Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Chlorides”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Chloride flux in bilayer membranes: the electrically silent chloride flux in semispherical bilayers.

High resistance semispherical bilayer membranes of areas as large as 0.3 cm-2 were formed from a decane solution of synthetic diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine. These bilayers had a specific resistance of about 10-9 omega cm-2 and a specific capacitance of 0.38 mu F cm- minus 2 at 20 degrees in 0.1 M KCL. Under these conditions, chloride permeability was 6.8 times 10- minus 8 cm/sec. This electrically silen 36-Cl flux was found to be about 10-3-fold larger than the chloride current calculated from the electrical parameters of the system. The chloride flux in the bilayer was independent of the applied electrical field and was unaltered by addition of reducing agents to the ambient aqueous solutions. It was, however, substantially reduced when NO3 minus was substituted for Cl minus on the side of the bilayer initially free of 36-Cl, or if I minus was added to the aquesous phases in the concentration range of 0.001-0.1 M. These results strongly suggested that the electrically silent flux of 36-Cl is primarily a carrier mediated diffusion process in which phosphatidylcholine acts as the carrier species.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2000

A general method for acylation of indoles at the 3-position with acyl chlorides in the presence of dialkylaluminum chloride.

[reaction--see text] Indoles are selectively acylated at the 3-position in high yields on treatment with a wide variety of acyl chlorides in CH(2)Cl(2) in the presence of diethylaluminum chloride or dimethylaluminum chloride. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is applicable to indoles bearing various functional groups without NH protection.

Acylation↗
PubMed1999

Stimulation of chloride in-->out permeation across the Deiters' neuron membrane by pentobarbital on the cytoplasmic side: additional evidence of GABA(A) receptors acting as chloride extrusion pumps.

Pentobarbital stimulates 36Cl- permeation across single Deiters' membranes in a microchamber system, acting on classical, extracellularly facing, GABA(A) receptors. However, when applied on the membrane cytoplasmic side it activates per se labeled chloride in-->out permeation. No effect was found on chloride out-->in permeation. Similarly, at lower concentrations it facilitates the increase of 36Cl- in-->out permeation by application of GABA on the membrane inside, again via asymmetric chloride channels allowing in-->out but not out-->in passage. These data confirm that on the Deiters' membrane cytoplasmic side there are structures behaving pharmacologically as GABA(A) receptors whose function is that of a Cl- extrusion pump. This mechanism involves a cycle of activation-phosphorylation/desensitization-reactivation of the receptor complexes.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Urinary thiodiglycolic acid levels for vinyl chloride monomer-exposed polyvinyl chloride workers.

Thiodiglycolic acid (TdGA) is the major metabolite of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) detected in human urine. Although urinary TdGA has been reported to be associated with ambient VCM exposure, the relationship between urinary TdGA and a low level of air VCM is not clear. Questionnaires were administered to 16 polyvinyl chloride manufacturing workers to obtain a detailed history of occupation and lifestyle. For each worker, personal air monitoring for VCM was performed and a time-weighted average for VCM exposure was calculated. The urinary TdGA levels at the end of a work shift, and at the commencement of the next shift, were also assessed for each worker. Urine analysis revealed that TdGA levels at the beginning of the next shift were higher than those at the end of that shift. Workers experiencing a VCM exposure greater than 5 ppm in air revealed a urinary TdGA level significantly greater than those experiencing a VCM exposure of less than 5 ppm (P < 0.05). The best fit of regression for urinary TdGA on air VCM was Y = 1.06 + 0.57X for urine collected at the commencement of the following work shift, where X is the air VCM concentration and Y is the urinary TdGA concentration (r2 = 0.65, P < 0.01). We conclude that the urinary TdGA level is best detected at the commencement of the next shift and that it can be used as an exposure marker for polyvinyl chloride workers when the air VCM level to which they are exposed is greater than 5 ppm.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Use of cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium chloride for the decontamination of sputum specimens that are transported to the laboratory for the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A method is presented for the decontamination, liquefaction, and concentration of sputum specimens that are in transport more than 24 h. The method is inexpensive, and culture results compare well with those obtained with the accepted N-acetyl-L-cysteine and sodium hydroxide method for the isolation of tubercle bacilli. The working solution, 1% cetylpyridinium chloride and 2% sodium chloride, is mixed in equal volumes with sputum before the specimens are shipped. Tubercle bacilli remained viable after 8 days of exposure to this solution. Only Lowenstein-Jensen medium was used because the cetylpyridinium chloride in the inoculum remains active on 7H10 or other agar base media and partially inhibits the growth of tubercle bacilli.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1977

