The VIth International Society of Developmental and Comparative Immunology (ISDCI) Congress. Wageningen, The Netherlands, July 31-August 5, 1994. Abstracts.
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Aging↗
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The 7th Congress of the International Society of Developmental and Comparative Immunology. Williamsburg, Virginia, July 21-25, 1997. Abstracts.
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Allergy and Immunology↗
Cord blood 'naive' T cells demonstrate distinct immunological properties compared with their adult counterparts.
Distinct immunological properties of naive T cells in cord blood as compared to their adult counterparts are likely to have consequences in the outcome of cord blood transplants.
Adult↗
Standard lecithin/sphingomyelin and phosphatidylglycerol techniques compared with immunologic slide test.
A commercially available, rapid, technically simple, immunologic slide agglutination test for amniotic fluid (AF) phosphatidylglycerol has been compared with the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio and phosphatidylglycerol determined by thin-layer chromatography. The immunologic test lacks sensitivity when compared with phosphatidylglycerol measured by thin-layer chromatography, and both phosphatidylglycerol measurements are considerably less sensitive than the L:S ratio. The authors' results suggest that the immunologic test is probably useful as a screening test, but all negative results should be immediately followed up with an L:S ratio and phosphatidylglycerol measured by thin-layer chromatography.
Agglutination Tests↗
Comparative evaluation of immunological and structural similarities of snake venom C-type lectin proteins.
Antibodies raised against denatured and native forms of bothrojaracin were used to analyze the immunological similarities compared to the structural and biological features of five C-type lectin proteins from snake venom (bothrojaracin, botrocetin, Factor IX/X binding protein (FIX/Xbp), convulxin and Bothrops jararaca lectin). Anti-denatured-bothrojaracin antibodies, which recognize mainly linear epitopes, cross-reacted with botrocetin, FIX/Xbp and convulxin, as expected for homologous proteins. On the other hand, anti-native-bothrojaracin antibodies, which mostly interact with conformational epitopes, exhibited a higher degree of selectivity. These results show that differences exist at the surface of these proteins and that they should be related to their different biological activities, while they share a common and similar scaffold.
Animals↗
[Comparative study on immunologic pregnancy tests].
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Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
A comparative histopathological, immunological, and biochemical study of experimental intravenous paracoccidioidomycosis induced in mice by three Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates.
We carried out a comparative study of the histopathology (lung, liver, spleen, kidney and adrenals) and the anti-P. brasiliensis humoral (immunodiffusion test) and cellular (footpad test) immune response of mice intravenously inoculated with yeast forms of three P. brasiliensis isolates (Pb 18, Pb 192, Pb 265). Pb 265 (avirulent strain) did not evoke specific lesions or antibody production; the levels of cellular immunity were significantly lower than those of the two other isolates. Lung granulomas induced by strain Pb 18 were richer in fungi and neutrophils and poorer in mononuclear cells when compared to those induced by strain Pb 192. Extrapulmonary lesions were more frequent in mice infected with strain Pb 18. Strains Pb 18 and Pb 192 raised similar humoral and cellular anti-P. brasiliensis responses. Cell wall analysis did not suggest striking differences among the strains. Slightly higher levels of the water soluble fraction 3 (which contains the immunogenic galactomannan and protein) were detected in strain Pb 265.
Animals↗
A study comparing the immunologic responses of swine to pseudorabies viral antigens based on the ELISA, serum virus neutralization, and latex agglutination tests.
A study of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-vaccinated pigs comparing the immune responses detected by the latex agglutination test (LAT) with responses detected by other routine tests for pseudorabies antibodies indicated that LAT was more sensitive than either the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or the serum virus neutralization test (SVNT). The LAT detected antibodies sooner than ELISA and SVNT in unvaccinated pigs after challenge with virulent PRV. The specificities of the 3 tests were found to be near 100%. The LAT is a good alternative to SVNT or ELISA for detection of PRV-specific antibodies.
Animals↗
[Historiography of the development of immunology and comparative pathology in relation to anti-smallpox immunization and vaccination].
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Allergy and Immunology↗
Sterility testing of immunological products: comparative efficacy of media and effect of preservatives.
A comparison was made of the abilities of various culture media to support the growth of a range of micro-organisms commonly recommended as control strains in tests for the sterility of immunological products. The effects of phenol, cresol, formaldehyde and thiomersal on the growth of these organisms were studied. Attention is drawn to some limitations of the current pharmacopoeial test methods.
Bacteria↗
Immunologic studies of water-soluble human amyloid fibrils. Comparative studies of eight amyloid preparations.
