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A colloidal dispersion of chloranil in water or an aqueous solution of an amino acid shows an ESR signal characteristic of the semiquinone radical anion. The signal is broadened in the presence of bovine plasma albumin, and the available evidence supports the idea that the freedom of the free radical is restricted by a weak association with a specific site in the protein.
Incubation of the pentachlorophenol (PCP) metabolites, tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (chloranil, TCpBQ), tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone (TCpHQ) and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (TCoBQ) with V79 Chinese hamster cells led to a significant enhancement of the amount of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in DNA. With PCP itself and the metabolite tetrachloro-o-hydroquinone (TCoHQ) no distinct induction of this lesion could be observed. The average yields of 8-OH-dG were about 2-2.5 times above background levels. In addition, TCpBQ and TCpHQ were able to generate DNA single-strand breaks, while PCP, TCoHQ and TCoBQ failed to induce this lesion. All incubations were performed for 1 h without exogenous metabolic activation and concentrations were 25 microM of the respective agent. It is concluded that these metabolites may contribute to the carcinogenicity of PCP observed in mice, by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through their redox cycling properties.
Chloranil and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone have been linked to different natural and unnatural amino acids via a vinylic spacer. Two routes were developed for the facile preparation of these novel modified amino acids: the direct method, which can only be applied to secondary amines, and the indirect method (transamination reaction), which can be applied to any amino acid or ester.
The molecular association of 9-vinyl-carbazole (CBZ) with three electron acceptors, p-chloranil (CHL), 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone (FL), and tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ), is studied in acetonitrile and in micellar aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In both media, stable charge transfer (CT) complexes are formed with association constants in the range of 8-500 M(-1). CBZ and FL form a 1:2 complex in acetonitrile, but in SDS micelles the association is 1:1 due to size restriction and occupancy statistics in the host aggregates. The combination of absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy data indicates that the bimolecular CT complex of CBZ with TCNQ is stabilized in two distinct environments of the SDS micelles providing then two separated CT absorption bands.
Cloxacillin sodium has been shown to form charge transfer (CT) complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry with a number of electron acceptors in 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol medium. From the trends in the CT absorption bands, the vertical ionization potential of the drug molecule (cloxacillin sodium) has been estimated to be 7.89 eV. The enthalpies and entropies of formation of two such complexes have been determined by estimating the formation constants spectrophotometrically at five different temperatures. The oscillator strengths and transition dipole moments of these complexes have been determined. It has further been noted that the reduction of o-chloranil by aqueous ethanol is completely inhibited by cloxacillin sodium, a phenomenon that makes the present study of formation equilibrium possible.
Charge transfer (CT) complexes of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, naproxen and etodolac which are electron donors with some pi-acceptors, such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), p-chloranil (p-CHL), have been investigated spectrophotometrically in chloroform at 21 degrees C. The coloured products are measured spectrophotometrically at different wavelength depending on the electronic transition between donors and acceptors. Beer's law is obeyed and colours were produced in non-aqueous media. All complexes were stable at least 2 h except for etodolac with DDQ stable for 5 min. The equilibrium constants of the CT complexes were determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The thermodynamic parameters DeltaH, DeltaS, DeltaG degrees were calculated by Van't Hoff equation. Stochiometries of the complexes formed between donors and acceptors were defined by the Job's method of the continuous variation and found in 1:1 complexation with donor and acceptor at the maximum absorption bands in all cases.
Charge transfer complexes between colchicine as donor and pi acceptors such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), p-chloranil (p-CHL) have been studied spectrophotometrically in dichloromethane at 21 degrees C. The stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:1 ratio by the Job method between donor and acceptors with the maximum absorption band at a wavelength of 535, 585 and 515 nm. The equilibrium constant and thermodynamic parameters of the complexes were determined by Benesi-Hildebrand and van't Hoff equations. Colchicine in pure form and in dosage form was applied in this study. The formation constants for the complexes were shown to be dependent on the structure of the electron acceptors used.