Comparative mammalian metabolism of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride in relation to oncogenic potential.

Elucidation of the role of vinyl chloride metabolites in the various reaction sequences which comprise the metabolic pathway, including the interaction of reactive metabolities with some purine and pyrimidine residues of target-organ DNA, provides some explanation for the (oncogenic) properties associated with the original substance. Comparative investigation of the biological fate of vinylidene chloride reveals an agent of low oncogenic potential which is likely to be damaging only under special circumstances, and species differences which suggest that the mouse is more susceptible than the rat towards vinylidene chloride oncogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Vinyl chloride related hepatic angiosarcoma in a polyvinyl chloride autoclave cleaner in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To present the first case of vinyl chloride related hepatic angiosarcoma in Australia. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 51-year-old male caucasian former polyvinyl chloride autoclave cleaner in an Australian chemical plant developed hepatic angiosarcoma, presenting 15 years after his last exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. OUTCOME: He developed encephalopathy and died in oliguric renal failure 21 days after admission to hospital. CONCLUSION: Hepatic angiosarcoma may develop in other workers similarly exposed.

Australia↗
PubMed1991

Immune-related intestinal chloride secretion. III. Acute and chronic effects of mast cell mediators on chloride secretion by a human colonic epithelial cell line.

Excessive fluid and electrolyte secretion, resulting symptomatically in diarrhea, has been associated with mast cell activation in a variety of experimental and clinical settings. The present study has used a human colonic epithelial cell line to examine mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Acute addition of mixed mast cell mediators (as a lysate of rat basophilic leukemia cells) to epithelial cells led to prompt and sustained chloride secretion. The response was partially inhibitable by an antihistaminic drug and an adenosine antagonist, suggesting that histamine, adenosine, and possibly other mediators are responsible for producing the acute effect. Supernatants from immunologically activated rat basophilic leukemia cells had similar effects. Chronic exposure of epithelial cells to the lysate mediator preparation, followed by washing, had no effect on their basal electrical or electrolyte-transporting properties. However, the chloride secretory response of the cells to subsequent addition of vasoactive intestinal peptide, carbachol, and heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli was significantly enhanced, whereas responses to an adenosine agonist or PGE1 were unaffected. This study has, therefore, demonstrated two ways in which mast cell mediators can directly influence intestinal epithelial cells to secrete more chloride and, hence, to enhance fluid secretion in the gut. The findings may be of relevance to our understanding of inflammatory diarrhea and may aid the development of novel therapies for this disorder.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of zinc chloride mouthwashes on caries-inducing plaque streptococci. 1. In vitro research on the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc chloride on reference strains of Streptococcus mutans (BHT), Streptococcus sanguis (HKop) and Streptococcus salivarius (NCTN 8618)].

The antimicrobial efficiency of zinc chloride solution in concentration from 0.1% to 2.0% and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution has been examined on the strains of reference in a comparative study. Three test methods were applied: the agar diffusion test, the dilution test and the suspension test. As was to be expected the antibacterial effect of the zinc chloride solution was dependent on concentration. Between 0.1% and 2.0% the zinc chloride solution showed a bacteriostatic effect on the strains of reference only; the application of higher concentrated solutions is not indicated intraorally. 0.2% chlorhexidine solution showed a bactericidal effect on the test germs.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1982

Diffusion of lysozyme chloride in water and aqueous potassium chloride solutions.

