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and universities primarily in developing countries undertook a synthesis programme aimed at producing an improved injectable preparation by developing new derivatives of known steroids. One such compound (levonorgestrel 17-butanoate) is now at the stage of Phase II clinical testing. In addition, the Special Programme has developed and improved once-a-month injectable formulations and assessed their safety and efficacy in different countries worldwide. After large scale clinical testing, at least two progestogen-estrogen combinations have reached the point of introductory trials.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1986

A comparative clinical trial of Copper T 220 C and Alza T IPCS 52 intrauterine devices in Thai women.

Two IUDs (Copper T 220 C and Alza T IPCS 52) were comparatively studied by randomized insertions in 200 Thai women who attended the Family Planning Clinic at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University. Point estimates of the pregnancy rate and rate of removal for bleeding and pain at 18 months were lower for the copper device than for the Alza T IPCS 52, but neither these nor any other pertinent event rates reached statistical significance. Study of the Alza device was halted before the completion of 2 years because reports from other centres indicated an unacceptable pregnancy rate beyond 2 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Menstrual blood loss, haemoglobin and ferritin concentration of Beijing women wearing steel ring, VCu 200, and TCu 220c IUDs.

Menstrual blood loss (MBL), serum ferritin and whole blood cyanmethemoglobin were measured at pre- and 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24th postinsertion cycles in 60 women wearing the Steel Ring, the Copper V (VCu 200) or the Copper T (TCu 220c). The MBL, incidence of menorrhagia and iron deficiency anemia were lower among users of the Steel Ring than among users of the Copper V and T. Anemia occurred later and the duration of menstruation was shorter with the Steel Ring than with the Copper T. There were no statistically significant differences between the Copper V and T.

Anemia↗
PubMed1997

The influence of type of information, somatization, and locus of control on attitude, knowledge, and compliance with respect to the triphasic oral contraceptive Tri-Minulet.

The possibility of improving attitude, knowledge, and compliance with respect to the oral contraceptive (OC) Tri-Minulet (Wyeth, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands) by supplying brochures and information on audiotape was studied in 1239 healthy women, aged between 15 and 45. One group was orally informed, a second group additionally received brochures, and a third group received, in addition to the above two, information on audiotape. At baseline and after the first and third cycle, OC-attitude, missed pill handling, and compliance were assessed. Somatization and locus of control were also assessed. Knowledge of the medical advantages of the pill was increased by the audiotape and the compliance by the combination of brochures and audiotape. The brochures alone and in combination with tape improved the knowledge of how to handle missed pills. In somatizers and externals, who particularly showed a poor knowledge and a negative pill-attitude, this knowledge was increased by the combination of brochures and tape.

Adolescent↗