The kinetics of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid with some quinones, namely 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone and p-chloranil in 50% methyl alcohol-water mixture have been investigated spectrophotometrically at 30-50 degrees C. The reaction follows overall second-order kinetics, first order each in reactant. From the dependence of the rate constants on temperature, activation parameters have been calculated. A plot of deltaH# versus deltaS# for the reaction gave a good straight line with an isokinetic temperature of 387.66 K. The rate of reaction increases with increasing dielectric constant of the medium. Based on this reaction, a spectrophotometric determination method of quinones is described. Beer's law was obeyed within the concentration range 2.7-61.5 microg ml(-1) quinone. The method was applied for determination of barbituric, thiobarbituric and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acids with 1,4-naphthoquinone within a concentration range of 3.2-39.5 microg ml(-1) barbiturate. The reaction mechanism and reactivity have been discussed.
A simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method for routine analysis of saccharin in commercial noncaloric sweeteners is proposed. This method is based on the reaction of saccharin with tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (p-chloranil) accelerated by hydrogen peroxide and conducted in an ethanol:acetone (4:1) medium, producing a violet-red compound (lambda(max) = 550 nm). Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 2.05 x 10(-4) to 3.00 x 10(-3) M with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9998). The detection limit was 1.55 x 10(-5) M, and the effect of interferences on the spectrophotometric measurements was evaluated. The proposed procedure was applied successfully to the determination of saccharin in noncaloric sweeteners. Recoveries were within 99.2-104.3% with standard deviations ranging from to 0.5-1.6%. Results of the proposed method compare very favorably with those given by the high-performance liquid chromatography method recommended by the Food and Drug Administration.
Caffeic acid o-quinone (CQ) was prepared by oxidation of caffeic acid with o-chloranil in organic media. The reaction between the purified CQ and cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy 3-glc, o-diphenolic anthocyanin) was monitored by HPLC, and quantitative analyses were performed to establish the stoichiometry of the reaction. The results indicate that Cy 3-glc is degraded by a coupled oxidation mechanism with integration of CQ into the degradation products. The ratio of degraded Cy 3-glc to CQ incorporated into the condensation products was approximately 2.0. No brown products could be detected, only a slight orange color. Moreover, the addition of purified polyphenol oxidase to the slightly colored media resulted in the disappearance of the caffeic acid formed from the reaction of coupled oxidation (Cy 3-glc/CQ) and the formation of brown polymers. The degradation products were isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The UV-vis spectra and chemical analysis (acidic hydrolysis) of the degradation products suggest that they resulted from the condensation of caffeic acid and Cy 3-glc. HPLC analysis showed that the partial purified fraction contained a mixture of complex condensation products.
Carbonyl compounds are conveniently converted into their corresponding dimethyl acetals in good yields and short reaction times by means of a photochemical reaction in methanol with a catalytic amount of chloranil (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, CA) as the sensitizer. Using aldehydes gives better results than using ketones, which also tend to form enol ethers as side products. These results are similar to those of simple acid-catalyzed acetalization reactions, suggesting the involvement of a photochemically generated acid. On the basis of steady state and laser flash photolysis data the reaction is proposed to involve the in situ generation of a photocatalyst (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-hydroquinone, TCHQ) via reaction of CA with the solvent. The acetalization process is initiated by ionization of TCHQ, followed by loss of a proton to the solvent or the carbonyl, which starts a catalytic reaction. The photocatalyst is regenerated via a disproportionation reaction.
[structure: see text] Regioisomerically pure bromo-substituted rhodamine derivatives (bromorosamines) were prepared via microwave-accelerated condensation reactions followed by oxidation with chloranil. Reaction optimization was conveniently performed by monitoring UV absorptions attributed to the product.
The regioselectivity of the oxidative electron-transfer cycloreversion of trans,trans-2,3-diphenyl-4-methyloxetane is photosensitiser dependent. With chloranil the reaction proceeds through the trans-beta-methylstyrene radical cation; however, in the case of pyrylium salts, the trans-stilbene radical cation is formed.