The diffusion of lysozyme chloride in aqueous solution has been studied at 25 degrees C using the Goüy interferometric technique. The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient in water has been measured over the concentration range 1.1599-9.1556 gcm-3 and the results suggest a value of D 25, w at infinite dilution of 5.838 x 10(-6) cm2s-1. The variation in diffusion coefficient with ionic strength has also been considered by following the diffusion of 0.45% lysozyme chloride in a series of potassium chloride solutions. The value of D in 0.15 M KCl has been found to be approximately one quarter of that in water alone an the diffusion coefficient has been shown to increase markedly as the KCl concentration is reduced below 0.05 M. Interpretation of these observations involves consideration of solution electrostatic effects.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1962

Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and the respiration of maize root sections.

The effects of sodium chloride and calcium chloride at concentrations of 0.005N and 0.010N upon the respiration of vacuolated and nonvacuolated portions of the root tip of maize have been investigated. In both sections CaCl(2) produced marked stimulation, while NaCl had no effect. In this tissue stimulation of respiration does not appear to be directly related to metabolic ion accumulation.

Calcium↗
PubMed1994

Effect of mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride on gonadal function and its regulation in sexually mature common carp Cyprinus carpio.

Gonadal function in fish, Cyprinus carpio was significantly affected by sublethal doses of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in chronic (45 days) exposure. Parameters investigated were nonesterified (NE) and esterified (E) cholesterol of ovary, liver and serum and ovarian 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid and 17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme activity and serum and pituitary gonadotropin (GtH) levels. Both the pollutants were able to reduce the hypothalamic extract (HE) or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) induced pituitary GtH release in vitro. Short term (96h) exposure of the fish to the pollutants had no significant effect on the gonadal function. In addition to the deleterious effect of pollutants on the gonadal steroidogenesis and pituitary gonadotropin release, using [4-14C] cholesterol as a tracer it was found that for 45 days exposure, HgCl2 had an adverse effect on the transport of cholesterol from circulation to ovary.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Fluorescent staining for proteins on polyacrylamide gels with 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride).

A simple and sensitive post electrophoresis fluorescent staining technique for proteins on polyacrylamide gels using 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalene sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride) has been developed. Dansyl chloride staining increases the sensitivity, 0.125 micrograms protein per band can be visualised by this technique. The staining method appears to be applicable to all types of proteins including proteoglycans.

Dansyl Compounds↗
PubMed1993

Gas chromatographic determination of inorganic tin in rat urine after a single oral administration of stannous chloride and mono-, di-, and triphenyltin chloride.

A method is described for the determination of inorganic tin by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The inorganic tins, stannous and stannic, were extracted with hydrochloric acid and n-hexane-benzene in the presence of 0.05% tropolone, and both inorganic tins were pentylated to tetrapentyltin with a Grignard reagent prior to gas chromatography. The absolute limit of detection for tetrapentyltin was 3 pg as tin. The recovery of stannous chloride added to rat urine samples was 80.2 +/- 2.4% (mean +/- S.D., n = 8). The application of this method to the study of urinary excretion of inorganic tin and organotin compounds in rats following oral administration of tin compounds is presented. The urinary excretion of tin compounds was observed over a period of 96 h following administration of stannous chloride or phenyltin compounds. Most of the inorganic tin was excreted into urine within 24 h after administration of stannous chloride. In the experiments on organotin administration, the level of the excretion as total tin for monophenyltin reached a maximum ca. 0-24 h after administration, whereas the maxima for di- and triphenyltin were found after 24-48 h and 48-72 h, respectively. The predominant excretion product of these tin compounds found in urine was monophenyltin.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

UV-laser photoisomerization of fumaryl chloride: the first identification of maleoyl chloride: matrix isolation infrared and ab initio studies.