Eight preparations of soluble amyloid and degraded amyloid (DAM) were compared immunologically. Unlike amyloid fibrils, six of eight preparations of DAM proved to be relatively strong immunogens. Antisera to DAM reacted weakly or not at all with normal human serum or extracts of normal tissues, but were specifically reactive with amyloid fibrils or DAM. Comparative studies of DAM'S from eight different subjects showed some degree of cross-reactivity among them, yet demonstrated that they were not identical. Similar conclusions were obtained by quantitative precipitin and complement fixation analyses. Comparison of the amyloid fibrils with the homologous DAM by complement fixation and absorption studies demonstrated the existence in DAM of antigenic determinants that were lacking or inaccessible in the native fibrils. A search for amyloid precursors and antibodies to amyloid in the sera of 12 patients proved unsuccessful.
Amyloid↗
Comparative viral, immunologic, and pathologic responses of chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys as embryos or at hatch.
Chickens were vaccinated with the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) at embryonation day 17 or 18 or at hatch and various responses of the 2 vaccinated groups were compared. In embryo-vaccinated chickens, HVT titers were high in the lungs before HVT could be isolated from other tissues. Seemingly, embryos acquired infection via the respiratory tract. In hatch-vaccinated chickens, HVT was first isolated from spleen and then from other tissues. Titers of recoverable HVT in tissues of embryo-vaccinated chickens were higher than in those of hatch-vaccinated chickens, particularly during the 1st week of age. Anti-HVT antibodies and natural killer cell reactivity in spleen effector cells were comparably increased in both vaccinated groups. Embryo vaccination with HVT did not cause progressive lesions, reduction in body weight gain, or impairment of humoral and cellular immune functions. Seemingly, HVT can be used safely as an embryonal vaccine in chickens.
Animals↗
[Comparative clinical immunological indices in acute respiratory diseases in children].
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Acute Disease↗
Vaccinology, immunology, and comparative pathogenesis of measles in the quest for a preventative against AIDS.
Current approaches to the prevention and control of AIDS by vaccines and by chemotherapy have failed to provide satisfactory solutions to this important medical problem and have failed, in addition, to provide definitive guidelines for future research endeavor. Vaccine research must and will continue but it is possible that a safe and effective vaccine may never be developed and it may be timely to explore, in addition, alternative means for immunological intervention in AIDS. Both immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic efforts might be assisted by manipulating the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) subsets of CD4+ T helper cells, which is therefore worthy of exploration. Selective control of immune response by the two T helper subsets is by release of different cytokines that promote either cellular or humoral immunity, the latter of which may be associated with inappropriate immune responses and with immune dysfunction. Discovery of the Th1 and Th2 subsets and definition of the cytokines they release provide a new avenue toward possible development of a safe and effective vaccine and an approach, in addition, to correction of immune dysfunction by selective cytokine administration or by cytokine ablation by antagonists or antibodies. AIDS pathogenesis and immune dysfunction are complex and understanding them may be overwhelmed by an excess of possibilities. Simplification of the endeavor might benefit from comparative studies of the pathogenesis of measles, in which there also is immune deficiency but usually with spontaneous viral clearance, reversal of immune dysfunction, and total recovery. In addition, measles presents as a single disease and is caused by antigenically stable virus. Identification of the process whereby measles immunodeficiency is spontaneously reversed might be of importance in attempting to devise means for similar reversal in AIDS.
AIDS Vaccines↗
Immunotherapy in spring-time hay fever. A clinical and immunological study comparing two different treatment extract compositions.
In a study of the efficacy of two different treatment schedules for perennial immunotherapy, 47 adult patients with spring-time hay fever due to allergy against birch and other deciduous trees were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: one group received birch, alder and hazel allergen in Allpyral, another group received the same Allpyral mixture and in addition all relevant tree pollens in aqueous extract and a control group received no injections. For determination of antibody titres the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique were used. Cellular responsiveness was studied by measuring birch pollen (BP) induced leucocyte histamine release in peripheral blood. The clinical and immunological response was similar in the two treated groups. Treated patients had less symptoms and a lower consumption of antihistamine tablets during the pollen season than the control group. Non-IgE BP antibodies and IgE antibodies recorded with the ASP technique increased after immunotherapy while RAST values did not change significantly. A decrease of RAST values from postseasonal values during the first year to preseasonal values in the following year was seen in all patient groups but was less pronounced in treated than in untreated patients. The decrease was more pronounced in patients with high RAST values of postseasonal sera than in patients with low RAST values. Cellular reactivity increased slightly during the first phase of therapy but returned to the pre-treatment level later. Clinical improvement was positively correlated to the percentage increase of non-IgE antibody titre and to the pre-treatment non-IgE/IgE antibody ratio. Patients with high preseasonal RAST titres or high cellular sensitivity tended to have more severe symptoms during the pollen season. It is concluded that a mixture of birch, alder and hazel is sufficient for immunotherapy in spring-term hay fever. It is obvious that changes of a single immunological variable do not account for the therapeutic results in immunotherapy.