Exposure of rats to HCB caused a dose-dependent depletion of GSH. Chlorophenolic and sulfur-containing metabolites of HCB incubated with GSH-free rat liver cytosolic protein drastically diminished the UROD activity. In addition, HCB also exhibited inhibitory potency. The most effective compounds studied were TCH and its oxidation product, chloranil. Incubation of liver cytosolic protein and of GSH with HCB and its metabolites yielded results that suggested interaction between the compounds and cell constituents--an interaction that may cause inhibition of the hepatic UROD activity in the HCB-exposed organism.
Charge-transfer (CT) reaction of chloranil (TCBQ) as a pi-electron acceptor with fleroxacin (FLX) as an electron donor has been studied by ultraviolet spectrophotometry method. Experiment showed that FLX reacted with TCBQ in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar systems, and a stable complex was formed and the absorbency was remarkably enhanced. Therefore, a simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of FLX has been developed. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0.6-24 mg x L(-1) of FLX and r = 0.9993. The apparent molar absorptivity of CT complexes at 326 nm is 3.3 x 10(4) L x mol(-1) x cm(-1). The composition of CT complex was found to be 1:1 by Bent-French and curved intersection methods. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of ESL in tablets. The recoveries are 99.2%-99.7%. The relative standard deviation is 0.7%-2.1%. The proposed methods are suitable for the routine quality control of drug alone and in tablets or capsules without fear of interference caused by the excipients expected to be present in tablets or capsules.
In answering the question as to what role possible metabolites of hexachlorobenzene play in the procreation of toxic hexachlorobenzene porphyria in rats, both pure hexachlorobenzene and different mixtures were fed to them. In each case 20% of the hexachlorobenzene was replaced by pentachlorophenol, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol or chloranil. The determination of porphyrins at different intervals once the feeding had started did not give rise to an increase in the porphyria in any of these substances--which are seen as metabolites of hexachlorobenzene. Instead there was a distinct decrease in individual cases. From this the conclusion is drawn that none of the tested substances is the metabolite of hexachlorobenzene, which is in fact responsible for the hexachlorobenzene porphyria.
The detection of secondary amino groups in building blocks attached to solid phase using tetrachlorobenzoquinone (chloranil) was re-examined. A new procedure, about ten times more sensitive than the original method, has been developed. Except for N(p-tolyl)glycine, all secondary amino groups that were examined were detected reliably in a substitution range down to 2.8 micro eq/g. Protected imidazole in His(Trt) did not interfere with the detection method.
The reactivity of the cation radical of (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2 photosensitized by 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (Cl2BQ), and tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (chloranil, CA) was investigated in acetonitrile. The main photoreaction products obtained by steady-state irradiation were identified to be: (4-MeOC6H4)2-CHOC6H4OH, sensitized by BQ; (4-MeOC6H4)2CHCl, sensitized by Cl2BQ; (4-MeOC6H4)2CHOH, sensitized by CA. The mechanism of their formation was investigated by nanosecond laser flash photolysis that allowed transient species (radical ions, neutral radicals, and ions) to be detected and characterized in terms of absorption spectra, formation quantum yields, and decay rate constants. For all systems, the interaction between the triplet quinone (Q) and (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2 produced the corresponding radical ions (quantum yield phi > or = 0.72) which mainly decay by back electron transfer processes. Less efficient reaction routes for the radical ions Q*- and (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2*+ were also: i) the proton-transfer process with the formation of the radical (4-MeOC6H4)2CH* by use of Cl2BQ; ii) the hydrogen-transfer process with the formation of the cation (4-MeOC6H4)2CH+ in the case of CA. Instead. BQ sensitized a much higher yield of BOH* and (4-MeOC6H4)2CH*, mainly by the direct interaction of triplet BQ with (4-MeOC6H4)2CH2. It was also shown that the presence of salts decreases significantly the rate of the back electron transfer process and enhances the quantum yields of formation of the neutral radicals and ions when Cl2BQ and CA are used, respectively. The behavior of BQ*-, Cl2BQ*-, and CA*- appears to be mainly determined by the Mulliken charges on the oxygen atom obtained from quantum mechanical calculations with the model B3LYP/6-311G(d,p). Spin densities seem to be much less important.