Fourier transform infrared spectra of fumaryl chloride 1 isolated in an argon matrix at 10 K have been analyzed. The comparison between the ab initio HF/6-31G calculated infrared spectra with the experimental ones reveals the existence of three planar conformers, the cis cis 1a, the cis trans 1b and the trans trans 1c. Laser UV irradiation of 1 at lambda = 340 nm yields maleoyl chloride 2 by a carbon carbon double bond photoisomerization process. The first identification of this compound was performed by comparison of the experimental infrared spectra with the calculated ones at the MP2/6-1G** level. AM1 semiempirical and ab initio calculations were used to calculate the structure and the relative stability of the three non planar maleoyl chloride conformers.

Argon↗
PubMed2002

Aqueous reactions of U(VI) at high chloride concentrations: syntheses and structures of new uranyl chloride polymers.

The reactions of UO(3) with acidic aqueous chloride solutions resulted in the formation of two new polymeric U(VI) compounds. Single crystals of Cs(2)[(UO(2))(3)Cl(2)(IO(3))(OH)O(2)].2H(2)O (1) were formed under hydrothermal conditions with HIO(3) and CsCl, and Li(H(2)O)(2)[(UO(2))(2)Cl(3)(O)(H(2)O)] (2) was obtained from acidic LiCl solutions under ambient temperature and pressure. Both compounds contain pentagonal bipyramidal coordination of the uranyl dication, UO(2)(2+). The structure of 1 consists of infinite [(UO(2))(3)Cl(2)(IO(3))(mu(3)-OH)(mu(3)-O)(2)](2-) ribbons that run down the b axis that are formed from edge-sharing pentagonal bipyramidal [UO(6)Cl] and [UO(5)Cl(2)] units. The Cs(+) cations separate the chains from one another and form long ionic contacts with terminal oxygen atoms from iodate ligands, uranyl oxygen atoms, water molecules, and chloride anions. In 2, edge-sharing [UO(3)Cl(4)] and [UO(5)Cl(2)] units build up tetranuclear [(UO(2))(4)(mu-Cl)(6)(mu(3)-O)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](2-) anions that are bridged by chloride to form one-dimensional chains. These chains are connected in a complex network of hydrogen bonds and interactions of uranyl oxygen atoms with Li(+) cations. Crystal data: 1, orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a = 8.2762(4) A, b = 12.4809(6) A, c = 17.1297(8) A, Z = 4; 2, triclinic, space group P1, a = 8.110(1) A, b = 8.621(1) A, c = 8.740(1) A, Z = 2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1967

The reaction of iodobenzene-p-sulphonyl chloride (pipsyl chloride) with certain amino acids and peptides, and with insulin.

1. A system of separation using buffered Celite columns is described that enables the pipsyl derivatives of most of the common amino acids to be separated. 2. The reaction of pipsyl chloride with several amino acids not included in previous studies has been investigated. In particular, knowledge of the acid-soluble pipsyl derivatives of arginine, histidine, lysine, tyrosine and cysteic acid has been extended. 3. Reproducible factors have been obtained that enable corrections to be applied for the breakdown of pipsylamino acids on acid hydrolysis. 4. The reaction of pipsyl chloride with peptides has been studied under various conditions. 5. The extent of the reaction between pipsyl chloride and insulin depends on the nature of the solvent-buffer system, and under the best conditions so far found is about 75% complete. 6. In an Appendix, the separation of pipsylamino acids by thin-layer chromatography is described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Preparation of N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino acid chlorides from mixed anhydrides by the action of hydrogen chloride.

N-9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-(Fmoc) amino-acid chlorides have been prepared by reaction of hydrogen chloride on purified mixed Fmoc-amino acid-monoalkyl carbonic acid anhydrides in dichloromethane. The products partially undergo subsequent conversion to the corresponding esters due to the presence of the liberated alcohol, the extent depending on the nature of the alkyl group. Esterification occurred to 5-20% when the alkyl group was isopropyl. Anhydrides of monoisopropenyl carbonic acid which liberate acetone instead of an alcohol gave products uncontaminated with ester. The three components in a reaction mixture could be determined as the reaction progressed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography of aliquots, which had been freed of excess hydrogen chloride, on a mu Porasil (underivatized silica) column using tert.-butanol-hexane (1.5:98.5) as solvent.

Acylation↗