Adult↗
Profiling of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+CD45RO+FoxP3+ T cells in patients with malignant glioma reveals differential expression of the immunologic transcriptome compared with T cells from healthy volunteers.
PURPOSE: Analyses of T-cell mRNA expression profiles in glioblastoma multiforme has not been previously reported but may help to define and characterize the immunosuppressed phenotype in patients with this type of cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We did microarray studies that have shown significant and fundamental differences in the expression profiles of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and immunosuppressive CD4(+)CD25(+)CD45RO(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) from normal healthy volunteers compared with patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. For these investigations, we isolated total RNA from enriched CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell or T(reg) cell populations from age-matched individuals and did microarray analyses. RESULTS: ANOVA and principal components analysis show that the various T cell compartments exhibit consistently similar mRNA expression profiles among individuals within either healthy or brain tumor groups but reflect significant differences between these groups. Compared with healthy volunteers, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from patients with glioblastoma multiforme display coordinate down-regulation of genes involved in T cell receptor ligation, activation, and intracellular signaling. In contrast, T(regs) from patients with glioblastoma multiforme exhibit increased levels of transcripts involved in inhibiting host immunity. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the notion that key differences between expression profiles in T-cell populations from patients with glioblastoma multiforme results from differential expression of the immunologic transcriptome, such that a limited number of genes are principally important in producing the dysregulated T-cell phenotype.
Adult↗
Analyzing the H19- and T65-epitopes in 38 kd phosphorylated protein of Marek's disease viruses and comparing chicken immunological reactions to viruses point-mutated in the epitopes.
DNA sequencing analysis in 38 kd phosphorylated protein (pp38) ORF of Marek's disease viruses (MDV) indicated that all tested 10 virulent strains with different pathotypes had 'A' at base #320 and glutamine at aa#107 while reacted with monoclonal antibody (Mab) H19 in indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFA). However, vaccine strain CVI988 had 'G' at base#320 and arginine at aa#107 instead, when it was negative in IFA with Mab H19. Some strains were also reactive with Mab T65 in IFA while there was 'G' at base #326 and glycine at aa#109, but the other strains, which had 'A' at base #326 and glutamic acid at aa#109, did not react with Mab T65. By comparison of CVI988 to its point mutants CVI/rpp38(AG) and CVI/rpp38(AA) with 1 or 2 base(s) changes at bases #320 and /or #326 of pp38 gene for their reactivity with Mab H19 and T65, it was confirmed that the glutamine at aa#107 and glycine at aa#109 were critical to epitopes H19 and T65 respectively. Immuno-reactions to MDV were compared in SPF chickens inoculated with cloned CVI988 and its mutant CVI/rpp38(AG). It was found that antibody responses to MDV in chickens inoculated with CVI/rpp38(AG) were delayed and significantly lower than that in chickens inoculated with the native CVI988. By differential comparison of antibody titers to different antigens, a third epitope specific to CVI988 and dependent on arginine at aa#107 was suggested to be responsible for the big difference in antibody responses induced by native CVI988 and its mutant.
Animals↗
The clinical spectrum of peripheral neuropathies associated with benign monoclonal IgM, IgG and IgA paraproteinaemia. Comparative clinical, immunological and nerve biopsy findings.
Observations have been made on a consecutive series of 62 patients with peripheral neuropathy associated with benign monoclonal paraproteinaemia. The paraprotein class was IgM in 46 cases, IgG in 11 and IgA in 5. Although showing variations between patients, the clinical picture was similar for those with either IgM or IgG paraproteins, usually consisting of a late-onset, slowly progressive, distal sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy, often with tremor and ataxia as prominent features. Tremor was slightly more common in patients with IgM paraproteins, in whom there was a male preponderance. The patients with both paraprotein classes were indistinguishable clinically and electrophysiologically from chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy. In the 5 patients with an IgA paraprotein, there was a distal sensorimotor neuropathy in 4 which was demyelinating in 1. In 1 there was proximal demyelinating motor neuropathy. Immunoglobulin deposition on myelin was observed only in the patients with IgM paraproteinaemia, more commonly with a kappa light chain. No deposition of immunoglobulin in the endoneurium was seen. IgM deposits on the perineurium are a feature of normal nerve and were present in all cases. Widely spaced myelin was confined to cases with IgM paraproteins in which immunoglobulin deposition was detected on myelin. The response to treatment could not be assessed systematically but, in general, the patients with IgG and IgA paraproteins responded more satisfactorily (to corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, or plasma exchange) than did those with an IgM paraprotein.
Adult↗